Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T16:23:34.732Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Probable deinonychosaur tracks from the Upper Cretaceous Wapiti Formation (upper Campanian) of Alberta, Canada

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 December 2020

Nathan J. Enriquez Open the ORCID record for Nathan J. Enriquez [Opens in a new window] ,
Nicolás E. Campione Open the ORCID record for Nicolás E. Campione [Opens in a new window] ,
Corwin Sullivan Open the ORCID record for Corwin Sullivan [Opens in a new window] ,
Matthew Vavrek Open the ORCID record for Matthew Vavrek [Opens in a new window] ,
Robin L. Sissons ,
Matt A. White Open the ORCID record for Matt A. White [Opens in a new window]  and
Phil R. Bell Open the ORCID record for Phil R. Bell [Opens in a new window]
Nathan J. Enriquez*
Affiliation:
Palaeoscience Research Centre, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale2351, NSW, Australia
Nicolás E. Campione
Affiliation:
Palaeoscience Research Centre, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale2351, NSW, Australia
Corwin Sullivan
Affiliation:
Philip J. Currie Dinosaur Museum, Wembley T0H 3S0, Alberta, Canada Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, EdmontonT6G 2R3, Alberta, Canada
Matthew Vavrek
Affiliation:
Cutbank Palaeontological Consulting, Grande PrairieT8W 0H6, Alberta, Canada Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, TorontoM5S 2C6, Ontario, Canada
Robin L. Sissons
Affiliation:
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, EdmontonT6G 2R3, Alberta, Canada
Matt A. White
Affiliation:
Palaeoscience Research Centre, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale2351, NSW, Australia
Phil R. Bell
Affiliation:
Palaeoscience Research Centre, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale2351, NSW, Australia
*
Author for correspondence: Nathan J. Enriquez, Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Late Cretaceous tracks attributable to deinonychosaurs in North America are rare, with only one occurrence of Menglongipus from Alaska and two possible, but indeterminate, occurrences reported from Mexico. Here we describe the first probable deinonychosaur tracks from Canada: a possible trackway and one isolated track on a single horizon from the Upper Cretaceous Wapiti Formation (upper Campanian) near Grande Prairie in Alberta. The presence of a relatively short digit IV differentiates these from argued dromaeosaurid tracks, suggesting the trackmaker was more likely a troodontid. Other noted characteristics of the Wapiti specimens include a rounded heel margin, the absence of a digit II proximal pad impression, and a broad, elliptical digit III. Monodactyl tracks occur in association with the didactyl tracks, mirroring similar discoveries from the Early Cretaceous Epoch of China, providing additional support for their interpretation as deinonychosaurian traces. Although we refrain from assigning the new Wapiti specimens to any ichnotaxon because of their relatively poor undertrack preservation, this discovery is an important addition to the deinonychosaur track record; it helps to fill a poorly represented geographic and temporal window in their known distribution, and demonstrates the presence of a greater North American deinonychosaur ichnodiversity than has previously been recognized.

