Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T16:10:14.722Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Fracture stratigraphy of Mesozoic platform carbonates, Agri Valley, southern Italy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 May 2022

C Manniello Open the ORCID record for C Manniello [Opens in a new window] ,
F Agosta ,
S Todaro ,
F Cavalcante  and
G Prosser
C Manniello*
Affiliation:
Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
F Agosta
Affiliation:
Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
S Todaro
Affiliation:
Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
F Cavalcante
Affiliation:
Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analyses – CNR, Tito Scalo (PZ), Italy
G Prosser
Affiliation:
Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
*
Author for correspondence: C. Manniello, Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Viggiano Mt. platform carbonates form a layered succession cross-cut by a dense array of pressure solution seams, and five sets of fractures and veins, which together form a sub-seismic structural network associated with polyphasic tectonic evolution. To assess the influence exerted by depositional and diagenetic heterogeneities on fracture geometry, distribution and multiscale properties, we present the results of stratigraphic, petrographic, mineralogical and mesoscale structural analyses conducted at the Viggiano Mountain, southern Italy. Based on rock textures and fossil associations, we documented that the Sinemurian–Pleinsbachian carbonates were deposited in a low-energy open lagoon, the Toarcian carbonates in a ramp setting rimmed by sand shoals, and the Cenomanian carbonates in a medium- to high-energy, lagoonal–tidal setting. Fracture-density (P20) and intensity (P21) values computed after circular scanline measurements show similar trends in both Sinemurian–Pleinsbachian and Toarcian carbonates, consistent with the bed and bed-package heterogeneities acting as efficient mechanical interfaces during incipient faulting. On the other hand, P20 and P21 do not show very similar variations throughout the Cenomanian carbonates due to pronounced bed amalgamation. Throughout the study area, the aforementioned parameters do not vary in proportion to the bed thickness, and show higher values within the coarse-grained carbonate beds. This conclusion is confirmed by results of linear scanline measurements, which focus on the P10 properties of the most common diffuse fracture set. The original results reported in this work are consistent with burial-related, physical–chemical compaction and cementation processes affecting the fracture stratigraphy of the Mesozoic platform carbonates.

Keywords

depositional settingcarbonate petrographyXRPD analysisdiffuse fracturesfracture densityfracture intensitymultiscale fracture distribution
Type
FRACTURE OCCURRENCE, PATTERNS AND PROPERTIES
Information
Geological Magazine , Volume 159 , Issue 11-12: THEMATIC ISSUE: Faults and fractures in rocks: mechanics, occurrence, dating, stress history and fluid flow , November 2022 , pp. 1874 - 1896
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agosta, F, Alessandroni, M, Antonellini, M, Tondi, E and Giorgioni, M (2010) From fractures to flow: a field-based quantitative analysis of an outcropping carbonate reservoir. Tectonophysics 490, 197–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agosta, F, Alessandroni, M, Tondi, E and Aydin, A (2009) Oblique normal faulting along the northern edge of the Majella Anticline, central Italy: inferences on hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. Journal of Structural Geology 31, 1317–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agosta, F and Aydin, A (2006) Architecture and deformation mechanism of a basin-bounding normal fault in Mesozoic platform carbonates, central Italy. Journal of Structural Geology 28, 1445–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agosta, F, Manniello, C, Cavalcante, F, Belviso, C and Prosser, G (2021) Late Cretaceous transtensional faulting of the Apulian Platform, Italy. Marine and Petroleum Geology 127, 104889.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agosta, F, Wilson, C and Aydin, A (2015) The role of mechanical stratigraphy on normal fault growth across a Cretaceous carbonate multi-layer, central Texas (USA). Italian Journal of Geosciences 134, 423–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allmendinger, RW, Cardozo, N and Fisher, DM (2011) Structural Geology Algorithms: Vectors and Tensors. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amodio-Morelli, L, Bonardi, G, Colonna, V, Dietrich, D, GiunTa, G, Ippolito, F, Liguori, V, Lorenzoni, S, Paglionico, A, Perrone, V, Piccarreta, G, Russo, M, Scandone, P, Zanettin-Lorenzoni, E and Zuppetta, A (1976) L’Arco calabro-peloritano nell’orogene appenninico-maghrebide. Memorie della Società Geologica Italiana 17, 1–60.Google Scholar
Andreo, B, Vías, J, Durán, JJ, Jiménez, P, López-Geta, JA and Carrasco, F (2008) Methodology for groundwater recharge assessment in carbonate aquifers: application to pilot sites in southern Spain. Hydrogeology Journal 16, 911–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antonellini, M, Tondi, E, Agosta, F, Aydin, A and Cello, G (2008) Failure modes in deep-water carbonates and their impact for fault development: Majella Mountain, Central Apennines, Italy. Marine and Petroleum Geology 25, 1074–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aydin, A, Antonellini, M, Tondi, E and Agosta, F (2010) Deformation along the leading edge of the Maiella thrust sheet in central Italy. Journal of Structural Geology 32, 1291–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bai, T and Pollard, DD (2000) Fracture spacing in layered rocks: a new explanation based on the stress transition. Journal of Structural Geology 22, 43–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barattolo, F (1991) Mesozoic and Cenozoic marine benthic calcareous algae with particular regard to Mesozoic Dasycladaleans. In Calcareous Algae and Stromatolites (ed. R Riding), Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 504–40.Google Scholar
Barattolo, F and Romano, R (2005) Shallow carbonate platform bioevents during the Upper Triassic–lower Jurassic: an evolutive interpretation. Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana 124, 123–42.Google Scholar
Becker, A and Gross, MR (1996) Mechanism for joint saturation in mechanically layered rocks: an example from southern Israel. Tectonophysics 257, 223–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bellani, S, Brogi, A, Lazzarotto, A, Liotta, D and Ranalli, G (2004) Heat flow, deep temperatures and extensional structures in the Larderello Geothermal Field (Italy): constraints on geothermal fluid flow. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 132, 15–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bentivenga, M, Palladino, G, Prosser, G, Guglielmi, P, Geremia, F and Laviano, A (2017) A geological itinerary through the Southern Apennine Thrust Belt (Basilicata – Southern Italy). Geoheritage 9, 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, MD, Stearns, DW, Friedman, M (1996) The development of a fractured reservoir model for the palm valley gas field. The APPEA Journal 36(1), 82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonnet, E, Bour, O, Odling, NE, Davy, P, Main, I, Cowie, P and Berkowitz, B (2001) Scaling of fracture systems in geological media. Reviews of Geophysics 39, 347–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BouDagher-Fadel, MK (2008) The Cenozoic larger benthic foraminifera: the Palaeogene. In Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy (ed. MK BouDagher-Fadel), Amsterdam: Elsevier, 21, pp. 297–418, 545.Google Scholar
Bruno, MC, Caliri, A, Carbone, S, Chiocchini, M, Di Stefano, A, Giano, SI, Guarnieri, P, Lentini, F, Martorano, S and Piccarreta, G (2014) Carta Geologica d’Italia, Foglio 505 Moliterno, scala 1: 50.000. ISPRA, Servizio Geologico dʼItalia. Available online: https://www.isprambiente.gov.it/Media/carg/505_MOLITERNO/Foglio.html (Accessed on 28 October 2021).Google Scholar
Buttinelli, M, Improta, L, Bagh, S and Chiarabba, C (2016) Inversion of inherited thrusts by wastewater injection induced seismicity at the Val d’Agri oilfield (Italy). Scientific Reports 6, 1–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Camanni, G, Vinci, F, Tavani, S, Ferrandino, V, Mazzoli, S, Corradetti, A, Parente, M and Iannace, A (2021) Fracture density variations within a reservoir-scale normal fault zone: a case study from shallow-water carbonates of southern Italy. Journal of Structural Geology 151, 104432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caruthers, AH, Smith, PL, Gröcke, DR (2013) The Pliensbachian-Toarcian (Early Jurassic) extinction, a global multi-phased event. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 386(2013), 104–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casero, P, Roure, F, Endignoux, L, Moretti, I, Müller, C, Sage, L and Vially, R (1988) Neogene geodynamic evolution of the Southern Apennines. Memorie della Società Geologica Italiana, 41, 109–20.Google Scholar
Casero, P, Roure, F and Vially, R (1991) Tectonic framework and petroleum potential of the southern Apennines. In Generation, Accumulation, and Production of Europe’s Hydrocarbons (ed Spencer, AM), pp. 381–7. European Association of Petroleum Geoscientists, Special Publication no. 1.Google Scholar
Cavalcante, F, Belviso, C, Bentivenga, M, Fiore, S and Prosser, G (2011) Occurrence of palygorskite and sepiolite in upper Paleocene – middle Eocene marine deep sediments of the Lagonegro basin (Southern Apennines – Italy): paleoenvironmental and provenance inferences. Sedimentary Geology, 233, 42–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cavalcante, F, Belviso, C, Laurita, S and Prosser, G (2012) P-T constraints from phyllosilicates of the Liguride Complex of the Pollino area (Southern Apennines, Italy): geological inferences. Ofioliti 37, 65–75.Google Scholar
Cavalcante, F, Fiore, S, Lettino, A, Piccarreta, G and Tateo, F (2007) Illite-smectite mixed layers in Sicilide shales and piggy-back deposits of the Gorgoglione Formation (southern Apennines): geological inference. Bolletino della Società Geologica Italiana 126, 241–54.Google Scholar
Cavalcante, F, Fiore, S, Piccarreta, G and Tateo, F (2003) Geochemical and mineralogical approaches to assessing provenance and deposition of shales: a case study. Clay Minerals 38, 383–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cavalcante, F, Prosser, G, Agosta, F, Belviso, C and Corrado, G (2015) Post-depositional history of the Miocene Gorgoglione Formation (Southern Apennines, Italy): inferences from mineralogical and structural analyses. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 186(4–5), 243–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cello, G, Gambini, R, Mazzoli, S, Read, A, Tondi, E and Zucconi, V (2000) Fault zone characteristics and scaling properties of the Val d’Agri Fault system (southern Apennines, Italy). Journal of Geodynamics 29, 293–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cello, G and Mazzoli, S (1998) Apennine tectonics in southern Italy: a review. Journal of Geodynamics 27, 191–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cello, G, Tondi, E, Micarelli, L and Mattioni, L (2003) Active tectonics and earthquake sources in the epicentral area of the 1857 Basilicata earthquake (southern Italy). Journal of Geodynamics 36, 37–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chamley, H (1989) Clay Sedimentology. Berlin and Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 623 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chiocchini, M, Farinacci, A, Mancinelli, A, Molinari, V and Potetti, M (1994) Biostratigrafia a foraminiferi, dasicladali e calpionelle delle successioni carbonatiche mesozoiche dell’Appennino centrale (Italia). In Biostratigrafia dell’Italia centrale (ed Mancinelli, A), pp. 9–129. Studi Geologici Camerti, Volume Speciale.Google Scholar
Clari, P (1976) Caratteristiche sedimentologiche e paleontologiche di alcune sezioni dei Calcari Grigi del Veneto. Memorie della Società Geologica Italiana, Padova 31, 1–63.Google Scholar
Corniello, A, Ducci, D, Ruggieri, G and Iorio, M (2018) Complex groundwater flow circulation in a carbonate aquifer: Mount Massico (Campania Region, Southern Italy). Synergistic hydrogeological understanding. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 190, 253–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corradetti, A, Tavani, S, Parente, M, Iannace, A, Vinci, F, Pirmez, C, Torrieri, S, Giorgioni, M, Pignalosa, A and Mazzoli, S (2018) Distribution and arrest of vertical through-going joints in a seismic-scale carbonate platform exposure (Sorrento peninsula, Italy): insights from integrating field survey and digital outcrop model. Journal of Structural Geology 108, 121–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cruden, DM (1977) Describing the size of discontinuities. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts 14, 133–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cuadros, J and Altaner, SP (1998) Characterization of mixed-layer illite-smectite from bentonites using microscopic, chemical, and X-ray methods: constraints on the smectite-to-illite transformation mechanism. American Mineralogist 83, 762–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Castro, P (1991) Mesozoic. In 5th International Symposium on Fossil Algae. Field Trip Guide-Book (eds Barattolo, F, De Castro, P and Parente, M), pp. 21–38. Naples: Giannini.Google Scholar
De Joussineau, G and Aydin, A (2007) The evolution of the damage zone with fault growth in sandstone and its multiscale characteristics. Journal Of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 112, B12401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demurtas, M, Fondriest, M, Balsamo, F, Clemenzi, L, Storti, F, Bistacchi, A and Di Toro, G (2016) Structure of a normal seismogenic fault zone in carbonates: the Vado di Corno Fault, Campo Imperatore, Central Apennines (Italy). Journal of Structural Geology 90, 185–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dershowitz, WS and Einstein, HH (1988) Characterizing rock joint geometry with joint system models. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 21, 21–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dershowitz, WS and Herda, HH (1992) Interpretation of fracture spacing and intensity. In The 33rd US Symposium on Rock Mechanics (USRMS), ARMA-92-0757.Google Scholar
Di Niro, A, Giano, SI and Santangelo, N (1992) Primi dati sull’evoluzione geomorfologica e sedimentaria del bacino dell’alta val d’Agri (Basilicata). Studi Geologici Camerti 1, 257–63.Google Scholar
Di Stefano, P, Alessi, A and Gullo, M (1996) Mesozoic and Paleogene megabreccias in southern Sicily: new data on the Triassic paleomargin of the Siculo-Tunisian platform. Facies 34, 101–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Di Stefano, P and Ruberti, D (2000) Cenomanian rudist-dominated shelf-margin limestones from the Panormide carbonate platform (Sicily, Italy): facies analysis and sequence stratigraphy. Facies 42, 133–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doglioni, C, Harabaglia, P, Martinelli, G, Mongelli, F and Zito, G (1996) A geodynamic model of the Southern Apennines accretionary prism. Terra Nova 8, 540–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunham, RJ (1962) Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional texture. In Classification of Carbonate Rocks – A Symposium (ed. WE Ham), Tulsa, OK: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, pp. 108–21.Google Scholar
Eberli, GP, Baechle, GT, Anselmetti, FS and Incze, ML (2003) Factors controlling elastic properties in carbonate sediments and rocks. Leading Edge (Tulsa, OK) 22, 654–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Embry, AF and Klovan, JE (1971) A Late Devonian reef tract on northeastern Banks Island, N.W.T. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 19, 730–81.Google Scholar
Ettinger, NP, Larson, TE, Kerans, C, Thibodeau, AM, Hattori, KE, Kacur, SM and Martindale, RC (2021) Ocean acidification and photic-zone anoxia at the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event: insights from the Adriatic carbonate platform. Sedimentology 68, 63–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flügel, E (2004) Carbonate depositional environments. In Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks (ed. E Flügel), Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 7–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fugagnoli, A (2004) Trophic regimes of benthic foraminiferal assemblages in Lower Jurassic shallow water carbonates from northeastern Italy (Calcari Grigi, Trento Platform, Venetian Prealps). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 205, 111–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gale, AS, Kennedy, WJ, Voigt, S and Walaszczyk, I (2005) Stratigraphy of the Upper Cenomanian-Lower Turonian Chalk succession at Eastbourne, Sussex, UK: ammonites, inoceramid bivalves and stable carbon isotopes. Cretaceous Research 26, 460–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giano, SI, Maschio, L, Alessio, M, Ferranti, L, Improta, S and Schiattarella, M (2000) Radiocarbon dating of active faulting in the Agri high. Journal of Geodynamics 29, 371–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillespie, PA, Howard, CB, Walsh, JJ and Watterson, J (1993) Measurement and characterisation of spatial distributions of fractures. Tectonophysics 226, 113–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giuffrida, A, Agosta, F, Rustichelli, A, Panza, E, La Bruna, V, Eriksson, M, Torrieri, S and Giorgioni, M (2020) Fracture stratigraphy and DFN modelling of tight carbonates, the case study of the Lower Cretaceous carbonates exposed at the Monte Alpi (Basilicata, Italy). Marine and Petroleum Geology 112, 104045.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giuffrida, A, La Bruna, V, Castelluccio, P, Panza, E, Rustichelli, A, Tondi, E, Giorgioni, M and Agosta, F (2019) Fracture simulation parameters of fractured reservoirs: analogy with outcropping carbonates of the Inner Apulian Platform, southern Italy. Journal of Structural Geology 123, 18–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gross, MR (1993) The origin and spacing of cross joints: examples from the Monterey Formation, Santa Barbara Coastline, California. Journal of Structural Geology 15, 737–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gross, MR, Fischer, MP, Engelder, T and Greenfield, RJ (1995) Factors controlling joint spacing in interbedded sedimentary rocks: integrating numerical models with field observations from the Monterey Formation, USA. Geological Society, London, Special Publication 92, 215–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gross, MR, Gutiérrez-Alonso, G, Bai, T, Wacker, MA, Collinsworth, KB and Behl, RJ (1997) Influence of mechanical stratigraphy and kinematics on fault scaling relations. Journal of Structural Geology 19, 171–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hager, BH, Dieterich, J, Frohlich, C, Juanes, R, Mantica, S, Shaw, JH, Bottazzi, F, Caresani, F, Castineira, D, Cominelli, A, Meda, M, Osculati, L, Petroselli, S and Plesch, A (2021) A process-based approach to understanding and managing triggered seismicity. Nature 595, 684–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hallam, A (1997) Estimates of the amount and rate of sea-level change across the Rhaetian—Hettangian and Pliensbachian—Toarcian boundaries (latest Triassic to early Jurassic). Journal of the Geological Society 154(5), 773–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haq, BU (2018) Jurassic sea-level variations: a reappraisal. GSA Today 28(1), 4–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hippolyte, JC, Angelier, J and Barrier, E (1995) Compressional and extensional tectonics in an arc system: example of the Southern Apennines. Journal of Structural Geology 17, 1725–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffman, J and Hower, J (1979) Clay mineral assemblages as low grade metamorphic geothermometers: application to the thrust faulted disturbed belt of Montana. In Aspects of Diagenesis (eds Scholle, PA and Schluger, PS), pp. 55–79. SEPM, Special Publication no. 26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, TP and Tanner, JE (2000) Recruitment failure, life histories, and long-term decline of Caribbean corals. Ecology 81, 2250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Improta, L, Iannaccone, G, Capuano, P, Zollo, A and Scandone, P (2000) Inferences on the upper crustal structure of Southern Apennines (Italy) from seismic refraction investigations and subsurface data. Tectonophysics 317, 273–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kastens, K and Mascle, J (1990) The geological evolution of the Tyrrhenian Sea: an introduction to the scientific results of ODP Leg 107. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Leg 107, Tyrrhenian Sea, pp. 3–26. College Station, Texas.Google Scholar
Korneva, I, Tondi, E, Agosta, F, Rustichelli, A, Spina, V, Bitonte, R and Di Cuia, R (2014) Structural properties of fractured and faulted Cretaceous platform carbonates, Murge Plateau (southern Italy). Marine and Petroleum Geology 57, 312–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
La Bruna, V, Lamarche, J, Agosta, F, Rustichelli, A, Giuffrida, A, Salardon, R and Marié, L (2020) Structural diagenesis of shallow platform carbonates: role of early embrittlement on fracture setting and distribution, case study of Monte Alpi (Southern Apennines, Italy). Journal of Structural Geology 131, 103940.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamarche, J, Lavenu, APC, Gauthier, BDM, Guglielmi, Y and Jayet, O (2012) Relationships between fracture patterns, geodynamics and mechanical stratigraphy in Carbonates (South-East Basin, France). Tectonophysics 581, 231–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larsen, B, Gudmundsson, A, Grunnaleite, I, Sælen, G, Talbot, MR and Buckley, SJ (2010) Effects of sedimentary interfaces on fracture pattern, linkage, and cluster formation in peritidal carbonate rocks. Marine and Petroleum Geology 27, 1531–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laubach, SE, Olson, JE and Cross, MR (2009) Mechanical and fracture stratigraphy. AAPG Bulletin 93, 1413–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lavenu, APC and Lamarche, J (2018) What controls diffuse fractures in platform carbonates? Insights from Provence (France) and Apulia (Italy). Journal of Structural Geology 108, 94–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lavenu, APC, Lamarche, J, Salardon, R, Gallois, A, Marié, L and Gauthier, BDM (2014) Relating background fractures to diagenesis and rock physical properties in a platform-slope transect. Example of the Maiella Mountain (central Italy). Marine and Petroleum Geology 51, 2–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lechler, M, Frijia, G, Mutti, M, Palladino, G and Prosser, G (2012) Stratigraphic setting of a segment from the Eastern margin of the Apennine platform (Monte di Viggiano, Southern Apennines). Rendiconti Online S.G.I. 21, 1012–3.Google Scholar
Lucia, FJ (1983) Petrophysical parameters estimated from visual descriptions of carbonate rocks: a field classification of carbonate pore space. JPT, Journal of Petroleum Technology 35, 629–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucia, FJ and Fogg, GE (1990) Geologic/stochastic mapping of heterogeneity in a carbonate reservoir. JPT, Journal of Petroleum Technology 42, 1298–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malinverno, A and Ryan, WBF (1986) Extension in the Tyrrhenian Sea and shortening in the Apennines as result of arc migration driven by sinking of the lithosphere. Tectonics 5, 227–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mallet, R (1862) Great Neapolitan Earthquake of 1857: The First Principles of Observational Seismology, 2 vols. London: Chapman and Hall, pp. 486–94.Google Scholar
Mandelbrot, BB and Wheeler, JA (1983)The fractal geometry of nature. American Journal of Physics 51, 286–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marín, AI and Andreo, B (2015) Vulnerability to contamination of karst aquifers. In Karst Aquifers—Characterization and Engineering (ed. Z Stevanović), Professional Practice in Earth Sciences. Cham: Springer, pp. 251–66.Google Scholar
Maschio, L, Ferranti, L and Burrato, P (2005) Active extension in Val d’Agri area, southern Apennines, Italy: implications for the geometry of the seismogenic belt. Geophysical Journal International 162, 591–609.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mauldon, M, Dunne, WM and Rohrbaugh, MB (2001) Circular scanlines and circular windows: new tools for characterizing the geometry of fracture traces. Journal of Structural Geology 23, 247–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazzoli, S, D’Errico, M, Aldega, L,Corrado, S, Invernizzi, C, Shiner, P and Zattin, M (2008) Tectonic burial and “young” (<10 Ma) exhumation in the southern Apennines fold-and-thrust belt (Italy). Geology 36, 243–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCubbin, DG and Patton, JW (1981) Burial diagenesis of illite/smectite: the kinetic model. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 65, 956.Google Scholar
Mei, M and Gao, J (2012) Giant Induan oolite: a case study from the Lower Triassic Daye Formation in the western Hubei Province, South China. Geoscience Frontiers 3, 843–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mercuri, M, Carminati, E, Tartarello, MC, Brandano, M, Mazzanti, P, Brunetti, A, McCaffrey, KJW and Collettini, C (2020) Lithological and structural control on fracture frequency distribution within a carbonate-hosted relay ramp. Journal of Structural Geology 137, 104085.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merriman, RJ and Peacor, DR (1999) Very low-grade metapelites; mineralogy, microtextures and measuring reaction progress. In Low-Grade Metamorphism (eds M Frey and D Robinson), Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science, pp. 10–60.Google Scholar
Merriman, RJ (2005) Clay minerals and sedimentary basin history. European Journal of Mineralogy 17, 7–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monaco, C, Tortorici, L and Paltrinieri, W (1998) Structural evolution of the Lucanian Apennines, southern Italy. Journal of Structural Geology 20, 617–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, CH (2002) Carbonate reservoirs porosity evolution and diagenesis in a sequence stratigraphic framework. Marine and Petroleum Geology 19, 1295–6.Google Scholar
Moore, DM and Reynolds, RC Jr (1997) X-ray Diffraction and Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals, 2nd edn. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 378 pp.Google Scholar
Mosca, F and Wavrek, DA (2002) Petroleum system characteristics of Val d’Agri region, Southern Apennines, Italy (abs.). AAPG ACE.Google Scholar
Mostardini, F and Merlini, S (1986) Appennino centro-meridionale. Sezioni geologiche e proposta di modello strutturale. Memorie della Società Geologica Italiana 35, 177–202.Google Scholar
Myers, R and Aydin, A (2004) The evolution of faults formed by shearing across joint zones in sandstone. Journal of Structural Geology 26, 947–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, R (2001) Geologic Analysis of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 101–22.Google Scholar
Noguera, AM and Rea, G (2000) Deep structure of the Campanian-Lucanian Arc (Southern Apennine, Italy). Tectonophysics 324, 239–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Novellino, R, Prosser, G, Spiess, R, Viti, C, Agosta, F, Tavarnelli, E and Bucci, F (2015) Dynamic weakening along incipient low-angle normal faults in pelagic limestones (Southern Apennines, Italy). Journal of the Geological Society 172, 283–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nur, A and Israel, M (1980) The role of heterogeneities in faulting. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 21, 225–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Odling, NE, Gillespie, P, Bourgine, B, Castaing, C, Chilés, JP, Christensen, NP, Fillion, E, Genter, A, Olsen, C, Thrane, L, Trice, R, Aarseth, E, Walsh, JJ and Watterson, J (1999) Variations in fracture system geometry and their implications for fluid flow in fractured hydrocarbon reservoirs. Petroleum Geoscience 5, 373–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Panza, E, Agosta, F, Rustichelli, A, Vinciguerra, SC, Ougier-Simonin, A, Dobbs, M and Prosser, G (2019) Meso-to-microscale fracture porosity in tight limestones: results of an integrated field and laboratory study. Marine and Petroleum Geology 103, 581–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Panza, E, Agosta, F, Rustichelli, A, Zambrano, M, Tondi, E, Prosser, G, Giorgioni, M and Janiseck, JM (2016) Fracture stratigraphy and fluid flow properties of shallow-water, tight carbonates: the case study of the Murge Plateau (southern Italy). Marine and Petroleum Geology 73, 350–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Panza, E, Agosta, F, Zambrano, M, Tondi, E, Prosser, G, Giorgioni, M, Janiseck, JM (2015) Structural architecture and discrete fracture network modelling of layered fractured carbonates (Altamura Fm., Italy). Italian Journal of Geosciences 134(3), 409–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patacca, E, Sartori, R and Scandone, P (1990) Tyrrhenian basin and Apenninic arcs: kinematic relations since Late Tortonian times. Memorie della Società Geologica Italiana, 45, 425–51.Google Scholar
Patacca, E and Scandone, P (2007) Geology of the Southern Apennines. Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana, Supplemento 7, 75–119.Google Scholar
Patacca, E, Scandone, P, Bellatalla, M, Perilli, N and Santini, U (1992a) The Numidian-sand event in the Southern Apennines. Memorie di Scienze Geologiche già Memorie degli Istituti di Geologia e Mineralogia dell’Università di Padova, all, 43, 297–337.Google Scholar
Patacca, E, Scandone, P, Bellatalla, M, Perilli, N and Santini, U (1992b) La zona di giunzione tra l’arco appenninico settentrionale e l’arco appenninico meridionale nell’Abruzzo e nel Molise. In Studi preliminari all’acquisizione dati del profilo CROP 11 Civitavecchia-Vasto (eds Tozzi, M, Cavinato, GP and Parotto, M), AGIP-CNR-ENEL, Studi GeologiciCamerti, Vol. Spec. 1991-2, pp. 417–41.Google Scholar
Perri, F, Caracciolo, L, Cavalcante, F, Corrado, S, Critelli, S, Muto, F and Dominici, R (2016) Sedimentary and thermal evolution of the Eocene-Oligocene mudrocks from the southwestern Thrace Basin (NE Greece). Basin Research 28, 319–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petrella, E, Aquino, D, Fiorillo, F and Celico, F (2015) The effect of low-permeability fault zones on groundwater flow in a compartmentalized system: experimental evidence from a carbonate aquifer (Southern Italy). Hydrological Processes 29, 1577–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piedilato, S and Prosser, G (2005) Thrust sequences and evolution of the external sector of a fold and thrust belt: an example from the Southern Apennines (Italy). Journal of Geodynamics 39, 386–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollard, DD and Aydin, A (1990) Progress in understanding jointing over the past century. Special Papers of the Geological Society of America 253, 313–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollastro, RM (1993) Consideration and applications of the illite/smectite geothermometer in hydrocarbon-bearing rocks of Miocene to Mississippian age. Clays and Clay Minerals 41, 119–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Priest, SD and Hudson, JA (1981) Estimation of discontinuity spacing and trace length using scanline surveys. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts 18, 183–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prosser, G, Palladino, G, Avagliano, D, Coraggio, F, Bolla, EM, Riva, M and Catellani, DE (2021) Stratigraphic and tectonic setting of the Liguride units cropping out along the southeastern side of the Agri Valley (Southern Apennines, Italy). Geosciences (Switzerland) 11, 125.Google Scholar
Randazzo, V, Di Stefano, P, Schlagintweit, F, Todaro, S, Cacciatore, MS and Zarcone, G (2021) The migration path of Gondwanian dinosaurs toward Adria: new insights from the Cretaceous of NW Sicily (Italy). Cretaceous Research 126, 104–919.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rohrbaugh, MB Jr, Dunne, WM and Mauldon, M (2002) Estimating fracture trace intensity, density, and mean length using circular scan lines and windows. AAPG Bulletin 86, 2089–2104.Google Scholar
Romano, V, Bigi, S, Carnevale, F, De’haven Hyman, J, Karra, S, Valocchi, AJ, Tartarello, MC, Battaglia, M (2020) Hydraulic characterization of a fault zone from fracture distribution. Journal of Structural Geology 135, 104036.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rustichelli, A, Tondi, E, Agosta, F, Cilona, A and Giorgioni, M (2012) Development and distribution of bed-parallel compaction bands and pressure solution seams in carbonates (Bolognano Formation, Majella Mountain, Italy). Journal of Structural Geology 37, 181–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rustichelli, A, Tondi, E, Korneva, I, Baud, P, Vinciguerra, S, Agosta, F, Reuschlé, T and Janiseck, JM (2015) Bedding-parallel stylolites in shallow-water limestone successions of the Apulian carbonate platform (central-Southern Italy). Italian Journal of Geosciences 134, 513–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rustichelli, A, Torrieri, S, Tondi, E, Laurita, S, Strauss, C, Agosta, F and Balsamo, F (2016) Fracture characteristics in Cretaceous platform and overlying ramp carbonates: an outcrop study from Maiella Mountain (central Italy). Marine and Petroleum Geology 76, 68–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sartoni, S and Crescenti, U (1961) Ricerche biostratigrafiche nel Mesozoico dell’Appennino meridionale. Giornale di Geologia, ser. 2a, 29, 161–302.Google Scholar
Sartoni, S and Crescenti, U (1962) Ricerche biostratigrafiche nel Mesozoico dell’Appennino meridionale, Bologna: Museo geologico Giovanni Capellini, p 142.Google Scholar
Schettino, A and Turco, E (2011) Tectonic history of the Western Tethys since the Late Triassic. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 123, 89–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schöpfer, MPJ, Arslan, A, Walsh, JJ and Childs, C (2011) Reconciliation of contrasting theories for fracture spacing in layered rocks. Journal of Structural Geology 33, 551–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scrocca, D, Carminati, E and Doglioni, C (2005) Deep structure of the southern Apennines, Italy: thin-skinned or thick-skinned? Tectonics 24, 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Selli, R (1957) Sulla trasgressione del Miocene nell’Italia meridionale. Giornale di Geologia, ser. 2a, 26, 1–54.Google Scholar
Shiner, P, Beccacini, A and Mazzoli, S (2004) Thin-skinned versus thick-skinned structural models for Apulian carbonate reservoirs: constraints from the Val d’Agri Fields, S Apennines, Italy. Marine and Petroleum Geology 21, 805–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smeraglia, L, Giuffrida, A, Grimaldi, S, Pullen, A, La Bruna, V, Billi, A and Agosta, F (2021b) Fault-controlled upwelling of low-T hydrothermal fluids tracked by travertines in a fold-and-thrust belt, Monte Alpi, Southern Apennines, Italy. Journal of Structural Geology 144, 104276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smeraglia, L, Mercuri, M, Tavani, S, Pignalosa, A, Kettermann, M, Billi, A and Carminati, E (2021a) 3D Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) models of damage zone fluid corridors within a reservoir-scale normal fault in carbonates: multiscale approach using field data and UAV imagery. Marine and Petroleum Geology 126, 104902.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spalluto, L (2008) Sedimentology and high-resolution sequence stratigraphy of a Lower Cretaceous shallow-water carbonate succession from the western Gargano Promontory (Apulia, Southern Italy). GeoActa, Special Publication 1, 77–96.Google Scholar
Spalluto, L (2012) Facies evolution and sequence chronostratigraphy of a ‘mid’-Cretaceous shallow-water carbonate succession of the Apulia Carbonate Platform from the northern Murge area (Apulia, southern Italy). Facies 58, 17–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tavani, S, Storti, F, Lacombe, O, Corradetti, A, Muñoz, JA and Mazzoli, S (2015) A review of deformation pattern templates in foreland basin systems and fold-and-thrust belts: implications for the state of stress in the frontal regions of thrust wedges. Earth-Science Reviews 141, 82–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Todaro, S, Di Stefano, P, Zarcone, G and Randazzo, V (2017) Facies stacking and extinctions across the Triassic–Jurassic boundary in a peritidal succession from western Sicily. Facies 63, 1–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Todaro, S, Rigo, M, Randazzo, V and Di Stefano, P (2018) The end-Triassic mass extinction: a new correlation between extinction events and δ13C fluctuations from a Triassic-Jurassic peritidal succession in western Sicily. Sedimentary Geology 368, 105–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trecalli, A, Spangenberg, J, Adatte, T, Föllmi, KB and Parente, M (2012) Carbonate platform evidence of ocean acidification at the onset of the early Toarcian oceanic anoxic event. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 357–358, 214–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tucker, ME (1985) Shallow-marine carbonate facies and facies models. In Sedimentology: Recent Developments and Applied Aspects (eds PJ Benchley and BPJ Williams), London: Spec. Publ. Geol. Soc., 18, pp. 147–69.Google Scholar
Vezzani, L, Festa, A and Ghisetti, FC (2010) Geology and tectonic evolution of the Central-Southern Apennines, Italy. Geological Society of America, Special Papers 469, 1–58.Google Scholar
Vinci, F, Iannace, A, Parente, M, Pirmez, C, Torrieri, S, Giorgioni, M, (2017) Early dolomitization in the lower cretaceous shallow-water carbonates of Southern Apennines (Italy): Clues about palaeoclimatic fluctuations in western Tethys. Sedimentary Geology 362, 17–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Volatili, T, Zambrano, M, Cilona, A, Huisman, BAH, Rustichelli, A, Giorgioni, M, Vittori, S and Tondi, E (2019) From fracture analysis to flow simulations in fractured carbonates: the case study of the Roman Valley Quarry (Majella Mountain, Italy). Marine and Petroleum Geology 100, 95–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waliczek, M, Machowski, G, Poprawa, P, Świerczewska, A and Więcław, D (2021) A novel VRo, Tmax, and S indices conversion formula on data from the fold-and-thrust belt of the Western Outer Carpathians (Poland). International Journal of Coal Geology 234, 103672.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wennberg, OP, Svånå, T, Azizzadeh, M, Aqrawi, AMM, Brockbank, P, Lyslo, KB and Ogilvie, S (2006) Fracture intensity vs. mechanical stratigraphy in platform top carbonates: The Aquitanian of the Asmari Formation, Khaviz Anticline, Zagros, SW Iran. Petroleum Geoscience 12, 235–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wignall, PB and Bond, DPG (2008) The end-Triassic and Early Jurassic mass extinction records in the British Isles. Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association 119(1), 73–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, H and Pollard, D (1995) An experimental study of the relationship between joint spacing and layer thickness. Journal of Structural Geology 17, 887–905.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zambrano, M, Tondi, E, Korneva, I, Panza, E, Agosta, F, Janiseck, JM, Giorgioni, M (2016). Fracture properties analysis and discrete fracture network modelling of faulted tight limestones, Murge Plateau, Italy. Italian Journal of Geosciences 135(1), 55–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zarcone, G, Petti, FM, Cillari, A, Di Stefano, P, Guzzetta, D and Nicosia, U (2010) A possible bridge between Adria and Africa: new palaeobiogeographic and stratigraphic constraints on the Mesozoic palaeogeography of the Central Mediterranean area. Earth-Science Reviews 103, 154–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar