Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T06:56:07.632Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian) conodonts from southern Tibet, the Indian passive margin: implications for the age and correlation of the roof of the world

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 October 2020

Svend Stouge Open the ORCID record for Svend Stouge [Opens in a new window] ,
David A. T. Harper Open the ORCID record for David A. T. Harper [Opens in a new window] ,
Renbin Zhan ,
Jianbo Liu  and
Lars Stemmerik
Svend Stouge*
Affiliation:
Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5–7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
David A. T. Harper
Affiliation:
Palaeoecosystems Group, Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, DurhamDH1 3LE, UK State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing2100008, China
Renbin Zhan
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing2100008, China
Jianbo Liu
Affiliation:
Institute of Palaeontology and Palaeonvironment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
Lars Stemmerik
Affiliation:
Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Division of Stratigraphy, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350Copenhagen K, Denmark
*
Author for correspondence: Svend Stouge, Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

New occurrences of middle–late Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) conodonts are reported from the Nyalam region, southern Tibet. The conodont-yielding strata, referred to the Chiatsun Group, accumulated on the north Indian continental margin of northern Gondwana. These Middle Ordovician conodonts include the informal species Histiodella sp. A in the middle part of the Lower Formation of the Chiatsun Group succeeded by a fauna of the Pygodus serra Zone in the upper part of that formation. Pygodus anserinus is recorded from the base of the Upper Formation of the Chiatsun Group. The Nyalam succession and its conodont taxa allow for precise correlation of the strata preserved on top of Mount Qomolangma (Mount Everest), eastern Tibet and the Peri-Gondwana Lhasa (north central Tibet), South China, North China, Tarim Basin and Thailand-Malaysia (Sibumasu Terrane) terranes and/or microcontinents. The middle Darriwilian positive increase in δ13Ccarb values (carbon isotope excursion, or MDICE) is recorded from most terranes, and can be related to a late middle Darriwilian global short-term cooling and sea-level drop. The cooling event prompted temperate- to warm-water taxa to migrate towards the palaeoequator and constrained the Australasian Province to locations near and at the palaeoequator. The intensified oceanic circulation and upwelling on continental margins probably caused some characteristic taxa to become extinct. The incoming fauna was mainly of cool-water taxa. The conodont specimens from southern Tibet are black to pale grey, corresponding to conodont colour index (CAI) values of 5 to 6, which demonstrates that the host sedimentary rocks were once heated to more than 360°C.

Keywords

biostratigraphyTibet plateauChiatsun Grouppalaeogeographyglaciation eventDarriwilian
Type
Original Article
Information
Geological Magazine , Volume 158 , Issue 6 , June 2021 , pp. 1010 - 1034
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agematsu, S and Sashida, K (2009) Ordovician sea-level change and paleogeography of the Sibumasu terrane based on the conodont biostratigraphy. Paleontological Research 13, 327–36.10.2517/1342-8144-13.4.327CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agematsu, S, Sashida, K and Ibraham, AB (2008) Biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography of Middle and Late Ordovician conodonts from the Langkawi Islands, northwestern Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Paleontology 82, 957–73.10.1666/07-058.1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agematsu, S, Sashida, K, Salyapongse, S and Sardsud, A (2006a) Ordovician conodonts from the Thong Pha Phum area, western Thailand. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 26, 49–60.10.1016/j.jseaes.2004.09.009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agematsu, S, Sashida, K, Salyapongse, S and Sardsud, A (2006b) Lower and Middle Ordovician conodonts from the Thung Song and Thung Wa areas, southern peninsular Thailand. Paleontological Research 10, 215–31.10.2517/prpsj.10.215CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agematsu, S, Sashida, K, Salyapongse, S and Sardsud, A (2007) Ordovician conodonts from the Satun area, southern peninsular Thailand. Journal of Paleontology 81, 19–37.10.1666/0022-3360(2007)81[19:OCFTSA]2.0.CO;2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agematsu, S, Sashida, K and Sardsud, A (2013) A new Middle Ordovician conodont fauna from the Thong Pha Phum area of western Thailand. Paleontological Research 17, 179–88.10.2517/1342-8144-17.2.179CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ainsaar, L, Kaljo, D, Martma, T, Meidla, T, Männik, P, Nolvak, J and Tinn, O (2010) Middle and Upper Ordovician carbon isotope chemostratigraphy in Baltoscandia: a correlation standard and clues to environmental history. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 294, 198–201.10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.01.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albanesi, GL, Barnes, CR, Trotter, JA, Williams, IS and Bergström, SM (2020) Comparative Lower–Middle Ordovician conodont oxygen isotope palaeothermometry of the Argentine Precordillera and Laurentian margins. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 549, doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.03.016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albanesi, GL and Ortega, G (2016) Conodont and graptolite biostratigraphy of the Ordovician System of Argentina. In Stratigraphy and Timescales (ed. Montenari, M), pp. 61–121. Cambridge, USA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
An, TX (1981) Recent progress in Cambrian and Ordovician conodont biostratigraphy of China. Geological Society of America Special Paper 187, 209–26.Google Scholar
An, TX (1987) The Lower Paleozoic Conodonts of South China. Beijing: Publishing House of Geology, 238 pp. (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
An, TX and Ding, LS (1982) Preliminary studies and correlations on Ordovician conodonts from the Ningzhen Mountains, China. Acta Petroleum Sinica 3, 1–11 (in Chinese).Google Scholar
An, TX, Du, GQ and Gao, QQ (1985) Ordovician Conodonts from Hubei, China. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 64 pp.Google Scholar
An, TX, Du, GQ, Gao, QQ, Chen, XB and Li, WT (1981) Ordovician conodont biostratigraphy of the Huanghuachang area of Yichang, Hubei. In Selected Papers of the First Symposium of the Micropalaeontological Society of China (ed. Micropalaeontological Society of China), pp. 105–113. Beijing: Science Press (in Chinese).Google Scholar
An, TX, Zhang, F, Xiang, W, Zhang, Y, Xu, W, Zhang, H, Jiang, D, Yang, C, Lin, L, Cui, Z and Yang, X (1983) The Conodonts of North China and the Adjacent Regions. Beijing: Science Press of China, 233 pp. (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
An, TX and Zheng, SC (1990) The Conodonts of the Marginal Areas around the Ordos Basin, North China. Beijing: Science Press of China, 199 pp. (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Bagnoli, G and Qi, YP (2014) Ordovician conodonts from the Red Petrified Forest, Hunan Province, China. Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana 53, 93–104.Google Scholar
Bagnoli, G and Stouge, S (1991) Paleogeographic distribution of Argentinian (Lower Ordovician) conodonts. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 63, 171–83.Google Scholar
Bagnoli, G and Stouge, S (1997) Lower Ordovician (Billingenian – Kunda) conodont zonation and provinces based on sections from Horns Udde, north Öland, Sweden. Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana 35, 109–63.Google Scholar
Barnes, CR and Poplawski, MLS (1973) Lower and Middle Ordovician conodonts from the Mystic Formation, Quebec, Canada. Journal of Paleontology 47, 760–90.Google Scholar
Bauer, JA (2010) Conodonts and conodont biostratigraphy of the Joins and Oil Creek Formations, Arbuckle Mountains, South-central Oklahoma. Oklahoma Geological Survey Bulletin 150, 1–44.Google Scholar