Keywords

Deinonychosauriatroodontiddidactyl tracksfootprintsWapiti FormationCanada
Type
Original Article
Information
Geological Magazine , Volume 158 , Issue 6 , June 2021 , pp. 1115 - 1128
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahrens, J, Berk, G and Charles, L (2005) ParaView: An end-user tool for large data visualization. In The Visualization Handbook (eds Hansen, CD and Johnson, CR), pp. 717–31. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Elsevier Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Apesteguía, S, de Valais, S, Cordero, GR and Ramírez, OM (2011) New ichnological record from the late Campanian Toro Toro Formation at Toro Toro, Potosí (Bolivia): first probable dromaeosaurid tracks from South America. Ameghiniana 48, 662–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, PR and Currie, PJ (2015) A high-latitude dromaeosaurid, Boreonykus certekorum, gen. et sp. nov. (Theropoda), from the Upper Campanian Wapiti Formation, west-central Alberta. Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology 36, e1034359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, PR, Fanti, F, Currie, PJ and Arbour, VM (2014) A mummified duck-billed dinosaur with a soft-tissue cock’s comb. Current Biology 24, 70–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Belvedere, M and Farlow, JO (2016) A numerical scale for quantifying the quality of preservation of vertebrate tracks. In Dinosaur Tracks: The Next Steps (eds Falkingham, PL, Marty, D and Richter, A), pp. 92–99. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Bravo-Cuevas, VM and Rodríguez-de la Rosa, R (2014) A summary of the Mesozoic vertebrate tracks of Mexico. In Dinosaurs and Other Reptiles from the Mesozoic Of Mexico (eds Rivera-Sylva, HE, Carpenter, K and Frey, E), pp. 181–92. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Breithaupt, BH, Matthews, NA, Green, T and Belvedere, M (2019) Insights into dinosaur tracking in the 21st century using photogrammetric ichnology and neoichnology of emus. In Proceedings of Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 79th Annual Meeting, Brisbane, October 2019. Program and Abstracts, 68.Google Scholar
Breithaupt, BH, Southwell, EH and Matthews, NA (2006) Walking with emus: insight into dinosaur tracking in the 21st century. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 38, 537.Google Scholar
Brougham, T, Smith, ET and Bell, PR (2020) Noasaurids are a component of the Australian ‘mid’-Cretaceous theropod fauna. Scientific Reports 10, 1428.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Casamiquela, RM (1964) Estudios Ichnologicos. Buenos Aires: Colegio Industrial Pio IX.Google Scholar
Cignoni, P, Callieri, M, Corsini, M, Dellepiane, M, Ganovelli, F and Ranzuglia, G (2008) MeshLab: An open-source mesh processing tool. In Proceedings of Sixth Eurographics Italian Chapter Conference, Salerno, Italy, 2–4 July 2008 (eds Scarano, V, De Chiara, R and U Erra), pp. 129–36. Geneva: Eurographics.Google Scholar
Cowan, J, Lockley, MG and Gierliński, G (2010) First dromaeosaur trackways from North America: new evidence from a large site in the Cedar Mountain Formation (Early Cretaceous), eastern Utah. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30(3, Supplement), 75A.Google Scholar
Currie, PJ and Evans, DC (2020) Cranial anatomy of new specimens of Saurornitholestes langstoni (Dinosauria, Theropoda, Dromaeosauridae) from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Campanian) of Alberta. The Anatomical Record 303, 691–715.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Currie, PJ, Langston, W and Tanke, D (2008) A New Horned Dinosaur from an Upper Cretaceous Bonebed in Alberta. Ottawa: National Engineering Council Research Press, p. 152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Valais, S (2011) Revision of dinosaur ichnotaxa from the La Matilde Formation (Middle Jurassic), Santa Cruz Province, Argentina. Ameghiniana 48, 28–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Du, DD, Mughal, MS and Zhang, CJ (2018) Petrography, geochemistry and provenance of the sediments of the Early Cretaceous Yanguoxia Formation, Lanzhou-Minhe Basin, Northwest China. Journal of Mountain Science 15, 2068–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eberth, DA and Bell, PR (2014) Stratigraphy of the Danek Bonebed (Upper Cretaceous Horseshoe Canyon Formation, central Alberta) and correlations with strata in the Drumheller and Grande Prairie regions. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 51, 975–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eberth, DA and Braman, DR (2012) A revised stratigraphy and depositional history for the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Upper Cretaceous), southern Alberta plains. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 49, 1053–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eberth, DA and Kamo, SL (2019) High-precision U–Pb CA–ID–TIMS dating and chronostratigraphy of the dinosaur-rich Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Upper Cretaceous, Campanian–Maastrichtian), Red Deer River valley, Alberta, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, published online 9 October 2019, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2019-0019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, DC, Cullen, TM, Larson, DW and Rego, A (2017) A new species of troodontid theropod (Dinosauria: Maniraptora) from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Maastrichtian) of Alberta, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 54, 813–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Falkingham, PL, Bates, KT, Avanzini, M, Bennett, M, Bordy, EM, Breithaupt, BH, Castanera, D, Citton, P, Díaz-Martínez, I, Farlow, JO, Fiorillo, AR, Gatesy, SM, Getty, P, Hatala, KG, Hornung, JJ, Hyatt, JA, Klein, H, Lallensack, JN, Martin, AJ, Marty, D, Matthews, NA, Meyer, CA, Milàn, J, Minter, NJ, Razzolini, NL, Romilio, A, Salisbury, SW, Sciscio, L, Tanaka, I, Wiseman, ALA, Xing, L-D and Belvedere, M (2018) A standard protocol for documenting modern and fossil ichnological data. Palaeontology 61, 469–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fanti, F, Bell, PR and Sissons, RL (2013) A diverse, high-latitude ichnofauna from the Late Cretaceous Wapiti Formation, Alberta, Canada. Cretaceous Research 41, 256–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fanti, F and Catuneanu, O (2009) Stratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous Wapiti Formation, west-central Alberta, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 46, 263–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fanti, F, Currie, PJ and Burns, ME (2015) Taphonomy, age and paleoecological implication of a new Pachyrhinosaurus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae) bonebed from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Wapiti Formation of Alberta, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 52, 250–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fanti, F and Miyashita, T (2009) A high latitude vertebrate fossil assemblage from the Late Cretaceous of west-central Alberta, Canada: Evidence for dinosaur nesting and vertebrate latitudinal gradient. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 275, 37–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fiorillo, AR, Contessi, M, Kobayashi, Y and McCarthy, PJ (2014) Theropod tracks from the Lower Cantwell Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Denali National Park, Alaska, USA with comments on theropod diversity in an ancient, high-latitude terrestrial ecosystem. In Fossil Footprints of Western North America (eds Lockley, MG and Lucas, SG), pp. 429–39. Albuquerque: New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Sciences.Google Scholar
Fujita, M, Lee, Y-N, Azuma, Y and Li, D (2012) Unusual tridactyl trackways with tail traces from the Lower Cretaceous Hekou Group, Gansu Province, China. Palaios 27, 560–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furukawa, Y, Curless, B, Seitz, SM and Szeliski, R (2010) Towards internet-scale multi-view stereo. In Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, San Francisco, 13–18 June 2010, 1434–41. Piscataway: IEEE.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furukawa, Y and Ponce, J (2010) Accurate, dense, and robust multi-view stereopsis. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 32, 1362–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gierliński, G (2009) A preliminary report on new dinosaur tracks from the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous of Poland. In Actas de las IV Jornadas Internacionales sobre Paleontologia de Dinosaurios y su Entorno. Colectivo Arqueológico-Paleontológico de Salas de los Infantes (ed. Salas, CA), pp. 75–90. Burgos, Spain: Salas de los Infantes.Google Scholar
Gierliński, GD (2007) New dinosaur tracks in the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous of Poland. In IV Jornadas Internacionales sobre Paleontología de Dinosaurios y su Entorno Libros de Resúmenes (eds Huerta, P and Torcida Fernández-Baldor, F), pp. 13–16. Burgos, Spain: Salas de los Infantes.Google Scholar
Gierliński, GD (2015) New dinosaur footprints from the Upper Cretaceous of Poland in the light of paleogeographic context. Ichnos 22, 220–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gierliński, GD, Ploch, I, Gawor-Biedowa, E and Niedźwiedzki, G (2008) The first evidence of dinosaur tracks in the Upper Cretaceous of Poland. Oryctos 8, 107–13.Google Scholar
Hornung, JJ, Böhme, A, van der Lubbe, T, Reich, M and Richter, A (2012) Vertebrate tracksites in the Obernkirchen Sandstone (late Berriasian, Early Cretaceous) of northwest Germany: their stratigraphical, palaeogeographical, palaeoecological, and historical context. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 86, 231–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kang, HC and Paik, IS (2013) Review on the geological ages of the formations in the Gyeongsang Basin, Korea. Journal of the Geological Society of Korea 49, 17–29.Google Scholar
Kazhdan, M and Hoppe, H (2013) Screened poisson surface reconstruction. ACM Transactions on Graphics 32, 29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, JY, Kim, KS, Lockley, MG, Yang, SY, Seo, SJ and Choi, HI (2008) New didactyl dinosaur footprints (Dromaeosauripus hamanensis ichnogen. et ichnosp. nov.) from the Early Cretaceous Haman Formation, south coast of Korea. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 262, 72–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, JY, Lockley, MG, Woo, JO and Kim, SH (2012) Unusual didactyl traces from the Jinju Formation (Early Cretaceous, South Korea) indicate a new ichnospecies of Dromaeosauripus . Ichnos 19, 75–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirkland, JI and Madsen, SK (2007) The Lower Cretaceous Cedar Mountain Formation, Eastern Utah: The view up an always interesting learning curve. In Field Guide to Geological Excursions in Southern Utah (ed. Lund, WR), pp. 1–108. Geological Society of America Rocky Mountain Section 2007 Annual Meeting, Utah Geological Association, Publication no. 35.Google Scholar
Langer, MC, de Oliveira Martins, N, Manzig, PC, de Souza Ferreira, G, de Almeida Marsola, JC, Fortes, E, Lima, R, Sant’ana, LCF, da Silva Vidal, L, da Silva Lorençato, RH and Ezcurra, MD (2019) A new desert-dwelling dinosaur (Theropoda, Noasaurinae) from the Cretaceous of south Brazil. Scientific Reports 9, 9379.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, G (2017) SEM morphological study of the type species of Ordosestheria Wang, 1984 (Spinicaudata) from Ordos Basin of mid-west China. Cretaceous Research 75, 1–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, R, Lockley, MG, Makovicky, PJ, Matsukawa, M, Norell, MA, Harris, JD and Liu, M (2008) Behavioral and faunal implications of Early Cretaceous deinonychosaur trackways from China. Naturwissenschaften 95, 185–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, R, Lockley, MG, Matsukawa, M and Liu, M (2015) Important dinosaur-dominated footprint assemblages from the Lower Cretaceous Tianjialou Formation at the Houzuoshan Dinosaur Park, Junan County, Shandong Province, China. Cretaceous Research 52, 83–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, MW, Zhang, QY and Song, WQ (2003) Division of the Cretaceous lithostratigraphic and volcanic sequences of Shandong Province. Journal of Stratigraphy 27, 247–53.Google Scholar
Lockley, MG, Gierliński, G, Dubicka, Z, Breithaupt, BH and Matthews, NA (2014a) A preliminary report on a new dinosaur tracksite in the Cedar Mountain Formation (Cretaceous) of eastern Utah. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 62, 279–86.Google Scholar
Lockley, MG, Gierliński, GD, Houck, K, Lim, JDF, Kim, KS, Kim, DY, Kim, TK, Kang, SH, Hunt Foster, R, Li, R, Chesser, C, Gay, R, Dubicka, Z, Cart, K and Wright, C (2014b) New excavations at the Mill Canyon dinosaur track site (Cedar Mountain Formation, Lower Cretaceous) of eastern Utah. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 62, 287–300.Google Scholar
Lockley, MG, Harris, JD, Li, R, Xing, L-D and van der Lubbe, T (2016a) Two-toed tracks through time: On the trail of “raptors” and their allies. In Dinosaur Tracks: The Next Steps (eds Falkingham, PL, Marty, D and Richter, A), pp. 182–200. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Lockley, MG, Huh, M and Kim, JY (2012) Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems of the Korean Cretaceous Dinosaur Coast: A Field Guide to the Excursions of the 11th Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems Symposium (August 19–22). Kwangju, Korea: Korean Federation of Science and Technology Societies.Google Scholar
Lockley, MG, White, D, Kirkland, J and Santucci, V (2004) Dinosaur tracks from the Cedar Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous), Arches National Park, Utah. Ichnos 11, 285–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lockley, MG, Xing, L-D, Matthews, NA and Breithaupt, BH (2016b) Didactyl raptor tracks from the Cretaceous, Plainview Sandstone at Dinosaur Ridge. Cretaceous Research 61, 161–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Makovicky, PJ and Norell, MA (2004) Troodontidae. In The Dinosauria (2nd ed.) (eds Weishampel, DB, Dodson, P and Osmólska, H), pp. 184–95. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marchetti, L, Belvedere, M, Voigt, S, Klein, H, Castanera, D, Díaz-Martínez, I, Marty, D, Xing, L-D, Feola, S, Melchor, R and Farlow, JO (2019) Defining the morphological quality of fossil footprints. Problems and principles of preservation in tetrapod ichnology with examples from the Palaeozoic to the present. Earth Science Reviews 193, 109–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matthews, NA, Noble, TA and Breithaupt, BH (2016) Close-range photogrammetry for 3D ichnology: the basics of photogrammetric ichnology. In Dinosaur Tracks: The Next Steps (eds Falkingham, PL, Marty, D and Richter, A), pp. 29–55. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
McAllister, JA (1989) Dakota Formation tracks from Kansas: Implications for the recognition of tetrapod subaqueous traces. In Dinosaur Tracks and Traces (eds Gillette, DD and Lockley, MG), pp. 343–48. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McCrea, RT, Buckley, LG, Plint, AG, Currie, PJ, Haggart, JW, Helm, CW and Pemberton, SG (2014) A review of vertebrate track-bearing formations from the Mesozoic and earliest Cenozoic of Western Canada with a description of a new theropod ichnospecies and reassignment of an avian ichnogenus. In Fossil Footprints of Western North America (eds Lockley, MG and Lucas, SG), pp. 5–93. Albuquerque: New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Sciences.Google Scholar
Meyer, CA, Eberhard, DF and Thüering, B (2008) The pitfalls of interpreting incomplete dinosaur trackways: an example of a dromaeosaurid trackway from the Late Cretaceous of the Sierra Madre Oriental (Cerro del Pueblo Formation, Late Campanian; Parras Basin, Coahuila, NE Mexico). In Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meeting of the European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists (ed. Krempaská, Z), 30 June–5 July 2008, 69–73. Spišská Nová Ves: Museum of Spiš.Google Scholar
Milán, J (2006) Variations in the morphology of emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) tracks reflecting differences in walking pattern and substrate consistency: Ichnotaxonomic implications. Palaeontology 49, 405–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milán, J and Bromley, RG (2006) True tracks, undertracks and eroded tracks, experimental work with tetrapod tracks in laboratory and field. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 231, 253–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milán, J and Bromley, RG (2008) The impact of sediment consistency on track and undertrack morphology: Experiments with emu tracks in layered cement. Ichnos 15, 19–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milner, ARC and Lockley, MG (2016) Dinosaur swim track assemblages: Characteristics, contexts, and ichnofacies implications. In Dinosaur Tracks: The Next Steps (eds Falkingham, PL, Marty, D and Richter, A), pp. 152–80. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Norell, MA, Clark, JM and Makovicky, PJ (2001) Phylogenetic relationships among coelurosaurian theropods. In New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds (eds Gauthier, J and Gall, LF), pp. 49–67. New Haven: Peabody Museum of Natural History.Google Scholar
