Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T16:38:55.819Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The identity and significance of the high-latitude Early Ordovician Mediterranean brachiopod Province

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 October 2021

L. Robin M. Cocks  and
Leonid E. Popov Open the ORCID record for Leonid E. Popov [Opens in a new window]
L. Robin M. Cocks
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, LondonSW7 5BD, UK
Leonid E. Popov*
Affiliation:
National Museum of Wales, Cathays Park, CardiffCF10 3NP, UK
*
Author for correspondence: Leonid E. Popov, Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

During the Early Ordovician Epoch, the Mediterranean brachiopod Province was extensive in the higher-latitude sectors of the globe in the Southern Hemisphere. The latter was much occupied by the massive continent of Gondwana, which stretched from north of the Equator S-wards to cover the South Pole. The Mediterranean Province can be separated into two groups: Group 1, the higher-latitude fauna dominated by large linguliform brachiopods; and Group 2, which is more diverse, particularly in orthides. The large linguliform brachiopod faunas are particularly well known in southern Europe (France, Spain and Bohemia) and North Africa, and the second group in Avalonia, Chile and Argentina. The province is different from, but merges with, more diverse contemporary faunas in the lower latitudes of Gondwana to its north, although the latter contrast with other lower-latitude faunal provinces in South China, Laurentia, Siberia and elsewhere. Since the Rheic Ocean between Avalonia and Gondwana was relatively narrow during the Early Ordovician Epoch, the Avalonian brachiopods were integral parts of the Mediterranean Province, but only until end of the Dapingian Age. This paper focuses on the earlier phases of the Mediterranean Province, although the province continued until near the end of the Ordovician Period. Intermediate-latitude Baltica and some other faunas are included in new principal components and other analyses in order to compare them with the Mediterranean Province faunas. Radiation was very significant for many brachiopod taxa during the period, with first appearances of the Plectambonitoidea (Taffiidae), several orthide families (Euorthisinidae, Tarfayidae and Anamalorthidae) and the earliest endopunctate orthide, the dalmanelloid Lipanorthis.

Keywords

Lower OrdovicianbrachiopodsMediterranean Provincepalaeogeography
Type
Original Article
Information
Geological Magazine , Volume 158 , Issue 12 , December 2021 , pp. 2187 - 2208
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Álvaro, JJ, Ferretti, A, González-Gómez, C, Serpagli, E, Tortello, MF, Vecoli, M and Vizcaïno, D (2007) A review of the Late Cambrian (Furongian) palaeogeography in the western Mediterranean region, NW Gondwana. Earth-Science Reviews 85, 47–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andreeva, ON (1960) New species of Ordovician brachiopods of the Urals and Mugodzhar. In New Species of Ancient Plants and Invertebrates of the USSR, Part 1 (ed. Markovskii, BP), pp. 286–298. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe nauchno-tekhnicheskoe izdatelstvo literatury po geologii i okhrane nedr (in Russian).Google Scholar
Bassett, MG, Popov, LE and Holmer, LE (1999) Organophosphatic brachiopods: patterns of biodiversification and extinction in the early Palaeozoic. Geobios 32, 145–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bassett, MG, Popov, LE and Holmer, LE (2002) Brachiopods: Cambrian-Tremadoc precursors to Ordovician radiation events. In Palaeobiology and Biodiversity Change: The Ordovician and Mesozoic–Cenozoic Radiations (eds JA Crame and AW Owen), pp. 13–23. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bates, DEB (1968) The Lower Palaeozoic brachiopod and trilobite faunas of Anglesey. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology 16, 125–99, pls 1–14.Google Scholar
Bednarczyk, WS (1988) Rola brachiopodów inarticulata w stratygrafii najniższego ordowiku Gór Świętokrzyskich. Przegląd Geologiczny 36, 17–23.Google Scholar