Bergström, SM (1962) Conodonts from the Ludibundus limestone (Middle Ordovician) of the Tvären area (S. E. Sweden). Arkiv för Mineralogi och Geologi 3, 1–61.Google Scholar
Bergström, SM (1971) Conodont biostratigraphy of the Middle and Upper Ordovician of Europe and eastern North America. In Symposium on Conodont Biostratigraphy (eds Sweet, WC and Bergström, SM), pp. 83–157. Boulder: Geological Society of America, Memoir no. 127.Google Scholar
Bergström, SM (1983) Biogeography, evolutionary relationships, and biostratigraphic significance of Ordovician platform conodonts. Fossils and Strata 15, 35–58.Google Scholar
Bergström, SM (1990) Relations between conodont provincialism and the changing palaeogeography during the early Palaeozoic. In Palaeozoic Palaeogeogeography and Biogeography (eds McKerrow, WS and Scotese, CR), pp. 105–121. Geological Society of London, Memoir no. 12.Google Scholar
Bergström, SM (2007a) Middle and Upper Ordovician conodonts from the Fågelsång GSSP, Scania, southern Sweden. GFF 129, 77–82.10.1080/11035890701292077CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergström, SM (2007b) The Ordovician conodont biostratigraphy in the Siljan region, south-central Sweden: a brief review of an international reference standard. In 9th Meeting of the Working Group on Ordovician Geology of Baltoscandia, Field Guide and Abstracts (eds Ebbestad, JOR, Wickström, LM and Högström, AES), pp. 26–41, 63–48. Uppsala: Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning, Rapporter och Meddelanden no. 128.Google Scholar
Bergström, SM, Chen, X, Gutiérrez-Marco, JC and Dronov, A (2009) The new chronostratigraphic classification of the Ordovician System and its relations to major regional series and stages and to delta C-13 chemostratigraphy. Lethaia 42, 97–107.10.1111/j.1502-3931.2008.00136.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergström, SM and Ferretti, A (2017) Conodonts in Ordovician biostratigraphy. Lethaia 50, 424–39.10.1111/let.12191CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergström, SM and Finney, SC (1999) The Dawangou Section, Tarim Basin (Xinjiang Autonomous Region), China: potential as global stratotype for the base of the Nemagraptus gracilis Biozone and the base of the global Upper Ordovician Series. Acta Universitatis Carolinae-Geologica 43, 69–71.Google Scholar
Bergström, SM, Finney, SC, Chen, X, Pålsson, C, Wang, Z and Grahn, Y (2000) A proposed global boundary stratotype for the base of the Upper Series of the Ordovician System: The Fågelsång section, Scania, southern Sweden. Episodes 23, 102–09.10.18814/epiiugs/2000/v23i2/003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brookfield, ME (1993) The Himalayan passive margin from Precambrian to Cretaceous times. Sedimentary Geology 84, 1–35.10.1016/0037-0738(93)90042-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bunopas, S (1981) Paleogeographic history of western Thailand and adjacent part of southeast Asia: a plate tectonics interpretation. Geological Survey Paper 5, Special Issue. Department of Mineral Resources of Thailand, Bangkok, 180 pp.Google Scholar
Bunopas, S (1992) Regional stratigraphic correlation in Thailand. In Proceedings of a National Conference on Geologic Resources of Thailand (ed. Piancharoen, C.), pp. 189–208. Bangkok: Department of Mineral Resources.Google Scholar
Burchfiel, BC, Zhiliang, C, Hodges, KV, Yuping, L, Royden, L, Changrong, D and Jiene, X (1992) The South Tibetan Detachment System, Himalayan Orogen: extension contemporaneous with and parallel to shortening in a collisional mountain belt. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 269, 1–41.10.1130/SPE269-p1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burrett, C, Long, J and Stait, B (1990) Early–Middle Palaeozoic biogeography of Asian terranes derived from Gondwana. In Palaeozoic Palaeogeogeography and Biogeography (eds McKerrow, WS and Scotese, CR), pp. 163–74. Geological Society of London, Memoir no. 12.Google Scholar
Burrett, C, Zaw, K, Meffre, S, Lai, CK, Khositanont, S, Chaodumrong, P, Udclachon, M, Ekins, S and Halpin, J (2014) The configuration of Greater Gondwana: evidence from U-Pb geochronology of detrital zircons from the Paleozoic and Mesozoic of Southeast Asia and China. Gondwana Research 26, 31–51.10.1016/j.gr.2013.05.020CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calner, M, Lehnert, O, Wu, RC, Dahlqvist, P and Joachimski, MM (2014) δ13C chemostratigraphy in the Lower–Middle Ordovician succession of Öland (Sweden) and the global significance of the MDICE. GFF 136, 48–54.10.1080/11035897.2014.901409CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carosi, R, Lombardo, B, Molli, G, Musumeci, G and Pertusati, PC (1998) The south Tibetan detachment system in the Rongbuk valley, Everest region. Deformation features and geological implications. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 16, 299–311.10.1016/S0743-9547(98)00014-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cawood, PA and Buchan, C (2007) Linking accretionary orogenesis with supercontinent assembly. Earth-Science Reviews 82, 217–56.10.1016/j.earscirev.2007.03.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cawood, PA, Johnson, MRW and Nemchin, A (2007) Early Palaeozoic orogenesis along the Indian margin of Gondwana. Tectonic response to Gondwana assembly. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 255, 70–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chakrabarti, BK (2016) Geology of the Himalayan belt: Deformation, Metamorphism, Stratigraphy. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 264 pp.Google Scholar
Chen, JY (1975) The nautiloid fossils of the Jolmo Lungma region. In Reports on the Scientific Expedition in the Jolmo Lungma Region (1966–1968), Palaeontology 1 (ed. Tibet Scientific Expedition Team to Tibet of Chinese Academy of Sciences), pp. 267–308. Beijing: Science Press, 425 pp. (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Chen, MJ, Chen, YT and Zhang, JH (1983) Ordovician conodont sequence in Nanjing Hills. Journal of Nanjing University, Natural Sciences 1983, 129–39 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Chen, MJ and Zhang, JH (1984) Middle Ordovician conodonts from Tangshan, Nanjing. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica 1, 120–37 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Chen, MJ and Zhang, JH (1989) Ordovician conodonts from the Shitai Region, Anhui. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica 6, 213–28 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Chen, TE (1984) The Ordovician cephalopod fauna and the subdivision of the Ordovician from southern Xizang (Tibet). Acta Palaeontology Sinica 23, 452–71 (in Chinese with English Abstract).Google Scholar
Chen, X, Bergström, SM, Zhang, YD, Goldman, D and Chen, Q (2011) Upper Ordovician (Sandbian–Katian) graptolite and conodont zonation in the Yangtze region, China. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 101, 111–34.Google Scholar
Chen, X, Zhang, YD, Bergström, SM and Xu, HG (2006) Upper Darriwilian graptolite and conodont zonation in the global stratotype section of the Darriwilian stage (Ordovician) at Huangnitang, Chengshan, Zhejiang, China. Palaeoworld 15, 150–70.10.1016/j.palwor.2006.07.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, X, Zhang, YD, Li, Y, Fan, JX, Tang, P, Chen, Q and Zhang, YY (2012) Biostratigraphic correlation of the Ordovician black shales in Tarim Basin and its peripheral regions. Science China, Earth Science 55, 1230–37.10.1007/s11430-012-4448-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, X, Zhang, YD, Wang, ZH, Goldman, D, Bergström, SM, Fan, JX, Finney, SC and Chen, Q (2015) Biostratigraphy. In Darriwilian to Katian (Ordovician) Graptolites from Northwest China (eds Chen, X, Zhang, YD, Goldman, D, Bergström, SM, Fan, JX, Wang, ZH, Finney, SC, Chen, Q and Ma, X), pp. 7–38. Zhejiang: Zhejiang University Press.Google Scholar
Cherns, L and Wheeley, JR (2009) Early Palaeozoic cooling events: Peri-Gondwana and beyond. In Early Palaeozoic Peri-Gondwana Terranes, New Insights from Tectonics and Biogeography (ed. Bassett, MG), pp. 257–78. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 325.Google Scholar
