Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T17:04:47.549Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Timing of fluorite mineralization and exhumation events in the east Central Alborz Mountains, northern Iran: constraints from fluorite (U–Th)/He thermochronometry

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 April 2021

Behnam Shafiei Bafti Open the ORCID record for Behnam Shafiei Bafti [Opens in a new window] ,
István Dunkl  and
Saeed Madanipour
Behnam Shafiei Bafti*
Affiliation:
Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Golestan University, Gorgan 4913815759, Iran Present address: Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 7616913439, Iran
István Dunkl
Affiliation:
Geoscience Center, Sedimentology and Environmental Geology, University of Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
Saeed Madanipour
Affiliation:
Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115111, Iran
*
Author for correspondence: Behnam Shafiei Bafti, Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The recently developed fluorite (U–Th)/He thermochronology (FHe) technique was applied to date fluorite mineralization and elucidate the exhumation history of the Mazandaran Fluorspar Mining District (MFMD) located in the east Central Alborz Mountains, Iran. A total of 32 fluorite single-crystal samples from four Middle Triassic carbonate-hosted fluorite deposits were dated. The presented FHe ages range between c. 85 Ma (age of fluorite mineralization) and c. 20 Ma (erosional cooling during the exhumation of the Alborz Mountains). The Late Cretaceous FHe ages (i.e. 84.5 ± 3.6, 78.8 ± 4.4 and 72.3 ± 3.5 Ma) are interpreted as the age of mineralization and confirm an epigenetic origin for ore mineralization in the MFMD, likely a result of prolonged hydrothermal circulation of basinal brines through potential source rocks. Most FHe ages scatter around the Eocene Epoch (55.4 ± 3.9 to 33.1 ± 1.7 Ma), recording an important cooling event after heating by regional magmatism in an extensional tectonic regime. Cooling of the heated fluorites, as a result of thermal relaxation in response to geothermal gradient re-equilibration after the end of magmatism, or exhumation cooling during extensional tectonics characterized by lower amount of erosion are most probably the causes of the recorded Eocene FHe cooling ages. Oligocene–Miocene FHe ages (i.e. 27.6 ± 1.4 to 19.5 ± 1.1 Ma) are related to the accelerated uplift of the whole Alborz Mountains, possibly as a result of the initial collision between the Afro-Arabian and Eurasian plates further to the south.

Keywords

Alborz Mountainsfluoritehelium thermochronometrymineralizationexhumation
Type
Original Article
Information
Geological Magazine , Volume 158 , Issue 9 , September 2021 , pp. 1600 - 1616
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agard, P, Omrani, J, Jolivet, L and Mouthereau, F (2005) Convergence history across Zagros (Iran): constraints from collisional and earlier deformation. International Journal of Earth Sciences 94, 401–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alaminia, Z, Tadayon, M, Griffith, EM, Sol’e, J and Corfu, F (2021) Tectonic-controlled sediment-hosted fluorite-barite deposits of the central Alpine-Himalayan segment, Komsheche, NE Isfahan, Central Iran. Chemical Geology 566, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2021.120084.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alavi, M (1991) Sedimentary and structural characteristics of the Paleo-Tethys remnants in northeastern Iran. Geological Society of America Bulletin 103, 983–92.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alavi, M (1994) Tectonic of the Zagros orogenic belt of Iran: new data and interpretation. Tectonophysics 299, 211–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alavi, M (1996) Tectonostratigraphic synthesis and structural style of the Alborz mountain system in northern Iran. Geodynamics 21, 1–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, MB and Armstrong, HA (2008) Arabia–Eurasia collision and the forcing of mid-Cenozoic global cooling. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology and Paleoecology 265, 52–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, MB, Ghassemi, MR, Shahrabi, M and Qorashi, M (2003) Accommodation of late Cenozoic oblique shortening in the Alborz range, northern Iran. Journal of Structural Geology 25, 659–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asiabanha, A and Foden, J (2012) Post-collisional transition from an extensional volcano-sedimentary basin to a continental arc in the Alborz Ranges, N-Iran. Lithos 148, 98–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Assereto, R (1966) The Jurassic Shemshak Formation in Central Elburz (Iran). Reviews in Italian Paleontology and Stratigraphy 72, 1133–82.Google Scholar