Bednarczyk, WS (1999) Significance of the genus Thysanotos Mickwitz, 1896 for the Ordovican stratigraphy of east-central Europe. Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Earth Sciences 47, 15–25.Google Scholar
Benedetto, JL (ed.) (2003) Ordovician Fossils of Argentina. Córdoba: Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 561 pp.Google Scholar
Benedetto, JL (2009) Chaniella, a new lower Tremadocian (Ordovician) brachiopod from north-western Argentina. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 83, 393–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benedetto, JL and Carrasco, PA (2002) Tremadoc (earliest Ordovician) brachiopods from Purmamarca and the Sierra de Mojotoro, Cordillera Oriental of northwestern Argentina. Geobios 35, 647–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benedetto, JL and Muñoz, DF (2015) Linguloidean brachiopods from the lower Ordovician (Tremadocian) of northwestern Argentina. Bulletin of Geosciences 90, 417–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benedetto, JL and Muñoz, DF (2017) Linguloidean brachiopods from the lower Ordovician of northwestern Argentina phylogenetic relationships with Tarfaya Havlíček and the origin of heterorthids. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 15, 43–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benedetto, JL, Vaccari, NE, Waisfeld, BG, Sánchez, TM and Foglia, RD (2009) Cambrian and Ordovician biogeography of the South American margin of Gondwana and accreted terranes. In Early Palaeozoic Peri-Gondwana Terranes: New Insights from Tectonics and Biography (ed. MG Bassett), pp. 201–32. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 325.Google Scholar
Bergström, SM, Chen, X, Gutiérrez-Marco, JC and Dronov, A (2009) The new chronostratigraphic classification of the Ordovician System and its relations to major regional series and stages and to δ13C chemostratigraphy. Lethaia 42, 97–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biernat, G (1973) Ordovician brachiopods from Poland and Estonia. Palaeontologica Polonica 28, 1–16.Google Scholar
Billings, E (1872) On some fossils from the primordial rocks of Newfoundland. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist (new series) 6, 465–79.Google Scholar
Budil, P, Mergl, M and Smutek, D (2016) Paleontologicky vyzkum lokality Brloh v Zeleznych horach (lipolticke souvrstvi, spodni ordovik). Zpravy o Geologickych Vyzkumech 49, 149–56.Google Scholar
Cocks, LRM (1993) Triassic pebbles, derived fossils, and the Ordovician to Devonian palaeogeography of Europe. Journal of the Geological Society, London 150, 219–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cocks, LRM (2002) Key Lower Palaeozoic faunas from near the Trans-European Suture Zone. In Palaeozoic Amalgamation of Central Europe (eds Winchester, JA, Pharaoh, TC and Verniers, J), pp. 37–46. Geological Society, London, Special Publication no. 201.Google Scholar
Cocks, LRM and Fortey, RA (1988) Lower Palaeozoic facies and faunas around Gondwana. In Gondwana and Tethys (eds MG Audley-Charles and A Hallam), pp. 183–200. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 37.Google Scholar
Cocks, LRM and Fortey, RA (1990) Biogeography of Ordovician and Silurian faunas. In Palaeozoic Palaeogeography and biogeography (eds WS McKerrow and CR Scotese), pp. 97–104. Geological Society of London, Memoir no. 12.Google Scholar
Cocks, LRM and Fortey, RA (2009) Avalonia: a long-lived terrane in the Lower Palaeozoic? In Early Palaeozoic Peri-Gondwana Terranes: New Insights from Tectonics and Biography (ed. MG Bassett), pp. 141–55. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 325.Google Scholar
Cocks, LRM and Popov, LE (2019) Early Ordovician brachiopods from south-west Wales. Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association 130, 677–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cocks, LRM and Torsvik, TH (2013) The dynamic evolution of the Palaeozoic geography of Eastern Asia. Earth-Science Reviews 117, 40–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cocks, LRM and Torsvik, TH (2020) Ordovician palaeogeography and climate change. Gondwana Research, published online 24 October 2020, doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2020.09.008.Google Scholar
Coke, C and Gutiérrez-Marco, JC (2001) Braquiópodos Linguliformea del Ordovicico Inferior de la Serra do Marão (Zona Centroibérica, N de Portugal). Bolletín Geológico y Minero 112, 33–50.Google Scholar
Cope, JCW (1996) Early Ordovician (Arenig) bivalves from the Llangynog Inlier, South Wales. Palaeontology 39, 979–1025.Google Scholar
Dean, WT (2005) Trilobites from the Çal Tepe Formation (Cambrian), near Seydişehir, Central Taurides, Southwestern Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 14, 1–71.Google Scholar
Emig, CC and Gutiérrez-Marco, JC (1997) Signification des niveaux ã lingulidés ã la limite supérieure du Grès Armoricain (Ordovician, Arenig), sud-ouest de l’Europe. Geobios 30, 481–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fan, JX, Shen, SZ, Erwin, DH, Sadler, PM, MacLeod, N, Cheng, QM, Hou, XD, Yang, J, Wang, XD, Wang, Y and Zhang, H (2020) A high-resolution summary of Cambrian to early Triassic marine invertebrate biodiversity. Science 367, 272–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fortey, RA and Cocks, LRM (2003) Palaeontological evidence bearing on global Ordovician-Silurian continental reconstructions. Earth-Science Reviews 61, 245–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franke, W, Cocks, LRM and Torsvik, TH (2017) The Palaeozoic Variscan oceans revisited. Gondwana Research 48, 257–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghavidel-Syooki, M, Popov, LE, Alvaro, JJ, Ghobadi Pour, M, Tolmacheva, TY and Ehsani, MH (2014) Dapingian–lower Darriwilian (Ordovician) stratigraphic gap in the Faraghan mountains, Zagros ranges, south-eastern Iran. Bulletin of Geosciences 89, 679–706.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghobadi Pour, M, Bauert, H, Popov, LE, Holmer, LE and Álvaro, JJ (2017) Eutrophication by biogenic phosphate pollution as a triggering factor for the collapse of obolid-dominant brachiopod communities in the early Tremadocian of East Baltica. 61st Palaeontological Association Annual Meeting, 7–19 December 2017, London. Palaeontological Association, Abstract Volume, pp. 108–9.Google Scholar
Ghobadi Pour, M, Popov, LE, Kebria-Zadeh, MR and Baars, C (2011) Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian) brachiopods associated with the Neseuretus biofacies, eastern Alborz Mountains, Iran. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 42, 263–83.Google Scholar
Gutiérrez-Marco, JC, Sá, AA, Garcıá-Bellido, DC and Rábano, I (2014) The extent of the Middle Ordovician Dapingian Stage in peri-Gondwanan Europe and North Africa: stratigraphic record, biostratigraphic tools and regional chronostratigraphy. GFF 136, 90–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gutiérrez-Marco, JC, Robardet, M, Rábano, I, Sarmiento, GN, San José Lancha, MÁ, Herranz Araújo, P and Pieren Pidal, AP (2002) Ordovician. In The Geology of Spain (eds Gibbons, W and Moreno, T), pp. 32–49, Geological Society of London.Google Scholar
Gutiérrez-Marco, JC and Villas, E (2007) Brachiopods from the uppermost Lower Ordovician of Peru and their palaeogeographical significance. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 52, 547–62.Google Scholar
Gutiérrez-Marco, JC, Yanev, SN and Sachanski, VV (1999) Braquiópodos inarticulados de la Unidad Ranovac-Vlasina (“Supragethicum”) y paleobiogeografía de la unidades tectónicas balcánides de Serbia oriental (Yugoslavia). Temas Geológico Mineros ITGE 26, 566–74.Google Scholar
Hammer, Ø and Harper, DAT (2006) Paleontological Data Analysis. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Hammer, Ø, Harper, DAT and Ryan, PD (2014) PAST: palaeontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica, https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/.Google Scholar
Harper, DAT, Cascales-Miñana, B and Servais, T (2020) Early Palaeozoic diversifications and extinctions in the marine biosphere: a continuum of change. Geological Magazine 157, 5–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harper, DAT, Rasmussen, CMØ, Liljeroth, M, Blodgett, RB, Candela, Y, Jin, J, Percival, IG, Rong, JY, Villas, E and Zhan, RB (2013) Biodiversity, biogeography and phylogeography of Ordovician rhynchonelliform brachiopods. In Early Palaeozoic Biogeography and Palaeogeography (eds DAT Harper and T Servais), pp. 127–44. Geological Society of London, Memoir no. 38.Google Scholar