Cherns, L, Wheeley, JR, Popov, LE, Ghobadi Pour, M, Owens, RM and Hemsley, AR (2013) Long-period orbital climate forcing in the early Palaeozoic? Journal of the Geological Society of London 170, 707–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cocks, LRM and Fortey, RA (2005) A review of Lower and Middle Palaeozoic biostratigraphy in west peninsular Malaysia and southern Thailand in its context within the Sibumasu Terrane. Journal of Earth Sciences 24, 703–17.Google Scholar
Cocks, LRM, Fortey, RA and Lee, CP (2005) A review of Lower and Middle Paleozoic biostratigraphy in west peninsular Malaysia and southern Thailand in its context within the Sibumasu Terrane. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 24, 703–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cocks, LRM and Torsvik, TH (2013) The dynamic evolution of the Palaeozoic geography of eastern Asia. Earth-Science Reviews 117, 40–79.10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.12.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corthouts, TL, Lageson, DR and Shaw, CA (2015) Polyphase deformation, dynamic metamorphism, and metasomatism of Mount Everest’s summit limestone, east central Himalaya, Nepal/Tibet. Lithosphere 8, 38–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeCelles, PG, Gehrels, GE, Quade, J, Kapp, PA, Ojha, TP and Upreti, BN (1998) Neogene foreland basin deposits, erosional unroofing, and the kinematic history of the Himalayan fold-thrust belt, western Nepal. Geological Society of America Bulletin 110, 2–21.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeCelles, PG, Robinson, DM and Zandt, G (2002) Implications of shortening in the Himalayan fold-thrust belt for uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. Tectonics 21, 1062, 12-1–12-25.10.1029/2001TC001322CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ding, LS, Chen, MJ, Zhang, JH, Cao, HH and Bao, DX (1993) Cambrian to Ordovician conodonts. In Conodonts of the Lower Yangtze Valley – An Index to Biostratigraphy and Organic Maturity (ed. Wang, CY), pp. 155–214. Beijing: Science Press (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Donovan, SK, Harper, DAT, Zhan, RB, Stemmerik, L, Liu, JB and Stouge, S (2012) A primitive cladid crinoid from the Jiacun Group, Tibet (Darriwilian, Middle Ordovician). Geological Journal 47, 653–60.10.1002/gj.2436CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Du, PD, Zhao, ZX, Huang, ZB, Tan, ZJ, Wang, C, Yang, ZL, Zhang, GZ and Xiao, JN (2005) Discussion on four conodont species of Histiodella from Tarim Basin and their stratigraphic implication. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica 22, 357–69 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Dzik, J (1976) Remarks on the evolution of Ordovician conodonts. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 21, 395–455.Google Scholar
Dzik, J (1994) Conodonts of the Mójcza Limestone. Palaeontologia Polonica 53, 43–128.Google Scholar
Edwards, CT, Saltzman, MR, Royer, DL and Fike, DA (2017) Oxygenation as a driver of the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event. Nature Geoscience 10, 925–59.10.1038/s41561-017-0006-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Epstein, AG, Epstein, JB and Harris, LD (1977) Conodont color alteration – An index to organic metamorphism. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 995, 1–27.Google Scholar
Ethington, RL and Clark, DL (1981) Lower and Middle Ordovician conodonts from the Ibex Area, Western Millard County, Utah. Brigham Young University, Geological Studies 28, 1–160.Google Scholar
Fåhræus, LE (1966) Lower Viruan (Middle Ordovician) conodonts from the Gullhögen Quarry, Southern Central Sweden. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning C610, 1–40.Google Scholar
Fang, Q, Wu, HC, Wang, XL, Yang, TS, Li, HY and Zhang, SH (2019a) An astronomically forced cooling event during the Middle Ordovician. Global and Planetary Change 173, 96–108.10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.12.010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fang, X, Burrett, C, Li, WJ, Zhang, YB, Zhang, YD, Chen, TE and Wu, XJ (2019b) Dynamic variation of Middle to Late Ordovician cephalopod provincialism in the northeastern peri-Gondwana region and its implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 521, 127–37.10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.02.015CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fang, X, Chen, TE, Burrett, C, Wang, YS, Qu, YG, Zheng, CZ, Zhang, YB, Zhang, YD and Li, WJ (2018) Middle Ordovician actinocerid nautiloids (Cephalopoda) from Xainza County, Tibet, western China, and their paleogeographic implications. Journal of Paleontology 92, 398–411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feltes, NA, Albanesi, GL and Bergström, SM (2013) Middle Darriwilian conodonts biozones from the Lower Member of the Las Aguaditas Formation, Central Precordillera of San Juan, Argentina. In Conodonts from the Andes. International Conodont Symposium, No. 3 (eds Albanesi, GL and Ortega, G), pp. 25–31. Buenos Aires: Asociación Paleontológica Argentina, Special Publication no. 13.Google Scholar
Feltes, NA, Albanesi, GL and Bergström, SM (2016) Conodont biostratigraphy and global correlation of the middle Darriwilian–lower Sandbian (Ordovician) Las Aguaditas Formation, Precordillera of San Juan, Argentina. Andean Geology 43, 60–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finnegan, S, Bergmann, K, Eiler, JL, Jones, DS, Fike, DA, Eisenman, I, Hughes, NC, Tripati, AK and Fisher, WW (2011) The magnitude and duration of Late Ordovician–Late Silurian glaciation. Science 331, 903–06.10.1126/science.1200803CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finney, SC and Bergström, SM (1986) Biostratigraphy of the Ordovician Nemagraptus gracilis Zone. In Palaeoecology and Biostratigraphy of Graptolites (eds Hughes, CP and Richards, RB), pp. 47–59. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 20.Google Scholar
Fortey, RA and Cocks, LRM (1998) Biogeography and palaeogeography of the Sibumasu terrane in the Ordovician: a review. In Biogeography and Geological Evolution of SE Asia (eds Hall, R and Holloway, JD), pp. 45–56. Leiden, The Netherlands: Backbuys Publishers, 417 pp.Google Scholar
Fuchs, G (1981) Outline of the geology of the Himalaya. Mitteilungen Österich Geologisches Gesellschaft 74/75, 101–27.Google Scholar
Gansser, A (1964) Geology of the Himalayas. London: Interscience Publishers, John Wiley & Sons, 289 pp.Google Scholar
Gansser, A (1983) Geology of the Bhutan Himalaya. Basel: Birkhauser Verlag, 181 pp.Google Scholar
Garzanti, E (1999) Stratigraphy and sedimentary history of the Nepal Tethys Himalaya passive margin. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 17, 805–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garzanti, E, Baud, A and Mascle, G (1987) Sedimentary record of the northward flight of India and its collision with Eurasia (Ladakh Himalaya India). Geodynamica Acta 1, 297–312.10.1080/09853111.1987.11105147CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garzanti, E, Casnedi, R and Jadoul, F (1986) Sedimentary evidence of a Cambro-Ordovician orogenic event in the northwestern Himalaya. Sedimentary Geology 48, 237–65.10.1016/0037-0738(86)90032-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gehrels, GE, Decelles, PG, Martin, A, Ojha, TP, Pinhassi, G and Upreti, BN (2003) Initiation of the Himalayan Orogen as an Early Paleozoic thin-skinned thrust belt. GSA Today 13, 4–9.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gehrels, GE, Decelles, PG, Ojha, TP and Upreti, BN (2006) Geologic and U–Th–Pb geochronologic evidence for early Paleozoic tectonism in the Kathmandu thrust sheet, central Nepal Himalaya. Geological Society of America Bulletin 118, 185–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gehrels, G, Kapp, P, Decelles, P, Pullen, A, Blakey, R, Weislogel, A, Ding, L, Guynn, J, Martin, A, Mcquarrie, N and Yin, A (2011) Detrital zircon geochronology of pre-Tertiary Strata in the Tibetan-Himalayan orogen. Tectonics 30, TC5016, 27. doi: 10.1029/2011TC002868.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hadding, AR (1913) Undre dicellograptusskiffern i Skåne Jämte några några därmed ekvivalenta bildningar. Lunds Universitets Årsskrift, Ny Följd, Afdelning 2, 9, 1–90.Google Scholar