Axen, GJ, Lam, PJ, Grove, M, Stockli, DF and Hassanzadeh, J (2001) Exhumation of the west–Central Alborz Mountains, Iran, Caspian subsidence, and collision-related tectonics. Geology 29, 559–62.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bahnan, AE, Carpentier, C, Pironon, J, Ford, M, Ducoux, M, Barré, G, Mangenot, X and Gaucher, EC (2020) Impact of geodynamics on fluid circulation and diagenesis of carbonate reservoirs in a foreland basin: example of the Upper Lacq reservoir (Aquitaine basin, SW France). Marine and Petroleum Geology 111, 676–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ballato, P, Landgraf, A, Schildgena, TF, Stockli, DF, Fox, M, Ghassemie, MR, Kirby, E and Strecker, MR (2015) The growth of a mountain belt forced by base-level fall: tectonics and surface processes during the evolution of the Alborz Mountains, N Iran. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 425, 204–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ballato, P, Mulch, A, Landgraf, A, Strecker, MR, Dalconi, MC, Friedric, A and Tabatabaei, SH (2010) Middle to Late Miocene Middle Eastern climate from stable oxygen and carbon isotope data, southern Alborz Mountains, N Iran. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 300, 125–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ballato, P, Nowaczyk, NR, Landgraf, A, Strecker, MR, Friedrich, A and Tabatabaei, SH (2008) Tectonic control on sedimentary facies pattern and sediment accumulation rates in the Miocene foreland basin of the southern Alborz Mountains, N Iran. Tectonics 27, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008TC002278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ballato, P, Stockli, DF, Ghassemi, MR, Landgraf, A, Strecker, MR, Hassanzadeh, J, Friedrich, A and Tabatabaei, SH (2013) Accommodation of transpressional strain in the Arabia-Eurasia collision zone: new constraints from (U-Th)/He thermochronology in the Alborz Mountains, N Iran. Tectonics 32, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012TC003159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ballato, P, Uba, CE, Landgraf, A, Strecker, MR, Sudo, M, Stockli, DF, Friedrich, A and Tabatabaei, SH (2011) Arabia–Eurasia continental collision: insights from late Tertiary foreland-basin evolution in the Alborz Mountains, northern Iran. Geological Society of American Bulletin 123, 106–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barker, SL, Bennett, VC, Cox, SF, Norman, MD and Gagan, MK (2009) Sm–Nd, Sr, C and O isotope systematics in hydrothermal calcite–fluorite veins: implications for fluid–rock reaction and geochronology. Chemical Geology 268, 58–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bau, M and Dulski, P (1995) Comparative study of yttrium and rare-earth elements behaviors in fluorine-rich hydrothermal fluids. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 119, 213–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bau, M, Romer, R, Luders, V and Dulski, P (2003) Tracing element sources of hydrothermal mineral deposits: REE and Y distribution and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopes in fluorite from MVT deposits in the Pennine Orefield, England. Mineralium Deposita 38, 992–1008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berberian, M and King, G (1981) Towards a paleogeography and tectonic evolution of Iran. Canadian Journal of Earth Science 18, 210–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, RW, Beucher, R, Roper, S, Persano, C, Stuart, F and Fitzgeraldd, P (2013) Natural age dispersion arising from the analysis of broken crystals. Part I: theoretical basis and implications for the apatite (U–Th)/He thermochronometer. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 122, 478–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brunet, M, Granath, J and Wilsmen, M (2009) Introduction South Caspian to Central Iran Basins (eds Brunet, MF, Wilmsen, M and Granath, JW), pp. 1–6. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 312.Google Scholar
