Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T16:03:19.142Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Ultrastructural studies of graptolites – a review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 May 2009

R. B. Rickards ,
P. R. Crowther  and
A. J. Chapman
R. B. Rickards
Affiliation:
Sedgwick MuseumDowning StreetCambridge, CB2 3EQEngland
P. R. Crowther
Affiliation:
Leicestershire Museums, Art Galleries and Records Service96 New WalkLeicester, LE1 6TDEngland
A. J. Chapman
Affiliation:
Sedgwick MuseumDowning StreetCambridge, CB2 3EQEngland
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

A reinterpretation is attempted of the 25 years of graptolite ultrastructural work based upon the present state of knowledge. It is emphasized that studies need to embrace many more species of graptolites, particularly in the dichograptid groups, and with different growth stages, before the gross evolution of ultrastructural elements can be satisfactorily appraised. The factual (morphological, ultrastructural) data are themselves reappraised, summarized, and very tentatively related to Bulman's anagenetic grades of graptolite development.

Type
Articles
Information
Geological Magazine , Volume 119 , Issue 4 , July 1982 , pp. 355 - 370
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1982

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Andres, D. 1977. Graptolithen aus ordovizischen Geschieben und die frühe Stammesgeschichte der Graptolithen. Paläont. Z. 51, 52–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andres, D. 1980. Feinstrukturen und Verwandtschaft-beziehungen der Graptolithen. Paläont. Z. 54, 129–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bates, D. E. B. & Kirk, N. H. 1978. Contrasting modes of construction of retiolitid-type rhabdosomes. Acta Paleont. pol. 23, 427–48.Google Scholar
Berry, W. B. N. 1974. Virgula structure and function in a monograptid and an orthograptid. Special papers in Palaeontology 13, 131–40, London (Palaeontological Association).Google Scholar
Berry, W. B. N. 1978. A contribution toward understanding the relative integration of graptolite colonies. Acta Paleont. pol. 28, 449–62.Google Scholar
Berry, W. B. N. & Takagi, R. S. 1970. Electron microscope investigation of Orthograptus quadrimucronatus from the Maquoketa Formation (Late Ordovician) in Iowa. J. Paleont. 44, 117–24.Google Scholar
Berry, W. B. N. & Takagi, R. S. 1971 (a). Electron microscope study of a Diplograptus species. Lethaia 4, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, W. B. N. & Takagi, R. S. 1971(b). Diplograptid and monograptid fine structure and colonial development. G.S.A. Ann. meeting, Washington D.C. (Abstract).Google Scholar
Barry, W. B. N. & Takagi, R. S. 1973. Diplograptid and monograptid fine structure and colonial development. In Animal Colonies; Their Development and Function Through Time (ed. Boardman, R. S. Cheetham, A. H. and Oliver, W. A. Jr), pp. 533–45. Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania: Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross Inc.Google Scholar
Berry, W. B. N. & Takagi, R. S. 1975. Observations on virgula structure in two graptoloid graptolites. 31st Ann. Emsa, 200–1.Google Scholar
Berry, W. B. N., Takagi, R. S., Thomas, G. & Jurica, D. S. 1972. High voltage microscopy in palaeontological studies. 28th Ann. Proc. Emsa.Google Scholar
Bjerreskov, M. 1975. Llandoverian and Wenlockian graptolites from Bornholm. Fossils and Strata, 8, 1–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bulman, O. M. B. 1932. On the graptolites prepared by Holm. 1. Certain ‘Diprionidian’ graptolites and their development. Ark. Zool. 24 A, no. 8, 1–46, pls. 1–9.Google Scholar
Bulman, O. M. B. 1933. On the graptolites prepared by Holm, VI. Ark. Zool. 26 A, 1–52, pls 1–9.Google Scholar
Bulman, O. M. B. 1944–1947. Monograph of Caradoc (Balclatchie) graptolites from limestones in Laggan Burn, Ayrshire. Palaeontogr. Soc. [Monogr.], 1–78, text-figs 1–40, pls 1–10.Google Scholar
Bulman, O. M. B. 1963. The evolution and classification of the graptoloidea. Q. Jl geol. Soc. Lond. 119, 401–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bulman, O. M. B. 1970. Graptolithina (with sections on Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia). In Treatise on Invertebrate Palaeontology, part V, 2nd edn (ed. Teichert, C.) pp. 1–163. Kansas.Google Scholar
Chapman, A. J. & Rickards, R. B. (in press). Cortical bandages in Dictyonema cf. rhinanthiforme (Bulman, 1933) from the upper Llandovery, Silurian. Pal. Zeitschr.Google Scholar
Crowther, P. R. 1978(a). The nature and mode of life of the graptolite zooid with reference to secretion of the cortex. Acta Paleont. pol. 23, 4, 473–9.Google Scholar
Crowther, P. R. 1978(b). Graptolite fine structure: recent advances. Open Earth 1, 33–5.Google Scholar
Crowther, P. R. 1981. The fine structure of graptolite periderm. Special Papers in Palaeontology no. 26, 119 pp, 20 pls.Google Scholar
Crowther, P. R. (in prep.). Graptolite tubothecae: a reappraisal.Google Scholar
Crowther, P. R. & Bergström, S. M. 1980. Cortical bandages on an Upper Ordovician glyptograptid graptolite from Ohio. Bull. Soc. Paleont. Ital. 19, 250–3.Google Scholar
Crowther, P. R. & Rickards, R. B. 1977. Cortical bandages and the graptolite zooid. Geol. Palaeont. 11, 9–46.Google Scholar
Crowther, P. R. & Rickards, R. B. 1978. Graptolites: cortical bandages and collagen. NERC news journal, 2, 5, 7.Google Scholar
Dilly, N. 1971. Keratin-like fibres in the Hemichordate Rhabdopleura compacta. Z. Zellforsch. 117, 502–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eisanack, A. 1959. Einige Mitteilungen über Graptolithen. Neues Jb. Geol. Paläont. Abh. 107, 253–60, pl. 23.Google Scholar
Florkin, M. 1965. Paleoproteins. Bull. Acad. r. Belg. Sci. Series 5, 51, 156–89.Google Scholar
Foucart, M. F., Bricteux-Grégoire, S., Jeuniaux, C. & Florkin, M. 1965. Fossil proteins of graptolites. Life Sciences, 4, 467–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foucart, M. F., Bricteux-Grégoire, S. & Jeuniaux, C. 1965. Composition chimique du tube d'un Pogonophore (Siboglinum sp.) et des formations squelettiques de deux Ptérobranches. Sarsia 20, 35–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foucart, M. F. & Jeuniaux, C. 1966. Paléobiochimie et position systématique des Graptolithes. Annls Soc. r. zool. Belg. 95 (2), 39–45.Google Scholar
Holland, C. H., Rickards, R. B. & Warren, P. T. 1969. The Wenlock graptolites of the Ludlow District, Shropshire, and their stratigraphical significance. Palaeontology 12, 663–82.Google Scholar
Hyde, P. J. W. 1972. High resolution in the scanning electron microscope. Cambridge Instrument Company Publication, 1972.Google Scholar
Kirk, N. H. 1974. More thoughts on the construction of the rhabdosome in the dendroidea, in the light of the ultrastructure of the Dendroidea and of Mastigograptus. Geol. Dept. Publ. U.C.W., Aberystwyth 6, 1–11.Google Scholar
Kirk, N. H. 1975. More thoughts on the construction and functioning of the rhabdosome in the Graptoloidea in the light of their ultrastructure. Geol. Dept. Publ. U.C.W., Aberystwyth 7, 1–24.Google Scholar
Kraatz, R. 1964. Untersuchungen über die Wandstrukturen der Graptolithen (mit Hilfe des Electronenmikroskops). Z. dt. geol. Ges. 114, 699–702.Google Scholar
Kraatz, R. 1968(a). Electronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen an Monograptus Rhabdosomen. Der Aufschluss 12, 357–61.Google Scholar
Kraatz, R. 1968(b). Observations on graptolites by use of the electron microscope. Bull. Ludlow Research Group 15, 17–18.Google Scholar
Kraft, P. 1926. Ontogenetische Entwicklung und die Biologie von Diplograptus und Monograptus. Paläont. Zeitschr. 7, 207–49, text-figs 1–4, pls 3–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kühne, W. G. 1955. Unterludlow-Graptolithen aus Berliner Geschieben. Neues Jb. Geol. Paläont. Abh. 100, 350–401.Google Scholar
Rickards, R. B. 1975. Palaeoecology of the Graptolithina, an extinct Class of the Phylum Hemichordata. Biol. Rev. 50, 397–436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rickards, R. B. 1977. Patterns of Evolution in the Graptolites. In Patterns of Evolution (ed. Hallam, A.), chapter 10. London: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Rickards, R. B. 1979. Graptolithina. In Encyclopedia of Palaeontology (ed. Fairbridge, R. W. and Jablonski, D.). Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania: Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross.Google Scholar
Rickards, R. B. & Crowther, P. R. 1979. New observations on the mode of life, evolution and ultrastructure of graptolites. In Systematics Ass. Spec. Vol. no. 11 (ed. Larwood, G. and Rosen, B. R.), pp. 397–410. London & New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Rickards, R. B., Hyde, P. J. W. & Krinsley, D. H. 1971. Periderm ultrastructure of a species of Monograptus (Phylum Hemichordata). Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 178, 347–56.Google Scholar
Rickards, R. B. & Palmer, D. C. 1981. Graptolites II. University level wall chart. Baldwin's Educational Palaeontological Publications.Google Scholar
Skevington, D. 1960. A new variety of Orthoretiolites hami Whittington. Palaeontology 2, 226–35, pls 34, 35.Google Scholar
Towe, K. M. & Urbanek, A. 1972. Collagen-like structures in Ordovician graptolite periderm. Nature, Lond. 237, 443–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Towe, K. M. & Urbanek, A. 1974. Fossil organic material: a unique fibril ultrastructure in Silurian graptolites. Proc. 8th Internat. Congr. Electron Microscopy, Canberra, Australia, 2, 694–5.Google Scholar
Urbanek, A. 1973. Organisation and evolution of graptolite colonies. In Animal Colonies (ed. Boardman, R. S., Cheetham, A. H. and Oliver, W. A. Jr), pp. 441–514. Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania: Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross.Google Scholar
Urbanek, A. 1976(a). The problem of graptolite affinities in the light of ultrastructural studies on peridermal derivatives in pterobranchs. Acta Paleont. pol. 21, 3–36.Google Scholar
Urbanek, A. 1976(b). Ultrastructure of microfuselli and the evolution of graptolite skeletal tissues. Acta Paleont. pol. 21, 315–31.Google Scholar
Urbanek, A. 1978(a). Significance of ultrastructural studies for graptolite research. Acta Paleont. pol. 23, 595–629.Google Scholar
Urbanek, A. 1978(b). Some remarks on colony organisation in graptolites. Acta Paleont. pol. 23, 631–5.Google Scholar
Urbanek, A. 1979. Ultrastructure of the sicula in the tuboid graptolite Kozlowskitubus erraticus. Acta Paleont. pol. 24, 493–503.Google Scholar
Urbanek, A. & Mierzejewska, G. 1978. The ultrastructure of ribbon-like deposits over the thecae in Orthograptus gracilis Roemer. Acta Paleont. pol. 23, 637–42.Google Scholar
Urbanek, A., Mierzejewska, G. & Mierzejewski, P. 1980. Scanning electron microscopy of sessile graptolites. Acta Paleont. pol. 25, 197–212.Google Scholar
Urbanek, A. & Rickards, R. B. 1974. The ultrastructure of some retiolitids and graptoblasts. Special Papers in Palaeontology 13, 177–88.Google Scholar
Urbanek, A. & Towe, K. M. 1974. Ultrastructural studies on graptolites. 1. The periderm and its derivatives in the Dendroidea and in Mastigograptus. Smithson. Contr. Palaeobiol. 20, 1–48.Google Scholar
Urbanek, A. & Towe, K. M. 1975. Ultrastructural studies on graptolites. 2. The periderm and its derivatives in the Graptoloidea. Smithson. Contr. Palaeobiol. 22, 1–48.Google Scholar
Walker, M. 1953. The development of a diplograptid from the Platteville Limestone. Geol. Mag. 90, 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wetzel, W. 1958. Graptolithen und ihre fraglichen Verwandten im electronen-mikroskopischen Vergleich. Neues Jb. Geol. Palaeontol. 7, 307–12.Google Scholar
Wiman, C. 1895. Über die Graptolithen. Bull. geol. Inst. Univ. Ups. 2, no. 4, 239–316.Google Scholar