Hamar, G (1966) Preliminary report on conodonts from the Oslo-Asker and Ringerike districts. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 46, 27–83.Google Scholar
Haq, BU and Schutter, SR (2008) A chronology of Paleozoic sea-level changes. Science 322, 64–68.10.1126/science.1161648CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harper, DAT, Zhan, RB, Stemmerik, L, Liu, JB, Donovan, SK and Stouge, S (2011) Ordovician on the roof of the world: macro- and microfaunas from tropical carbonates in Tibet. In Ordovician of the World (eds Gutiérrez-Marco, JC, Rábano, I and García-Bellido, D), pp. 215–20. Madrid: Cuadernos del Museo Geominero no. 14.Google Scholar
Harris, AG (1962) New conodonts from Joins (Ordovician) Formation of Oklahoma. Oklahoma Geology Notes 22, 199–211.Google Scholar
Harris, AG, Bergström, SM, Ethington, RL and Ross, RJ Jr (1979) Aspects of Middle and Upper Ordovician conodont biostratigraphy of carbonate facies in Nevada and southeast California and comparison with some Appalachian successions. Utah: Brigham Young University, Geology Studies no. 26, 7–33.Google Scholar
Harris, AG, Repetski, JE and Kauffman, EG (1987) Some Ordovician and Permian–Triassic conodonts from Xizang (Tibet). In Shorter Contributions to Paleontology and Stratigraphy (ed. Sando, WJ), chapter F. United States Geological Survey Bulletin no. 1690.Google Scholar
Heim, A and Gansser, A (1939) Central Himalayas: Geological Observations of the Swiss Expedition of 1936. Zürich: Gebruder Fretz, 246 pp.Google Scholar
Hennissen, J, Vandenbroucke, TRA, Chen, X, Tang, P and Verniers, J (2010) The Dawangou auxiliary GSSP (Xinjiang autonomous region, China) of the base of the Upper Ordovician Series: putting global chitinozoan biostratigraphy to the test. Journal of Micropaleontology 29, 93–113.10.1144/0262-821X09-005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heredia, S, Mestre, A, Soria, T and Kaufmann, C (2017) The Ordovician genus Pygodus (conodont) in the Cuyania Terrane, Argentina. Geological Magazine 154, 1105–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodges, KV (2000) Tectonics of the Himalaya and southern Tibet from two perspectives. Geological Society of America Bulletin 112, 324–50.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, BC, Zhu, RX, Otofuji, Y and Yang, ZY (2000) The Early Paleozoic palaeogeography of the North China block and other major blocks of China. Chinese Science Bulletin 46, 1057–65.10.1007/BF02887174CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, NC (2016) The Cambrian palaeontological record of the Indian subcontinent. Earth-Science Reviews 159, 428–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, NC, Myrow, PM, McKenzie, NR, Harper, DAT, Bhargava, ON, Tangri, SK, Ghalley, KS and Fanning, CM (2011) Cambrian rocks and fauna of the Wachi La, Black Mountain, Bhutan, Geological Magazine 148, 351–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeppsson, L and Anehus, R (1995) A buffered formic acid technique for conodont extraction. Journal of Paleontology 69, 487–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeppsson, L and Anehus, R (1999) A new technique to separate conodonts from heavier minerals. Alcheringa 23, 57–62.10.1080/03115519908619339CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jessup, MJ, Law, RD, Searle, MP and Hubbard, MS (2006) Structural evolution and vorticity of flow during extrusion and exhumation of the Greater Himalayan Slab, Mount Everest massif, Tibet/Nepal: Implications for orogen-scale flow partitioning. In Channel Flow, Ductile Extrusion and Exhumation in Continental Collision Zones (eds Law, RD, Searle, MP and Godin, L), pp. 378–413. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 268.Google Scholar
Jing, XC, Yang, ZL, Zhang, F, Zhang, SB and Deng, SH (2007) Conodont biostratigraphy of Ordovician outcrop section in Kalpin region of the Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, China. In The Global Ordovician and Silurian (eds Li, J, Fan, JX and Percival, I), pp. 201–7. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 46 (suppl).Google Scholar
Jing, XC, Zhou, HL and Wang, XL (2016a) Ordovician (Middle Darriwilian–earliest Sandbian) conodonts from the Wuhai area of Inner Mongolia, North China. Journal of Paleontology 89(5), 768–90.10.1017/jpa.2015.54CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jing, XC, Zhou, HG and Wang, XL (2016b) Stratigraphy and biofacies of the Middle Darriwilian (Ordovician) conodonts from the Laoshidan section in the western margin of the North China Craton. Marine Micropaleontology 125, 51–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kellett, DA, Cottle, JM and Larson, KP (2018) The South Tibetan Detachment System: history, advances, definition and future directions. In Himalayan Tectonics: A Modern Synthesis (eds Treloar, PJ and Searle, MP), pp. 377–400. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 483.Google Scholar
Lamont, A and Lindström, M (1957) Arenigian and Llandeilian cherts identified in the Southern Uplands of Scotland by means of conodonts, etc. Transactions of the Edinburgh Geological Society 17, 60–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le Fort, P (1975) Himalayas: the collided range. Present knowledge of the continental arc. American Journal of Science A275, 1–44.Google Scholar
Li, Q, Li, Y, Zhang, YD and Munnecke, A (2017) Dissecting Calathium-microbial frameworks: the significance of calathids for the Middle Ordovician reefs in the Tarim Basin, northwestern China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 474, 66–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, Y, Huang, ZB, Wang, JP, Wang, ZH, Zhang, JM, Zhang, YD, Fan, JX and Zhang, YY (2009) Conodont biostratigraphy and sedimentology of the Middle and Upper Ordovician in Bachu, Xinjiang. Journal of Stratigraphy 33, 113–22 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Li, ZX and Powell, McAC (2001) An outline of the palaeogeographic evolution of the Australasian region since the beginning of the Neoproterozoic. Earth-Science Reviews 53, 237–77.10.1016/S0012-8252(00)00021-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, BY and Qiu, HR (1982) A new recognition of the Palaeozoic stratigaphy in Himalaya districts of Xizang (Tibet). Contribution to Geology of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau 5, 149–52 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Lindström, M (1955) Conodonts from the lowermost Ordovician strata of south-central Sweden. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 76, 517–604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindström, M (1971) Lower Ordovician conodonts of Europe. In Symposium on Conodont Biostratigraphy (eds Sweet, WC and Bergström, SM), pp. 21–61. Boulder: Geological Society of America, Memoir no. 127.Google Scholar
Lindström, M (1984) The Ordovician climate based on the study of carbonate rocks. In Aspects of the Ordovician System (ed. Bruton, DL), pp. 81–88. Oslo: University of Oslo, Palaeontological Contributions no. 295.Google Scholar
Lindström, M, Chen, JY and Zhang, JM (1991) Section at Daping reveals Sino-Baltoscandian parallelism of facies in the Ordovician. GFF 113, 189–205.Google Scholar
Liu, CG, Li, G, Wang, D, Liu, YL, Luo, MX and Shao, XM (2016a) Middle–Upper Ordovician (Darriwilian–early Katian) positive carbon isotope excursions in the northern Tarim Basin, northwest China: implications for stratigraphic correlation and paleoclimate. Journal of Earth Science 27, 317–28.10.1007/s12583-016-0696-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, CG, Li, G, Wang, D, Liu, YL, Luo, MX and Shao, XM (2016b) Positive carbon isotope excursions. Global correlation and genesis in the Middle–Upper Ordovician in the northern Tarim Basin, Northwest China. Petroleum Science 13, 192–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, DY (1976) Ordovician brachiopods from the Mount Jolmo Lungma region. In Reports on the Scientific Expedition in the Jolmo Lungma Region (1966–1968), Palaeontology 2 (ed. Tibet Scientific Expedition Team of Chinese Academy of Sciences), pp. 39–158. Beijing: Science Press, 457 pp. (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Liu, DY (1979) New material of Ordovician brachiopods from the Jolmo Lungma region. In Reports on the Scientific Expedition in the Jolmo Lungma Region (1975), Geology Volume (ed. Tibet Scientific Expedition Team of Chinese Academy of Sciences), pp. 71–75. Beijing: Science Press, 221 pp. (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Liu, G and Einsele, G (1994) Sedimentary history of the Tethyan basin in the Tibetan Himalayas. Geologische Rundschau 83, 32–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, ZC, Ma, WP, Jin, CT and He, HZ (1962) The geology of the Jolmo Lungma region. In Reports of Scientific Expedition to the Jolmo Lungma Region (ed. The Scientific Expedition Team to the Jolmo Lungma region of China), 684. Beijing: Science Press, 291 pp. (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Löfgren, A (1978) Arenigian and Llanvirnian conodonts from Jämtland, northern Sweden. Fossils and Strata 13, 1–129.Google Scholar
A, Löfgren (1998) Apparatus structure of the Ordovician conodont Decoriconus peselephantis (Lindström, 1955). Paläontologische Zeitschrift 72, 337–50.Google Scholar
Löfgren, A and Zhang, JH (2003) Element association and morphology in some middle Ordovician platform–equipped conodonts. Journal of Paleontology 77, 721–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lombardo, B, Pertusati, P and Borgi, S (1993) Geology and tectonomagmatic evolution of the eastern Himalaya along the Chomolungma-Makalu transect. In Himalayan Tectonics (eds Treloar, PJ and Searle, MP), pp. 341–55. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 74.Google Scholar
Ma, X, Wang, ZH, Zhang, YD, Song, YY and Fang, X (2015) Carbon isotope records of the Middle–Upper Ordovician transition in Yichang area, South China. Palaeoworld 24, 136–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maletz, J (2009) Holmograptus spinosus and the Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian) graptolite biostratigraphy at Les Méchins (Quebec, Canada). Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 46, 739–55.10.1139/E09-048CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, AJ (2017) A review of Himalayan stratigraphy, magmatism, and structure. Gondwana Research 49, 42–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKenzie, NR, Hughes, NC, Myrow, PM, Choi, D and Park, TY (2011) Trilobites and zircons link North China with the eastern Himalaya during the Cambrian. Geology 39, 591–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mestre, A and Heredia, S (2012) Darriwilian species of the genus Histiodella (Conodonta) in the Argentine Precordillera. Alcheringa 36, 141–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Metcalfe, I (1998) Palaeozoic and Mesozoic geological evolution of the SE Asian region: multidisciplinary constraints and implications for biogeography. In Biogeography and Geological Evolution of SE Asia (eds Hall, R and Holloway, JD), pp. 25–41. Leiden, The Netherlands: Backhuys Publishers, 419 pp.Google Scholar
Metcalfe, I (2001) Warm Tethys and Cold Gondwana: East and SE Asia in Greater Gondwana during the Phanerozoic. In Contributions to Geology and Palaeontology of Gondwana - In Honour of Helmut Wopfner (ed. Weis, RH), pp. 333–47. Köln: Kölner Forum Für Geologie und Paläontologie, 530 pp.Google Scholar
Metcalfe, I (2013) Gondwana dispersion and Asian accretion: tectonic and palaeogeographic evolution of eastern Tethys. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 66, 1–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mu, AT, Wen, SH, Wang, YK, Zhang, BG and Yin, JX (1973) Stratigraphy of the Mount Jolmo Lungma region in southern Tibet, China. Scientia Sinica 16, 59–111.Google Scholar
Mu, EZ and Wu, YR (1975) Palaeozoic crinoids of the Mount Jolmo Lungma region. In Report of the Scientific Expedition to the Mount Jolmo Lungma Region (1966–1968), Palaeontology Volume 1 (ed. Tibet Scientific Expedition Team of Chinese Academy of Sciences), pp. 309–13. Beijing: Science Press (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Munnecke, A, Zhang, YD, Liu, X and Cheng, JF (2011) Stable carbon isotope stratigraphy in the Ordovician of South China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 307, 17–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, MA and Yin, A (2003) Structural evolution and sequence of thrusting in the Tethyan fold-thrust belt and Indus-Yalu suture zone, southwest Tibet. Geological Society of America Bulletin 115, 21–34.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myrow, PM, Chen, J, Snyder, Z, Leslie, S, Fike, DA, Fanning, CM, Yuan, JL and Peng, T (2015) Depositional history, tectonics, and provenance of the Cambrian–Ordovician boundary interval in the western margin of the North China block. Geological Society of America Bulletin 127, 1174–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myrow, PM, Hughes, NC, Goodge, JW, Fanning, CM, Williams, IS, Peng, S, Bhargava, ON, Parcha, SK and Pogue, KR (2010) Extraordinary transport mixing of sediments across Himalaya central Gondwana during Cambrian Ordovician. Geological Society of America Bulletin 122, 1660–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myrow, PM, Hughes, NC and McKenzie, NR (2018) Reconstructing the Himalayan margin prior to collision with Asia: Proterozoic and lower Paleozoic geology and its implications for Cenozoic tectonics. In Himalayan Tectonics: A Modern Synthesis (eds Treloar, PJ and Searle, MP), pp. 39–64. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 493.Google Scholar
Myrow, PM, Hughes, NC, McKenzie, NR, Pelgay, P, Thomson, TJ, Haddad, EE and Fanning, CM (2016) Cambrian–Ordovician orogenesis in Himalayan equatorial Gondwana. Geological Society of America Bulletin 128, 1679–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myrow, PM, Hughes, NC, Searle, MP, Fanning, CM, Peng, SC and Parcha, SK (2009) Stratigraphic correlation of Cambrian–Ordovician deposits along the Himalaya: implications for the age and nature of rocks in the Mount Everest region. Geological Society of America Bulletin 121, 323–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myrow, PM, Thompson, JKR, Hughes, NC, Paulsen, TS, Sell, BK and Parcha, SK (2006) Cambrian stratigraphy and depositional history of the northern Indian Himalaya. Geological Society of America Bulletin 118, 491–510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ni, SZ and Li, ZH (1987) The Ordovician conodonts from Yangtze Gorges area. In Biostratigraphy of the Three Gorges Area of the Yangtze River, Volume 2. Early Paleozoic Era (eds Wang, XF, Ni, SZ, Zeng, QL, Xu, GH, Zhou, TM, Li, ZH, Xiang, LW and Lai, CG), pp. 102–114, 386–447. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 642 pp. (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Odell, NE (1924) The last climb of Mallory and Irvine. Geographical Journal 64, 455–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Odell, NE (1925) Observations on the rocks and glaciers of Mount Everest. The Geographical Journal 66, 289–313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Odell, NE (1967) Highest fossils in the world. Geological Magazine 104, 73–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peng, SC, Hughes, NC, Heim, NA, Sell, BK, Zhu, X, Myrow, PM and Parcha, SK (2009) Cambrian trilobites from the Parahio and Zanskar valleys, Indian Himalaya. Paleontological Society Memoirs (Supplement of Journal of Paleontology) 71, 1–95.Google Scholar
Pohl, A, Donnadieu, Y, Le Hir, G, Ledant, J-B, Dumas, C, Alvarez-Solas, J and Vandenbroucke, TRA (2016) Glacial onset predated Late Ordovician climate cooling. Paleoceanography 31, 800–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qian, YY (1976) Two Early Ordovician trilobite species from the Jolmo Lungma region. In Reports on the Scientific Expedition in the Jolmo Lungma Region (1966–1968), Palaeontology, Volume 2 (ed. Tibet Scientific Expedition Team of Chinese Academy of Sciences), pp. 137–138. Beijing: Science Press, 457 pp. (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Qiu, HR (1988) Early Paleozoic conodont biostratigraphy of Xizang (Tibet). Professional Paper of Stratigraphy and Palaeontology 19, 185–202.Google Scholar
Qu, YG, Wang, YS, Zhang, SQ, Wang, ZH, Lü, P and Duan, JX (2004) New results and major progress in regional geological survey of the Toiba District Sheet. Geological Bulletin of China 23, 492–97 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Qu, YG, Zhang, SQ, Zheng, CZ and Wang, ZH (2002) The discovery of Armenoceras of Early Ordovician from Xiongmei, Xainza County, Tibet. Geological Bulletin of China 21, 355–56 (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Rasmussen, CMØ, Ullmann, CV, Jakobsen, KG, Lindskog, A, Hansen, J, Hansen, T, Eriksson, ME, Dronov, A, Frei, R, Korte, C, Nielsen, AT and Harper, DAT (2016) Onset of main Phanerozoic marine radiation sparked by emerging mid Ordovician Icehouse. Scientific Reports 6, doi: 10.1038/srep18884.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rejebian, VA, Harris, AG and Huebner, JS (1987) Conodont color and textural alteration: an index to regional metamorphism, contact metamorphism, and hydrothermal alteration. Geological Society of America Bulletin 99, 471–79.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sakai, H (1997) Detachment fault below the summit of Mt. Everest and its tectonic significance in the Himalayan orogeny. Journal of the Geological Society of Japan 103, 240–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sakai, H, Sawada, M, Takigami, Y, Orihashi, Y, Danhara, T, Iwano, H, Kuwahara, Y, Dong, Q, Cai, H and Li, J (2005) Geology of the summit limestone of Mount Qomolangma (Everest) and cooling of the Yellow Band under the Qomolangma detachment. Island Arc 14, 297–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmitz, B, Bergström, SM and Wang, XF (2010) The middle Darriwilian (Ordovician) δ13C excursion (MDICE) discovered in the Yangtze Platform succession in China; implications of its first recorded occurrence outside Baltoscandia. Journal of the Geological Society of London 167, 249–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, MP (1991) Geology and Tectonics of the Karakoram Mountains. John Wiley & Sons, 358 pp. with Geological Map of the Central Karakoram, scale 1:250,000. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, UK.Google Scholar
Searle, MP, Simpson, RL, Law, RD, Parrish, RR and Waters, DJ (2003) The structural geometry, metamorphic and magmatic evolution of the Everest massif, High Himalaya of Nepal–South Tibet. Journal of the Geological Society of London 160, 345–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, MP and Treloar, PJ (2019) Introduction to Himalayan tectonics: a modern synthesis. In Himalayan Tectonics: A Modern Synthesis (eds Treloar, PJ and Searle, MP), pp. 1–17. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 483.Google Scholar
Sengör, AMC and Natal’in, BA (1996) Paleotectonics of Asia: fragments of synthesis. In The Tectonic Evolution of Asia (eds Yin, A and Harrison, TM), pp. 486–640. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 678 pp.Google Scholar
Sergeeva, SP (1963) Conodonts from the Lower Ordovician in the Leningrad region. Palaeontologicheshij Zhurnal 1963, 93–108 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Serra, F, Albanesi, GL, Ortega, G and Bergström, SM (2015) Biostratigraphy and palaeoecology of Middle–Late Ordovician conodont and graptolite faunas of the Las Chacritas River section, Precordillera of San Juan, Argentina. Geological Magazine 152, 813–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Serra, F, Feltes, NA, Albanesi, GL and Goldman, D (2019) High-resolution conodont biostratigraphy from the Darriwilian Stage (Middle Ordovician) of the Argentine Precordillera and biodiversity analysis: a CONOP9 approach. Lethaia 52, 188–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Serra, F, Feltes, NA, Henderson, MA and Albanesi, GL (2017a) Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) conodont biofacies from the Central Precordillera of Argentina. Marine Micropaleontology 130, 15–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Serra, F, Ortega, G, Feltes, NA and Albanesi, GL (2017b) Lower middle Darriwilian (Ordovician) graptolites and conodonts from the Central Precordillera of San Juan Argentina. Geological Journal 2017, 1–17.Google Scholar
Shi, H and Wang, HF (1999) Discussions on the Ordovician lithostratigraphic units in Xainza, Xizang. Sedimentary Facies and Palaeogeography 19, 60–64 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Song, YY, Yu, SY, Zhang, YD, Sun, XW, Muir, LA and Liu, PJ (2017) Reconstruction of a shallow intraplatform depression by microfacies analysis of the Upper Ordovician Miaopo and Datianba formations in the northwestern Yangtze Region, China. Palaeoworld 26, 589–601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Srikantia, SV, Ganesan, TM, Rao, PN, Sinha, PN and Turkey, B (1980) Geology of Zanskar area, Ladakh Himalaya. Himalayan Geology 8, 1009–33.Google Scholar
Steck, A (2003) Geology of the NW Indian Himalaya. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 96, 147–96.Google Scholar
Stouge, S (1984) Conodonts of the Middle Ordovician Table Head Formation, western Newfoundland. Fossils and Strata 16, 1–145.Google Scholar
Stouge, S (2012) Middle Ordovician (late Dapingian–Darriwilian) conodonts from the Cow Head Group and Lower Head Formation, western Newfoundland, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 49, 59–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stouge, S and Bagnoli, G (1990) Lower Ordovician (Volkhovian–Kundan) conodonts from Hagudden, northern Öland, Sweden. Palaeontographia Italica 75, 89–179.Google Scholar
Stouge, S and Bagnoli, G (1999) The suprageneric classification of some Ordovician prioniodontid conodonts. Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana 37, 145–58.Google Scholar
Stouge, S, Bagnoli, G and Rasmussen, JA (2020) Late Cambrian (Furongian) to mid-Ordovician euconodont events on Baltica: Invasions and immigrations. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 549, 109151. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.04007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stouge, S, Du, P and Zhao, Z (2011) Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian) global conodont zonation based on the Dawangou and Saergan formations of the western Tarim region, Xinjiang Province, China. In Ordovician of the World (eds Gutierrez-Marco, JC, Rábano, I and García-Bellido, G), pp. 581–86. Publicaciones del Instituto Geológico y Minero de Espana, Series: Quadernos del Museo Geominero no. 14.Google Scholar
Sweet, WC and Bergström, SM (1962) Conodonts from the Pratt Ferry Formation (Middle Ordovician) of Alabama. Journal of Paleontology 36, 1214–52.Google Scholar
Sweet, WC, Ethington, RL and Barnes, CR (1971) North American Middle and Upper Ordovician conodont faunas. Geological Society of America, Memoir 127, 163–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tolmacheva, TYu (2013) A New Middle Ordovician conodont from Central Kazakhstan, Northern Kyrgyzstan, and Altai. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 2, 55–59 (in Russian); Palaeontological Journal 47, 185–189.Google Scholar
Torsvik, TH and Cocks, LRM (2013) Gondwana from top to base in space and time. Gondwana Research 24, 999–1030.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torsvik, TH and Cocks, LRM (2016) Earth History and Palaeogeography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 317 pp.Google Scholar
Torsvik, TH, Paulson, TS, Hughes, NC, Myrow, PM and Ganerød, M (2009) The Tethyan Himalaya: palaeogeographical and tectonic constraints from Ordovician Palaeomagnetic Data. Journal of the Geological Society of London 166, 679–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trotter, JA, Williams, IS, Barnes, CR, Lécuyer, C and Nicoll, RS (2008) Did cooling oceans trigger Ordovician biodiversification? Evidence from conodont thermometry. Science 321, 550–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turner, BR, Armstrong, HA, Wilson, CR and Makhlouf, IM (2012) High frequency eustatic sea-level changes during the Middle to early Late Ordovician of southern Jordan: Indirect evidence for a Darriwilian Ice Age in Gondwana. Sedimentary Geology 251–252, 34–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wager, LR (1934) A review of the geology and some new observations. In Everest 1933 (ed. Ruttledge, H), pp. 312–336. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 254 pp.Google Scholar
Wang, JP, Li, Y, Zhang, YY and Kershaw, S (2017a) A Middle Ordovician Calathium reef complex on the carbonate ramp of NW Tarim Block, NW China: significance for Ordovician reef evolution. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 474, 58–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, YG (1974) Ordovician and Silurian Systems. In Reports on the Scientific Expeditions in the Jolmo Lungma Region (1966–1968), Geology Volume (ed. Tibet Scientific Expedition Team of Chinese Academy of Sciences), pp. 24–47. Beijing: Science Press, 299 pp. (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Wang, ZH (2001) Ordovician conodonts from Kalpin of Xinjiang and Pingliang of Gansu across the base of Upper Ordovician Series. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica 18, 349–63 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Wang, ZH and Bergström, SM (1995) Castlemainian (late Yushanian) to Darriwilian (Zhejiangian) conodont faunas. In The Base of the Austrodentatus Zone as a Level for Global Subdivision of the Ordovician System (eds Chen, X and Bergström, SM), pp. 8–91. Palaeoworld 5.Google Scholar
Wang, ZH and Bergström, SM (1999) Conodont-graptolite biostratigraphic relations across the base of the Darriwilian stage (Middle Ordovician) in the Yangtze Platform and JCY area in Zhejiang, China. In Studies on Conodonts. Proceedings of the Seventh European Conodont Symposium Bologna-Modena, 1998 (ed. Serpagli, E), pp. 187–98. Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana 37.Google Scholar
Wang, ZH, Bergström, SM and Lane, HR (1996) Conodont provinces and biostratigraphy in Ordovician of China. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 35, 26–29.Google Scholar
Wang, ZH, Bergström, SM, Ma, X, Song, YY and Zhang, YD (2015a) Ordovician conodonts from the top part of the Kuniutan Formation at Zhenjin and Jieling sections of Yuan’an, Yichang, Hubei and their stratigraphical significance. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica 32, 233–42 (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Wang, ZH, Bergström, SM, Song, YY, Ma, X and Zhang, YD (2017b) On the diachronous nature of the top of the Ordovician Kuniutan Formation on the Yangtze platform: Implications of the conodont biostratigraphy of the Dacao section, Chongqing. Palaeoworld 26, 37–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, ZH, Bergström, SM, Zhang, YD, Zhen, YY and Wu, RC (2015b) Upper Ordovician conodonts from the Yenwashan Formation in the Zhenjiang and Jiangxi region S. E. China and their stratigraphic significance. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 54, 147–57 (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Wang, ZH, Bergström, SM, Zhen, Y, Chen, A and Zhang, Y (2013a) On the integration of Ordovician conodont and graptolite biostratigraphy: new examples from Gansu and Inner Mongolia in China. Alcheringa 37, 510–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, ZH, Bergström, SM, Zhen, Y, Zhang, YD, Wu, R and Chen, Q (2013b) Ordovician conodonts from Dashimen, Wuhai in Inner Mongolia and the significance of the discovery of the Histiodella fauna. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica 30, 323–43 (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Wang, ZH and Qi, Y (2001) Ordovician conodonts from drillings in the Taklimakan Desert, Xinjiang, NW China. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica 18, 133–48.Google Scholar
Wang, ZH, Qi, YP and Bergström, SM (2007) Ordovician conodonts of the Tarim Region, Xinjiang, China: occurrence and use as palaeoenvironment indicators. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 29, 832–43.Google Scholar
Wang, ZH, Wu, R and Bergström, SM (2013b) Ordovician conodonts from the Lunnan area of northwestern Taklimakan Desert, Xinjiang, China, with remarks on the evolution of Pygodus . Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 52, 408–19 (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Wang, ZH, Zhang, ZL, Wu, RC, Zhen, YY, Zhang, YD and Li, HL (2017c) Ordovician conodont biostratigraphy in the platform and slope facies of the Tarim Basin, Xinjiang: evidence for a significant depositional gap and the absence of Dapingian strata. Journal of Stratigraphy 41, 357–67 (in Chinese with English Abstract).Google Scholar
Wang, ZH, Zhen, YY, Bergström, SM, Wu, RC, Zhang, YD and Ma, X (2019) A new conodont biozone classification of the Ordovician System in South China. Palaeoworld 28, 173–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, ZH, Zhen, YY, Bergström, SM, Zhang, YD and Wu, R (2018a) Ordovician conodont biozonation and biostratigraphy of North China. Australasian Palaeontological Memoirs 51, 65–79.Google Scholar
Wang, ZH, Zhen, YY, Ma, X and Zhang, YD (2018b) Ordovician conodonts from the Kuniutan to Pagoda formation at Chenjiahe and Zhenjin of Yichang, Hubei Province, China and their stratigraphic significance. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica 35, 13–29 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Wang, ZH, Zhen, YY, Zhang, YD and Wu, RC (2016) Review of Ordovician conodont biostratigraphy in the different facies of North China. Journal of Stratigraphy 40, 1–16 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Wang, ZH and Zhou, T (1998) Ordovician conodonts from western and northeastern Tarim and their significance. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 37, 173–93.Google Scholar
Webby, BD, Paris, F, Droser, ML and Percival, IG (eds) (2004) The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event. New York: Columbia University Press, 497 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webby, BD, Percival, IG, Edgecombe, GD, Cooper, RA, Vandenberg, AHM, Pickett, JW, Pojeta, J Jr, Playford, G, Winchester-Seeto, T, Young, GC, Zhen, YY, Nicoll, RS, Ross, JRP and Schallreuter, R (2000) Ordovician palaeobiogeography of Australasia. Memoir of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 23, 63–126.Google Scholar
Wei, ZS and Tan, YY (1983) An outline of the stratigraphy in Xizang (Tibet). In Contribution to the Geology of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau (2). Stratigraphy and Palaeontology 5, 1–38 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Wen, SX, Zhang, BG, Wang, YG, Sun, DL, Dong, DY, Yin, JX, Wu, HR, Chen, CZ, Wang, YJ, He, GX, Mu, XN, Geng, GC, Liao, WH, Chen, TE and Guo, SZ (1984) Stratigraphy of Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau. Beijing: Science Press, 405 pp. (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Wu, RC, Stouge, S, Zhan, RB, Liu, JB and Liang, Y (2016) Conodont faunal dynamics across the Middle and Upper Ordovician boundary in the Yichang area, western Hubei Province, South China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 53, 856–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, RC, Stouge, S, Zhang, Y, Wang, ZH and Song, Y (2019) Biostratigraphy and palaeoecology of Middle and Late Ordovician conodonts from Hulo and Yenwashan formations, western Zhejiang, southeastern China. Geological Journal, published online 9 July 2019, doi: 10.1002/gj.3560.Google Scholar
Xia, DX (1983) The Palaeozoic stratigraphy of Xainza area, Northern Tibet. In Contribution to the Geology of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau 2 (ed. Editorial Board of Contribution to the Geology of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau), pp. 106–120. Beijing: Science Press (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Xia, DX (ed.) (1997) Lithostratigraphy of Xizang. Wuhan: China University of Geosciences, 302 pp. (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Xiong, JF, Wu, T and Wang, JQ (2015) Biostratigraphy and correlation of Ordovician conodonts from drilling sites of the northern area of Tarim Basin. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 54, 120–39 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Xiong, JF, Wu, T and Ye, DS (2006) New advances on the study of Middle Late Ordovician Conodonts in Bachu, Xinjiang. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 45, 359–73 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Yin, A (2006) Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Himalayan orogen as constrained by along-strike variation of structural geometry, exhumation history, and foreland sedimentation. Earth-Sciences Reviews 76, 1–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yin, A, Dubey, CS, Webb, AAG, Kelty, TK, Grove, M, Gehrels, GE and Burgess, WP (2010) Geologic correlation of the Himalayan orogen and Indian craton: part 1. Structural geology, U-Pb zircon geochronology, and tectonic evolution of the Shillong Plateau and its neighboring regions in NE India. Geological Society of America Bulletin 122, 336–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yin, A and Harrison, TM (2000) Geological evolution of the Himalayan Tibetan orogen. Annual Review of Earth Planetary Science 28, 211–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yin, CH and Kuo, ST (1978a) Stratigraphy of the Mount Jolmo Lungma and its north slope. Scientia Sinica 21, 629–44 (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Yin, CH and Kuo, ST (1978b) Strata of the Mount Jolmo Lungma and its north slope, with correlations of the Sinian–Cambrian, Carboniferous and Permian to the adjacent areas. In Reports on the Scientific Expedition in the Jolmo Lungma Region (1975), Geology Volume (ed. Tibet Scientific Expedition Team of Chinese Academy of Science), pp. 1–70. Beijing: Science Press (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Yin, CH and Kuo, ST (1979) Strata of the Mount Jolmo Lungma and its north slope, with correlations of the Sinian–Cambrian, Carboniferous and Permian to the adjacent areas. In Reports on the Scientific Expedition in the Jolmo Lungma Region (1975), Geology Volume (ed. Tibet Scientific Expedition Team of Chinese Academy of Science), pp. 1–70. Beijing: Science Press (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Yin, JX (1987) Cambro–Ordovician system. In Stratigraphy of the Mount Qomolangma Region (ed. Xizhang Scientific Expedition Team of Chinese Academy of Sciences), pp. 5–26. Beijing: Science Press, 221 pp.Google Scholar
Young, SA, Gill, BC, Edwards, CT, Salzman, MR and Leslie, SA (2016) Middle–Late Ordovician (Darriwilian–Sandbian) decoupling of global sulfur and carbon cycles: isotopic evidence from eastern and southern Laurentia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 458, 118–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, SA, Saltzman, MR, Ausich, WI, Desrochers, A and Kaljo, D (2010) Did changes in atmospheric CO2 coincide with latest Ordovician glacial-interglacial cycles? Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 296, 376–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, SA, Saltzman, MR, Foland, KA, Linder, JS and Kump, LR (2009) A major drop in seawater 87Sr/86Sr during the Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian): links to volcanism and climate? Geology 37, 951–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yu, SY, Fang, X, Munnecke, A, Li, WJ, Li, Y, Wang, ZH and Zhang, YD (2019) First documentation of Middle Ordovician warm-water carbonates in the Mount Jolmo Lungma (Mount Everest) area (Tibet), China, and its palaeographic implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 530, 136–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhan, R, Harper, DAT, Jin, J, Liang, Y, Liu, J, Stemmerik, L and Stouge, S (2014) Middle Ordovician Aporthophyla brachiopod fauna from the roof of the world, southern Tibet. Palaeontology 57, 141–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhan, RB and Jin, J (2007) Ordovician–Early Silurian (Llandovery) Stratigraphy and Paleontology of the Uper Yangtze Platform, South China. Beijing: Science Press, 169 pp.Google Scholar
Zhang, J (1998a) Conodonts from the Guniutan Formation (Llanvirnian) in Hubei and Hunan Provinces, south-central China. Stockholm Contributions in Geology 46, 1–161.Google Scholar
Zhang, J (1998b) Four evolutionary lineages of the Middle Ordovician conodont family Polyplacognathidae. Meddelanden från Stockholms Universitets Institution för Geologi och Geokemi 298, 1–35.Google Scholar
Zhang, J (1998c) The Ordovician genus Pygodus . Palaeontologica Polonica 58, 87–105.Google Scholar
Zhang, J and Sturkell, EFF (1998) Aserian and Lasnamägian (Middle Ordovician) conodont biostratigraphy and lithology at Kullstaberg and Lunne in Jämtland, central Sweden. GFF 120, 75–83.Google Scholar
Zhang, P (1993) Ordovician system. In Regional Geology of Xizang (Tibet) Autonomous Region (ed. Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Xizang Autonomous Region), pp. 33–43. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 707 pp. (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Zhang, SQ, Qu, YG and Zheng, CZ (2003) The discovery and significance of the Lower Ordovician Lhasai Formation in the Xainza region, northern Xizang. Sedimentary Geology and Tethyan Geology 23, 44–48 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Zhang, TG, Shen, YA and Algeo, TJ (2010) High-resolution carbon isotopic records from the Ordovician of South China: links to climatic cooling and the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 289, 102–12. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, YD and Munnecke, A (2016) Ordovician stable carbon isotope stratigraphy in the Tarim Basin, NW China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 458, 154–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, YD, Zhan, RB, Zhen, YY, Wang, ZH, Yuan, WW Fang, X, Ma, X and Zhang, JP (2019) Ordovician integrative stratigraphy and timescale of China. Science China, Earth Sciences 62, 61–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhao, ZZ, Huang, ZB, Du, P, Zhang, G, Xiao, J and Tan, Z (2005) New species of the Lower–Middle Ordovician conodonts from the Tarim basin in Xinjiang. Acta Micropalaeontologia Sinica 22, 29–38 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Zhao, ZZ, Zhang, GZ and Xiao, JN (2000) Palaeozoic Stratigraphy and Conodonts in Xinjiang. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press, 340 pp. (in Chinese with Engish abstract).Google Scholar
Zhao, JJ, Zhao, ZX and Huang, AB (2006) Ordovician conodont zones and sedimentary sequences of the Tarim Basin, Xinhiang, NW China. Journal of Stratigraphy 7, 193–203 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Zhen, YY and Percival, IG (2003) Ordovician conodont biogeography – reconsidered. Lethaia 36, 357–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhen, YY, Wang, ZH, Zhang, YD, Bergström, SM, Percival, IG and Cheng, JF (2011) Middle to Late Ordovician (Darriwilian–Sandbian) conodonts from the Dawangou section, Kalpin Area of the Tarim Basin, northwestern China. Records of the Australian Museum 63, 203–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhen, YY, Zhang, YD and Percival, IG (2009) Early Sandbian (Late Ordovician) conodonts from the Yenwashan Formation, western Zhejiang, South China. Alcheringa 33, 133–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhen, YY, Zhang, YD, Wang, ZH and Percival, IG (2016) Huaiyuan Epeirogeny—Shaping Ordovician stratigraphy and sedimentation on the North China Platform. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 448, 363–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zheng, CZ (2005) The Ordovician–Silurian stratigraphy study of the Yungzhug area, North Tibet. Journal of Stratigraphy 29, 16–21 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Zhou, ZG, Liu, WC and Liang, DY (2004) Discovery of the Ordovician and its basal conglomerate in the Kangmar area, southern Tibet–with a discussion of the relation of the sedimentary cover and unifying basement in the Himalayas. Geological Bulletin of China 23, 655–63 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Zhou, ZY, Chen, X, Wang, ZH, Wang, ZZ, Li, J, Geng, LY, Fang, ZJ, Qiao, XD and Zhang, TR (1992) Ordovician of Tarim. In Biostratigraphy and Geological Evolution of Tarim (ed. Zhou, ZY and Chen, PJ), pp. 62–139. Beijing: Science Press, 399 pp.Google Scholar
Zhu, TX, Zhuang, ZH, Zhou, MK, Pan, ZX and Feng, XT (2006) New Ordovician Paleogene tectonomagnetic data from the northern slope of the Himalayas. Geological Bulletin of China 25, 76–82.Google Scholar
Zou, GF, Zhu, TX, Jia, BJ and Zhou, MK (2006) Precambrian crystalline basement in the Nyalam region, southern Xizang (Tibet). Sedimentary Geology and Tethyan Geology 26, 13–21.Google Scholar