Harper, DAT and Servais, T (eds) (2013) Early Palaeozoic Biogeography and Palaeogeography. Geological Society of London, Memoir no. 38, 490 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Havlíček, V (1949) Brachiopods of the order Orthida in Czechoslovakia. Sborník Státního geologického ústavu Československé republiky 16, 93–144, pls 1–5 (in Czech).Google Scholar
Havlíček, V (1971) Brachiopodes de l’Ordovicien du Maroc. Notes et Memoires du Service Géologique du Maroc 230, 1–135, pls 1–26.Google Scholar
Havlíček, V (1977) Brachiopods of the order Orthida in Czechoslovakia. Rozpravy Ústředního ústavu geologického 44, 1–327, pls 1–56.Google Scholar
Havlíček, V (1980) Inarticulate Brachiopods in the Lower Ordovician of the Montagne Noire (South France). Carcassonne: Mémoire de la Societé des Etudes Scientifiques de l’Aude. 11 pp, pl. 1.Google Scholar
Havlíček, V (1982) Lingulacea, Paterinacea, and Siphonotretacea (Brachiopoda) in the Lower Ordovician sequence of Bohemia. Sborník geologických Vĕd, Geologie 25, 9–82, pls 1–16.Google Scholar
Havlíček, V (1989) Climatic changes and development of benthic communities through the Mediterranean Ordovician. Sborník geologických Vĕd, Geologie 44, 79–116.Google Scholar
Havlíček, V and Branisa, L (1980) Ordovician brachiopods of Bolivia. Rozpravy Československé Akademie Řada Matematických a Přírodních Vĕd 90, 1–54, pls 1–6.Google Scholar
Havlíček, V and Josopait, V (1972) Articulate brachiopods from the Iberian Chains, northeast Spain (Middle Cambrian-Upper Cambrian-Tremadoc). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 140(3), 328–53.Google Scholar
Havlíček, V and Vanĕk, J (1966) The biostratigraphy of the Ordovician of Bohemia. Sborník geologických Vĕd, Geologie 8, 7–69.Google Scholar
Havlíček, V, Vanĕk, J and Fatka, L (1994) Perunica microcontinent in the Ordovician (its position within the Mediterranean Province, series division, benthic and pelagic associations). Sborník geologických Vĕd, Geologie 46, 23–56.Google Scholar
Holmer, LE and Biernat, G (2002) Lingulate brachiopods from Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc) chalcedonites, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 47, 141–56.Google Scholar
Holmer, LE, Popov, LE, Ghobadi Pour, M, Klishevich, LA, Liang, Y and Zhang, Z (2020) Linguliform brachiopods from the Cambrian (Guzhangian) Karpinsk Formation of Novaya Zemlya. Papers in Palaeontology 6, 571–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kebria-ee Zadeh, M, Ghobadi Pour, M, Popov, LE, Baars, C and Jahangir, H (2015) First record pf the Ordovician fauna in Mile-Kuh, eastern Alborz, northern Iran. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 64, 121–39.Google Scholar
Lavié, FJ and Benedetto, JL (2020) First lingulate brachiopods from the Ordovician volcano-sedimentary rocks of the Famatina Range, western Argentina. PalZ, published online 2019, doi:10.1007/s12542-019-00496-5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Legrand, P (1971) A propos de la presence de Dinobolus (?) aff. brimonti (M. Rouault) au Sahara Algerien. Mémoires du BRGM 73, 79–84.Google Scholar
Massa, D, Havlíček, V and Bonnefous, J (1977) Stratigraphic and faunal data on the Ordovician of the Rhadames Basin (Libya and Tunisia). Bulletin Central de Récherches Exploration et Production Elf-Aquitaine 1, 3–27.Google Scholar
McDougall, N, Brenchley, PJ, Rebelo, JA and Romano, M (1987) Fans and fan deltas – precursors to the Armorican Quartzite (Ordovician) in western Iberia. Geological Magazine 134, 347–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mélou, M (1982) Brachiopodes articulés. Mémoire de la Societé des Etudes Scientifiques de l’Aude, 23–35, pls 1–7.Google Scholar
Mergl, M (1981) The genus Orbithele (Brachiopoda, Inarticulata) from the Lower Ordovician of Bohemia and Morocco. Věstník Ústředního ústavu geologického 56, 287–292.Google Scholar
Mergl, M (1983) New brachiopods (Cambrian-Ordovician) from Algeria and Morocco (Mediterranean Province). Časopis pro Mineralogii a Geologii 28, 337–48.Google Scholar
Mergl, M (1984) Fauna of the Upper Tremadocian of Central Bohemia. Sborník geologických Vĕd, Paleontologie 26, 9–46.Google Scholar
Mergl, M (1995) New lingulate brachiopods from the Mílina Formation and the base of the Klabava Formation (late Tremadoc – early Arenig), Central Bohemia. Vĕstník Českéhu geologického ústavu 70, 101–14, pls 1–4.Google Scholar
Mergl, M (1997) Distribution of the lingulate brachiopod Thysanotos in Central Europe. Věstnik Českeho geologickeho ustavu 72, 27–35.Google Scholar
Mergl, M (2002) Linguliformean and craniiformean brachiopods of the Ordovician (Třenice to Dobrotivá Formations) of the Barrandian, Bohemia. Acta Musei nationalis Pragae, Series B – historia naturalis 58, 1–82.Google Scholar
Mergl, M (2011) Reassessment of the Ordovician brachiopod Poramborthis and Poramborthidae. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 41, 351–358.Google Scholar
Muñoz, DF and Benedetto, JL (2016) The eoorthid brachiopod Apheoorthina in the Lower Ordovician of NW Argentina and the dispersal pathways along western Gondwana. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 61, 633–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nasedkina, VA (1977) On the Ordovician brachiopods from the Chaushka river basin in northern Mugodzhary. In Materialy po paleontologii srednego paleozoya Urala i Sibiri (eds Sapelnikov, VP and Chuvashov, BI). Trudy Instituta geologii i geokhimii, Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Uralskii Nauchnyi Tsentr 126, 11–23 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Neuman, RB and Bates, DEB (1978) Reassessment of Arenig and Llanvirn age (early Ordovician) brachiopods from Anglesey, north-west Wales. Palaeontology 21, 571–613, pls 63–68.Google Scholar
Popov, LE and Cocks, LRM (2017) The World’s second oldest strophomenoid-dominated benthic assemblage in the first Dapingian (Middle Ordovician) brachiopod fauna identified from Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 140, 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popov, LE, Ghobadi Pour, M, Bassett, MG and Kebria-Ee, M (2009) Billingsellide and orthide brachiopods: new insights into earliest Ordovician evolution and biogeography from northern Iran. Palaeontology 52, 35–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popov, LE, Ghobadi Pour, M and Hosseini, M (2008) Early to Middle Ordovician lingulate brachiopods from the Lashkarak Formation, Eastern Alborz Mountains, Iran. Alcheringa 32, 1–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popov, LE and Holmer, LE (1994) Cambrian-Ordovician lingulate brachiopods from Scandinavia, Kazakhstan, and South Ural Mountains. Fossils & Strata 35, 1–156.Google Scholar
Popov, LE, Holmer, LE, Bassett, MG, Pour, MG and Percival, IG (2013a) Biogeography of Ordovician linguliform and craniiform brachiopods. In Early Palaeozoic Biogeography and Palaeogeography (eds DAT Harper and T Servais), pp. 117–26. Geological Society of London, Memoir no. 38.Google Scholar
Popov, LE, Kebria-Ee Zadeh, M-R, Ghobadi Pour, M, Holmer, LE and Modzalevskaya, TL (2013b) Cambrian (Furongian) rhynchonelliform brachiopods from the Eastern Alborz Mountains, Iran. Bulletin of Geosciences 88, 525–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popov, LE, Khazanovitch, KK, Borovko, NG, Sergeeva, SP and Sobolevskaya, RF (1989) The key sections and stratigraphy of the Cambrian-Ordovician phosphate-bearing obolus beds on the north-eastern Russian platform. Ministerstvo Geologii SSSR, Mezhvedomstvennyi stratigraficheskij komitet SSSR, Trudy 18, 1–222.Google Scholar
Popov, LE, Legrand, P, Bouterfa, B and Ghobadi Pour, M (2019) Ordovician cold water brachiopods from the Ougarta Mountain Range, Algerian Sahara. Bulletin of Geosciences 94, 41–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popov, LE, Vinn, O and Nikitina, OI (2001) Brachiopods of the redefined family Tritoechiidae from the Ordovician of Kazakhstan and South Urals. Geobios 32, 131–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rouault, M (1850) Note préliminaire sur une nouvelle formation découverte dans le terrain Silurien de la Bretagne. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France (Series 2) 7, 724–44.Google Scholar