Brunet, MF, Korotaev, MV, Ershov, AV and Nikishin, AM (2003) The South Caspian Basin: a review of its evolution from subsidence modelling. Sedimentary Geology 156, 119–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chesley, JT, Halliday, AN, Kyser, TK and Spry, PG (1994) Direct dating of Mississippi Valley-type mineralization: use of Sm–Nd in fluorite. Economic Geology 89, 1192–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Constantopoulos, J (1988) Fluid inclusions and rare earth element geochemistry of fluorite from south-Central Idaho. Economic Geology 83, 626–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davoudzadeh, M, Lammere, B and Weber-Diefenbach, K (1997) Paleogeography, stratigraphy, and tectonics of the tertiary of Iran. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 205, 33–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dill, HG, Hansen, BT and Weber, B (2011) REE contents, REE minerals and Sm/Nd isotopes of granite and unconformity-related fluorite mineralization at the western edge of the Bohemian Massif: with special reference to the Nabburg-Wolsendorf district, SE Germany. Ore Geology Reviews 40, 132–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doroozi, R, Vaccaro, C, Masoudi, F and Petrini, R (2016) Cretaceous alkaline volcanism in south Mazandaran, northern central Alborz, Iran. Geochemistry and petrogenesis. Geoscience Frontiers 7, 937–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ekambaram, V, Brookins, DG, Rosenburg, PE and Emanuel, KM (1986) REE geochemistry of fluorite–carbonate deposits in Western Montana, USA. Chemical Geology 54, 319–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, NJ, Wilson, N, Cline, J, McInnes, B and Byrne, J (2005) Fluorite (U-Th)/He thermochronology: constraints on the low temperature history of Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Applied Geochemistry 20, 1099–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fitzgerald, PG, Fryxell, JE and Wernicke, BP (1991) Miocene crustal extension and uplift in south eastern Nevada: constraints from fission track analysis. Geology 19, 1013–16.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fursich, FT, Wilmsen, M, Seyed-Emami, K, Cecca, F and Majidifard, MR (2005) The upper Shemshak Formation (Toarcian–Aalenian) of the eastern Alborz (Iran): biota and palaeo-environments during a transgressive–regressive cycle. Facies 51, 365–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fursich, FT, Wilmsen, M, Seyed-Emami, K and Majidifard, MR (2009) The Mid-Cimmerian tectonic event (Bajocian) in the Alborz Mountains, Northern Iran: evidence of the break-up unconformity of the South Caspian Basin. In South Caspian to Central Iran Basins (eds Brunet, M, Wilmsen, M and Granath, JW), pp. 189–205, Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 312.Google Scholar
Garven, G, Ge, S, Person, MA and Sverjensky, DA (1993) Genesis of strata-bound ore deposits in the midcontinent basins of North America: the role of regional groundwater flow. American Journal of Science 293, 497–568.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garven, G and Raffensperger, JP (1997) Hydrogeology and geochemistry of ore genesis in sedimentary basins. In Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits (ed Barnes, R), pp. 125–89. New York: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Ghasemi, H, Rostami Hossuri, M and Sadeghian, M (2018) Basic magmatism in the extensional back-arc basin of the Lower-Middle Jurassic on the Northern edge of Central Iran-South of Eastern Alborz zones, Shahrood-Damghan. Journal of Geoscience 27, 123–36.Google Scholar
Guest, B, Axen, GJ, Lam, PS and Hassanzadeh, J (2006a) Late Cenozoic shortening in the west-Central Alborz Mountains, northern Iran, by combined conjugate strike-slip and thin-skinned deformation. Geosphere 2, 35–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guest, B, Horton, BK, Axen, GI, Hassanzadeh, J and McIntosh, WC (2007) Middle to late Cenozoic basin evolution in the western Alborz Mountains: implications for the onset of collisional deformation in northern Iran. Tectonics 26, 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guest, B, Stockli, DF, Grove, M, Axen, GJ, Lam, PS and Hassanzadeh, J (2006b) Thermal histories from the Central Alborz Mountains, northern Iran: implications for the spatial and temporal distribution of deformation in northern Iran. Geological Society of American Bulletin 118, 1507–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hassanzadeh, J, Stockli, DF, Horton, BK, Axen, GJ, Stockli, L, Grove, M, Schmitt, AK and Walker, J (2008) U–Pb zircon geochronology of late Neoproterozoic–Early Cambrian granitoids in Iran: implications for paleogeography, magmatism, and exhumation history of Iranian basement. Tectonophysics 451, 71–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatzfeld, D and Molnar, P (2010) Comparison of the kinematics and deep structures of the Zagros and Himalaya and of the Iranian and Tibetan Plateaus and geodynamic implications. Reviews Geophysics 48, 1–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horton, BK, Hassanzadeh, J, Stockli, DF, Axen, GJ, Gillis, RG, Geust, B, Amini, A, Fakhri, MD, Zamanzadeh, SM and Grove, M (2008) Detrital zircon provenance of Neoproterozoic to Cenozoic deposits in Iran: implications for chronostratigraphy and collisional tectonics. Tectonophysics 451, 97–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Javadi, HR, Kouhpeyma, M, Gholami Zadeha, P, Naeimi, A, Sheikholeslami, MR and Ghassemi, MR (2020) Deploying depositional and stratigraphic evidence in kinematic investigations along multi-role faults: the case study from the eastern Mosha Fault, Central Alborz Range, northern Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 187, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2019.104086.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jian, L, Sun, H and Gao, JG (2015) Fluorite REE characteristics of the Diyanqinamu Mo deposit, Inner Mongolia, China. Chinese Journal of Geochemistry 34, 610–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiang, SY, Wang, RC, Xu, XS and Zhao, KD (2005) Mobility of high field strength elements (HFSE) in magmatic-, metamorphic-, and submarine-hydrothermal systems. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 30, 1020–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leach, D, Apodaca, LE, Repetski, JE, Powell, JW and Rowan, EL (1997) Evidence for hot Mississippi Valley-type brines in the Reelfoot rift complex, south-central United States, in Late Pensylvanian-Early Permian. Washington DC: US Geological Survey, Professional Paper no. 1577.Google Scholar
Leach, D, Sangster, D, Kelley, K, Large, R, Garven, G, Allen, C, Gutzmer, J and Walters, S (2005) Sediment-hosted lead-zinc deposits: a global perspective. In 100th Anniversary of Economic Geology (eds Hedenquist, J, Thompson, J, Goldfarb, R and Richards, J). Economic Geology 100(2), 561–607.Google Scholar
Madanipour, S, Ehlers, TA, Yassaghi, A and Enkelmann, E (2017) Accelerated middle Miocene exhumation of the Talesh Mountains constrained by U-Th/He thermochronometry: evidence for the Arabia-Eurasia in the NW Iranian Plateau. Tectonics 36, 1538–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madanipour, S, Ehlers, TA, Yassaghi, A, Rezaeian, M, Enkelmann, E and Bahroudi, A (2013) Synchronous deformation on the orogenic plateau margins, insights from the Arabia-Eurasia collision. Tectonophysics 608, 440–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madanipour, S, Yassaghi, A, Ehlers, TA and Enkelmann, E (2018) Tectonostratigraphy, structural geometry and kinematics of the NW Iranian Plateau margin: insights from the Talesh Mountains, Iran. American Journal of Science 318, 208–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattei, M, Cifelli, F, Muttoni, G and Rashid, H (2015) Post-Cimmerian (Jurassic–Cenozoic) paleogeography and vertical axis tectonic rotations of Central Iran and the Alborz Mountains. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 102, 92–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mehraban, Z, Shafiei, B and Shamanian, GH (2016) REEs geochemistry in fluorite deposits of Elika Formation (East of Mazandaran Province). Journal of Economic Geology 8, 201–21 (in Persian with English abstract).Google Scholar
Middlemost, EAK (1987) Magmas and Magmatic Rocks: An Introduction to Igneous Petrology. London, New York: Longman, 266 p.Google Scholar
Mirnejad, H and MolaSalehi, F (2009) Pb isotope systematics of Pb - Zn deposits of Alborz structural zone, North of Iran: implications for source characteristics and the age of mineralization. Proceeding of the 12th Symposium of the Geological Society of Iran 2, 533–38. 18–20 February 2009, Ahvaz, Iran. Tehran: Geological Society of Iran.Google Scholar
Nabiloo, F, Shafiei, B and Amini, A (2017) Diagenetic and post-diagenetic fabrics in Kamarposht fluorite mine (east of Mazandaran province): Explaining and genetic interpretation. Journal of Economic Geology 9, 483–507 (in Persian with English abstract).Google Scholar
Nazari, H, Ritz, JF and Oghbaee, S (2007) New insight to paleogeography and structural evolution of the Alborz in Tethyside. Journal of Geosciences 16, 38–53.Google Scholar
Nazari, H and Shahidi, A (2012) Tectonic of Iran, the Alborz. Tehran: Geological Survey of Iran, 128 p.Google Scholar
Palmer, DAS and Williams-Jones, AE (1996) Genesis of the carbonate-hosted fluorite deposit at Amba Dongar, India: evidence from fluid inclusions, stable isotopes and whole rock-mineral geochemistry. Economic Geology 91, 934–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pi, T, Solé, J and Taran, Y (2005) (U–Th)/He dating of fluorite: application to the La Azul fluorspar deposit in the Taxco mining district, Mexico. Mineralium Deposita 39, 976–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pirouz, M, Avouac, JP, Hassanzadeh, J, Kirschvink, JL and Bahroudi, A (2017) Early Neogene foreland of the Zagros, implications for the initial closure of the Neo-Tethys and kinematics of crustal shortening. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 477, 168–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollyea, RM, Van Dusen, EW and Fischer, MP (2015) Topographically driven fluid flow within orogenic wedges: effects of taper angle and depth-dependent permeability. Geosphere 11, 1427–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rajabi, AR, Rastad, E and Canet, C (2013) Metallogeny of Permian–Triassic carbonate-hosted Zn–Pb and F deposits of Iran: a review for future mineral exploration. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 60, 197–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rastad, E and Shariatmadar, A (2001) Sheshroodbar fluorite deposits, sedimentary and diagenetic fabrics and its depositional environment (SavadKuh, Mazandaran province). Geosciences 10, 20–38.Google Scholar
Rezaeian, M, Carter, A, Hovius, N and Allen, MB (2012) Cenozoic exhumation history of the Alborz Mountains, Iran: new constraints from low-temperature chronometry. Tectonics 31, 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ronchi, LH, Tauray, JC, Michard, A and Dardenne, MA (1993) The Ribeira fluorite district, Southern Brazil: geological and geochemical (REE, Sm–Nd isotopes) characteristics. Mineralium Deposita 28, 240–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanchez, V, Cardellach, E and Corbella, M (2010) Variability in fluid sources in the fluorite deposits from Asturias (N Spain): Further evidences from REE, radiogenic (Sr, Sm, Nd) and stable (S, C, O) isotope data. Ore Geology Reviews 37, 87–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, HJ, Moller, P and Parekh, PP (1975) Rare earth elements distribution in fluorites and carbonate sediments of the East-Alpine Mid-Triassic sequences in the NördlicheKalkalpen. Mineralium Deposita 10, 330–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schönenberger, J, Köhler, J and Markl, G (2008) REE systematics of fluorides, calcite and siderite in peralkaline plutonic rocks from the Gardar Province, South Greenland. Chemical Geology 247, 16–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwinn, G and Markl, G (2005) REE systematics in hydrothermal fluorite. Chemical Geology 216, 225–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Şengör, AMC (1984) The Cimmeride orogenic system and the tectonics of Eurasia. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 195, 181–241.Google Scholar
Şengör, AMC and Kidd, WSF (1979) Post-collisional tectonics of the Turkish-Iranian plateau and a comparison with Tibet. Tectonophysics 55, 361–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheikholeslami, MR (2018) Tectonosedimentary evolution of the basins in Central Alborz, Iran. Geosciences 27, 29–138.Google Scholar
Shekarifard, A, Baudin, F, Seyed-Emami, K, Schnyder, J, Laggoun-Defarge, F, Riboulleau, A, Brunet, MF and Shahidi, A (2012) Thermal maturity of the Upper Triassic–Middle Jurassic Shemshak Group (Alborz Range, Northern Iran) based on organic petrography, geochemistry and basin modelling: implications for source rock evaluation and petroleum exploration. Geological Magazine 149, 19–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stampfli, GM, Marcoux, J and Baud, A (1991) Tethyan margins in space and time. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 87, 373–409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stockli, DF, Farley, KA and Dumitru, TA (2000) Calibration of the apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronometer on an exhumed fault block, White Mountains, California. Geology 28, 983–86.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stocklin, J (1968) Structural history and tectonics of Iran, A review. Bulletin of American Association of Petroleum Geology 52, 1229–58.Google Scholar
Vahabzadeh, G, Khakzad, A, Rasa, I and Mosavi, MR (2008) Oxygen and carbon isotopes and REE study in the Emaft fluorite mine, SavadKuh region (Mazandaran province). Research Journal of Isfahan University 29, 189–200.Google Scholar
Vahabzadeh, G, Khakzad, A, Rasa, I and Mosavi, MR (2009) Study on S isotopes in galena and barite of SavadKuh fluorite deposits. Journal of Basic Science, Islamic Azad University 69, 99–108.Google Scholar
Verdel, C, Wernicke, B, Hassanzadeh, J and Guest, B (2011) A Paleogene extensional arc flare-up in Iran. Tectonics 30, TC3008, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010TC002809.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vincent, SJ, Allen, MB, Ismail-Zadeh, AD, Flecker, R, Foland, KA and Simmons, MD (2005) Insights from the Talysh of Azerbaijan into the Palaeogene evolution of the south Caspian region. Geological Society of American Bulletin 117, 1513–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, JJ (2014) Sediment-hosted zinc–lead mineralization: processes and perspectives. In Treatise on Geochemistry, 2nd ed. (eds Holland, H and Turekian, K), pp. 219–46. Amsterdam: Elsevier Ltd.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams-Jones, AE, Samson, IM and Olivo, GR (2000) The genesis of hydrothermal fluorite REE deposits in the Gallinas Mountains, New Mexico. Economic Geology 95, 327–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilmsen, M, Fursich, FT, Seyed-Emami, K, Majidifard, MR and Taheri, J (2009) The Cimmerian Orogeny in northern Iran: tectono-stratigraphic evidence from the foreland. Terra Nova 21, 211–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolff, R (2015) Fluorite (U-Th-Sm)/He thermochronology. Ph.D. thesis, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany. Published thesis.Google Scholar
Wolff, R, Dunkl, I, Kempe, U, Stockli, D, Wiedenbeck, M and von Eynatten, H (2016) Variable helium diffusion characteristics in fluorite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 188, 21–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolff, R, Dunkl, I, Kempe, U and von Eynatten, H (2015) The age of the latest thermal overprint of tin and polymetallic deposits in the Erzgebirge, Germany: constraints from fluorite (U-Th-Sm)/He thermochronology. Economic Geology 110, 2025–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolff, R, Hetzel, R, Dunkl, I, Anczkiewicz, AA and Pomella, H (2020) Fast cooling of normal-fault footwalls: rapid fault slip or thermal relaxation? Geology 48, https://doi.org/10.1130/G46940.1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yassaghi, A and Naeimi, A (2011) Structural analysis of the Gachsar sub-zone in Central Alborz range; constrain for inversion tectonics followed by the range transverse faulting. International Journal of Earth Sciences 100, 1237–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zabihitabar, S and Shafiei, B (2015) Mineralogy and mode occurrence of sulphides, sulphates and carbonates at fluorite mines in East of Mazandaran province. Iranian Journal of Geology 33, 62–78.Google Scholar
Zanchetta, S, Zanchi, A, Villa, I, Poli, S and Muttoni, G (2009) The Shanderman eclogites: a Late Carboniferous high-pressure event in the NW Talesh Mountains (NW Iran). South Caspian to Central Iran Basins. In South Caspian to Central Iran Basins (eds Brunet, M-F, Wilmsen, M and Granath, JW), pp. 57–78. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 312.Google Scholar
Zanchi, A, Berra, F, Mattei, M, Ghassemi, MR and Sabouri, J (2006) Inversion tectonics in Central Alborz, Iran. Journal of Structural Geology 28, 2023–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zanchi, A, Zanchetta, S, Garzanti, E, Balini, M, Berra, F, Mattei, M and Muttoni, G (2009) The Eo-Cimmerian (Late? Triassic) orogeny in North Iran. In South Caspian to Central Iran Basins (eds Brunet, MF, Wilmsen, M and Granath, JW), pp. 31–55. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 312.Google Scholar