Norell, MA and Makovicky, PJ (2004) Dromaeosauridae. In The Dinosauria (2nd ed.) (eds Weishampel, DB, Dodson, P and Osmólska, H), pp. 196–209. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ostrom, JH (1969) Osteology of Deinonychus antirrhopus, an unusual theropod from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 30, 1–165.Google Scholar
Paik, IS, Kim, HJ, Lee, H and Kim, S (2017) A large and distinct skin impression on the cast of a sauropod dinosaur footprint from Early Cretaceous floodplain deposits, Korea. Scientific Reports 7, 16339.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramírez-Velasco, AA, Hernández, R and Servín-Pichardo, R (2014) The hadrosaurian record of Mexico. In Hadrosaurs (eds Eberth, DA and Evans, DC), pp. 340–60. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Richter, A and Böhme, A (2016) Too many tracks: preliminary description and interpretation of the diverse and heavily dinoturbated Early Cretaceous “Chicken Yard” ichnoassemblage (Obernkirchen tracksite, northern Germany). In Dinosaur Tracks: The Next Steps (eds Falkingham, PL, Marty, D and Richter, A), pp. 334–57. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Ridgway, KD, Trop, JM and Sweet, AR (1997) Thrust-top basin formation along a suture zone, Cantwell basin, Alaska Range: Implications for the development of the Denali fault system. Geological Society of American Bulletin 109, 505–23.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rivera-Sylva, HE, Frey, E, Schulp, AS, Meyer, C, Thuring, B, Stinnesbeck, W and Vanhecke, VAA (2017) Late Campanian theropod trackways from Porvenir de Jalpa, Coahuila, Mexico. Palaeovertebrata 41, e1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodríguez-de la Rosa, R, Aguillón-Martínez, MC, López-Espinoza, J and Eberth, DA (2004) The fossil record of vertebrate tracks in Mexico. Ichnos 11, 27–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryan, MJ and Russell, AP (2001) Dinosaurs of Alberta (exclusive of Aves). In Mesozoic Vertebrate Life: New Research Inspired by the Paleontology of Philip J. Currie (eds Tanke, D and Carpenter, K), pp. 279–97. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Sternberg, CM (1932) Two new theropod dinosaurs from the Belly River Formation of Alberta. Canadian Field Naturalist 46, 99–105.Google Scholar
Swisher, CC III, Xiaolin, W, Zhonghe, Z, Yuanqing, W, Fan, J, Jiangyong, Z, Xing, X, Fucheng, Z and Yuan, W (2002) Further support for a Cretaceous age for the feathered-dinosaur beds of Liaoning, China: new 40Ar/39Ar dating of the Yixian and Tuchengzi formations. Chinese Science Bulletin 47, 136–39.Google Scholar
Tamai, M, Liu, Y, Lu, LZ, Yokoyama, M, Halim, N, Zaman, H and Otofuji, Y (2004) Paleomagnetic evidence for southward displacement of the Chuan Dian fragment of the Yangtze Block. Geophysical Journal International 158, 297–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomsich, CS, McCarthy, PJ, Fiorillo, AR, Stone, DB, Benowitz, JA and O’Sullivan, PB (2014) New zircon U-Pb ages for the lower Cantwell Formation: Implications for the Late Cretaceous paleoecology and paleoenvironment of the lower Cantwell Formation near Sable Mountain, Denali National Park and Preserve, central Alaska Range, USA. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Arctic Margins VI, Fairbanks, Alaska, May 2011 (eds Stone, DB, Grikurov, GK, Clough, JG, Oakey, GN and Thurston, DK), pp. 19–60. St Petersburg: Russian Geological Research Institute.Google Scholar
Turner, AH, Makovicky, PJ and Norell, MA (2012) A review of dromaeosaurid systematics and paravian phylogeny. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 371, 206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van der Lubbe, T, Richter, A and Böhme, A (2009) Velociraptor’s sisters: first report of troodontid tracks from the Lower Cretaceous of northern Germany. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29(3, Supplement), 194A.Google Scholar
van der Lubbe, T, Richter, A, Böhme, A, Sullivan, C and Hübner, TR (2011) Sorting out the sickle claws: how to distinguish between dromaeosaurid and troodontid tracks. In Dinosaur Tracks 2011: An International Symposium, Obernkirchen, 14–17 April 2011, Abstract Volume and Field Guide to Excursions (eds Richter, A and Reich, M), p. 35. Göttingen, Germany: Universiätsverlag Göttingen.Google Scholar
van der Reest, AJ and Currie, PJ (2017) Troodontids (Theropoda) from the Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta, with a description of a unique new taxon: Implications for deinonychosaur diversity in North America. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 54, 919–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Hinsbergen, DJJ, de Groot, LV, van Schaik, SJ, Spakman, W, Bijl, PK, Sluijs, A, Langereis, CG and Brinkhuis, H (2015) A paleolatitude calculator for paleoclimate studies (model version 2.1). PLoS One 10, e0126946.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vogt, M, Stinnesbeck, W, Zell, P, Kober, B, Kontny, J, Herzer, N, Frey, E, Rivera-Sylva, HE, Padilla Gutierrez, JM, Amezcua Torres, N and Flores-Huerta, D (2015) Age and depositional environment of the “dinosaur graveyard” at Las Águilas, southern Coahuila, NE Mexico. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 441, 758–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, BP, Li, JJ, Bai, ZQ, Chang, JQ and Zhang, YQ (2017) The first discovery of deinonychosaurian tracks from the Lower Cretaceous of Chabu, Otog Qi, Inner Mongolia and its significance. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitaties Pekinensis 53, 81–90.Google Scholar
Weishampel, DB, Barrett, PM, Coria, RA, Loeuff, JL, Xing, X, Xijin, Z, Sahni, A, Gomani, EMP and Noto, CR (2004) Dinosaur distribution. In The Dinosauria (2nd ed.) (eds Weishampel, DB, Dodson, P and Osmólska, H), pp. 517–606. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, D and Lockley, MG (2002) Probable dromaeosaur tracks and other dinosaur footprints from the Cedar Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous), Utah. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22(3, Supplement), 119A.Google Scholar
Xing, L-D, Harris, JD, Sun, DH and Zhao, HQ (2009a) The earliest known deinonychosaur tracks from the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary in Hebei Province, China. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 48, 662–71.Google Scholar
Xing, L-D, Harris, JD, Dong, ZM, Lin, YL, Chen, W, Guo, SB and Ji, Q (2009b) Ornithopod (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) tracks from the Upper Cretaceous Zhutian Formation in the Nanxiong basin, Guangdong, China and general observations on large Chinese ornithopod footprints. Geological Bulletin of China 28, 829–43.Google Scholar
Xing, L-D, Li, D, Harris, JD, Bell, PR, Azuma, Y, Fujita, M, Lee, YN and Currie, PJ (2013a) A new deinonychosaurian track from the Lower Cretaceous Hekou Group, Gansu Province, China. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 58, 723–30.Google Scholar
Xing, L-D, Lockley, MG, Du, T, Zhang, L, Klein, H, Romilio, A, Persons, WS IV, Wang, K, Li, Z and Wan, X (2020) Dinosaur tracks from the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary Tuchengzi Formation (Hebei Province, China) used as building stones in the Chengde imperial summer resort: age, ichnology, and history. Cretaceous Research 107, 104310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xing, L-D, Lockley, MG, Klein, H, Peng, GZ, Ye, Y, Jiang, S, Zhang, JP, Persons, WS IV and Xu, T (2016a) A theropod track assemblage including large deinonychosaur tracks from the Lower Cretaceous of Asia. Cretaceous Research 65, 213–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xing, L-D, Lockley, MG, Li, DL, Klein, H, Persons, WS IV, Ye, Y, Zhang, JP and Ran, H (2017a) Late Cretaceous ornithopod-dominated, theropod, and pterosaur track assemblages from the Nanxiong Basin, China: new discoveries, ichnotaxonomy and palaeoecology. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 466, 303–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xing, L-D, Lockley, MG, Marty, D, Klein, H, Buckley, LG, McCrea, RT, Zhang, JP, Gierliński, GD, Divay, JD and Wu, QZ (2013b) Diverse dinosaur ichnoassemblages from the Lower Cretaceous Dasheng Group in the Yishu fault zone, Shandong Province, China. Cretaceous Research 45, 114–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xing, L-D, Lockley, MG, Marty, D, Klein, H, Yang, G, Zhang, JP, Peng, GZ, Ye, Y, Persons, WS IV, Yin, XY and Xu, T (2016b) A diverse saurischian (theropod-sauropod) dominated footprint assemblage from the Lower Cretaceous Jiaguan Formation in the Sichuan Basin, southwestern China: a new ornithischian ichnotaxon, pterosaur tracks and an unusual sauropod walking pattern. Cretaceous Research 60, 176–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xing, L-D, Lockley, MG, Tang, YZ, Romilio, A, Xu, T, Li, XW, Tang, Y and Li, YZ (2018a) Tetrapod track assemblages from Lower Cretaceous desert facies in the Ordos Basin, Shaanxi Province China, and their implications for Mesozoic paleoecology. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 507, 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xing, L-D, Lockley, MG, Tong, K, Peng, G, Romilio, A, Klein, H, Persons, WS IV, Ye, Y and Jiang, S (2019) A diversified dinosaur track assemblage from the Lower Cretaceous Xiaoba Formation of Sichuan Province, China: Implications for ichnological database and census studies. Cretaceous Research 96, 120–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xing, L-D, Lockley, MG, Yang, G, Cao, J, McCrea, RT, Klein, H, Zhang, JP, Persons, WS IV and Dai, H (2016c) A diversified vertebrate ichnite fauna from the Feitianshan Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of southwestern Sichuan, China. Cretaceous Research 57, 79–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xing, L-D, Lockley, MG, Yang, G, Xu, X, Cao, J, Klein, H, Persons, WS IV, Shen, HJ and Zheng, XM (2015a) Unusual deinonychosaurian track morphology (Velociraptorichnus zhangi n. ichnosp.) from the Lower Cretaceous Xiaoba Formation, Sichuan Province, China. Palaeoworld 24, 283–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xing, L-D, Lockley, MG, Zhang, JQ, Klein, H, Persons, WS IV, Romilio, A, Tang, YG, Guo, Y and Wang, XL (2018b) Multiple parallel deinonychosaurian trackways from a diverse dinosaur track assemblage of the Lower Cretaceous Dasheng Group of Shandong Province, China. Cretaceous Research 90, 40–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xing, L-D, Yongqing, L, Marty, D, Kuang, H, Klein, H, Persons, WS IV and Lyu, Y (2017b) Sauropod trackway reflecting an unusual walking pattern from the Early Cretaceous of Shandong Province, China. Ichnos 24, 27–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xing, L-D, Zhang, JP, Lockley, MG, McCrea, RT, Klein, H, Alcalá, L, Buckley, LG, Burns, ME, Kümmell, SB and He, Q (2015b) Hints of the early Jehol Biota: important dinosaur footprint assemblages from the Jurassic–Cretaceous Boundary Tuchengzi Formation in Beijing, China. PLoS One 10, e0122715.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xu, H, Liu, YQ, Kuang, HW and Peng, N (2014) Ages of the Tuchengzi Formation in northern China and the terrestrial Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary in China. Earth Science Frontiers 21(2), 203–15.Google Scholar
Zanno, LE, Varricchio, DJ, O’Connor, PM, Titus, AL and Knell, MJ (2011) A new troodontid theropod, Talos sampsoni gen. et sp. nov., from the Upper Cretaceous Western Interior Basin of North America. PLoS One 6, e24487.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, H, Wei, Z-L, Liu, X-M and Li, D (2009) Constraints on the age of the Tuchengzi Formation by LA-ICP-MS dating in northern Hebei-western Liaoning, China. Science in China Series D 52, 461–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhen, S, Li, J, Zhang, B, Chen, W and Zhu, S (1994) Dinosaur and bird footprints from the Lower Cretaceous of Emei County, Sichuan, China. Memoirs of Beijing Natural History Museum 54, 106–20.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Enriquez et al. supplementary material

Enriquez et al. supplementary material

Download Enriquez et al. supplementary material(File)
File 120.8 MB