Rubel, M (1964) Lower Ordovician brachiopods of the superfamilies Orthacea, Dalmanellacea and Syntrophiacea of the Eastern Baltic. Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Geologia Instituudi Uurimused 6, 141–224 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Sdzuy, K (1955) Die Fauna der Leimitz-Schiefer (Tremadoc). Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 492, 1–74.Google Scholar
Sdzuy, K, Hammann, W and Villas, E (2001) The upper Tremadoc fauna from Vogtendorf and the Bavarian Ordovician of the Frankenwald (Germany). Senckenbergiana lethaea 81, 207–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spjeldnaes, N (1961) Ordovician climatic zones. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 41, 45–77.Google Scholar
Streng, M, Mellbin, BB, Landing, E and Keppie, JD (2011) Linguliform brachiopods from the terminal Cambrian and lowest Ordovician of the Oaxaquia Microcontinent (Southern Mexico). Journal of Paleontology 85, 122–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sturesson, ULF, Popov, LE, Holmer, LE, Bassett, MG, Felitsyn, S and Belyatsky, B (2005) Neodymium isotopic composition of Cambrian–Ordovician biogenic apatite in the Baltoscandian Basin: implications for palaeogeographical evolution and patterns of biodiversity. Geological Magazine 142, 419–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutton, MD, Bassett, MG and Cherns, L (1999, 2000) Lingulate brachiopods from the Lower Ordovician of the Anglo-Welsh Basin. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London, Part 1, 153, 1–60, pls 1–8; Part 2, 154, 61–114, pls 9–23.Google Scholar
Torsvik, TH and Cocks, LRM (2011) The Palaeozoic geography of central Gondwana. In The Formation and Evolution of Africa: A Synopsis of 3.8 Ga of Earth History (eds DJJ van Hinsbergen, SJH Buiter, TH Torsvik, C Gaina and SJ Webb), pp. 137–66. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 357.Google Scholar
Torsvik, TH and Cocks, LRM (2017) Earth History and Palaeogeography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 317 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Traynor, JJ (1988) The Arenig in South Wales: sedimentary and volcanic processes during the initiation of a marginal basin. Geological Journal 23, 275–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ulrich, EO and Cooper, GA (1938) Ozarkian and Canadian Brachiopods. Geological Society of America Special Paper 13, 1–323, pls 1–58.Google Scholar
Videt, B, Paris, F, Rubino, JL, Boumendjel, K, Dabard, MP, Loi, A, Ghienne, JF, Marante, A and Gorini, A (2010) Biostratigraphical calibration of third order Ordovician sequences on the northern Gondwana platform. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 296, 359–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Villas, E (1995) Caradoc through early Ashgill Brachiopoda from the Central-Iberian Zone (Central Spain). Geobios 38, 49–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Villas, E, Herrera, ZA and Ortega, GC (2009) Early orthid brachiopods from the Tremadocian (Lower Ordovician) of northwestern Argentina. Journal of Paleontology 83, 604–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vizcano, D, Álvaro, JJ and LeFebvre, B (2001) The Lower Ordovician of the southern Montagne Noire. Annales Société Géologique du Nord 8, 213–20.Google Scholar
Webby, BD, Paris, F, Droser, ML and Percival, IG (eds) (2004) The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event. New York: Columbia University Press, 484 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, A (1974) Ordovician Brachiopoda from the Shelve District, Shropshire. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology, Supplement 11, 1–163, pls 1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhan, R and Jin, J (2014) Early–Middle Ordovician brachiopod dispersal patterns in South China. Integrative Zoology 9, 121–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ziegler, AM, Cocks, LRM and Bambach, RK (1968) The composition and structure of Lower Silurian marine communities. Lethaia 1, 1–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar