Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T15:47:14.389Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Beyond scandal? Blockchain technologies and the fragile legitimacy of post-2008 finance

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 November 2023

Malcolm Campbell-Verduyn*
Affiliation:
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Netherlands
Moritz Hütten
Affiliation:
Darmstadt Business School, Germany
*
Corresponding author: Malcolm Campbell-Verduyn, University of Groningen, Oude Kijk in ‘t Jatstraat 26 9712 EK Groningen, The Netherlands. Email: [email protected].
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

How do applications of emergent technologies contribute to the social legitimacy of finance? To address this question, we examine a set of technologies that have received increasing industry, media, and scholarly attention over the past decade: blockchains. Harnessing the concepts of ‘moral economy’ and ‘scandal’, we identify both possibilities and limits for blockchain applications to legitimate a range of monetary and investment activities. However, we also find that a persistent individualisation of responsibility for failures and shortcomings with ‘live’ blockchain experimentation has undermined the potentially legitimating aspects of this technology. Combining a reliance on technological fixes with a persistent individualist moral economy, we conclude, works against efforts to confront head-on the tensions underpinning the on-going legitimacy crises facing finance.

Type
Article
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivatives licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits noncommercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is unaltered and is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained for commercial re-use or in order to create a derivative work.
Copyright
© 2019 The Author(s)

References

Adut, A. (2008) On Scandal: Moral Disturbances in Society, Politics, and Art. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Aitken, R. (2015) Fringe Finance: Crossing and Contesting the Borders of Global Capital. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arthur, C. (2012) Financial Literacy Education: Neoliberalism, the Consumer and the Citizen. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, A. (2018) Macroprudential regimes and the politics of social purpose. Review of International Political Economy, 25(3): 293316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bavoso, V. (2016) Financial innovation, derivatives and the UK and US interest rate swap scandals: Drawing new boundaries for the regulation of financial innovation. Global Policy, 7(2): 227–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernards, N. and Campbell-Verduyn, M. (2019) Understanding technological change in finance through infrastructures. Review of International Political Economy, 26(5): 773–89.Google Scholar
Best, J. and Widmaier, W. (2006) Micro-or macro-moralities? Economic discourses and policy possibilities. Review of International Political Economy, 13(4): 609–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bousfield, D. (2019) Crypto-coin hierarchies: Social contestation in blockchain networks. Global Networks, 19(3): 291307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brunton, F. (2019) New book reveals crypto's radical origins. Interview with Finn Brunton by Quin DuPontfor Breakermag [Online], 22 March. Available at: <https://breakermag.com/new-book-reveals-cryptos-radical-origins/>. Accessed 9 June 2019.. Accessed 9 June 2019.' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Brunton,+F.+(2019)+New+book+reveals+crypto's+radical+origins.+Interview+with+Finn+Brunton+by+Quin+DuPontfor+Breakermag+[Online],+22+March.+Available+at:+.+Accessed+9+June+2019.>Google Scholar
Campbell-Verduyn, M. (2019) What does technology do? In: Leese, M. and Hoidonk, M. (eds.) Technology and Agency in International Relations. New York: Routledge, 113–40.Google Scholar
Campbell-Verduyn, M. (2017a) Capturing the moment? Crisis, market accountability, and the limits of legitimation. New Political Science, 39(3): 350–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell-Verduyn, M. (2017b) Professional Authority after the Global Financial Crisis: Defending Mammon in Anglo-America. London: Palgrave.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, C. and Tooker, L. (2018) Social finance meets financial innovation: Contemporary experiments in payments, money and debt. Theory, Culture & Society, 35(3): 311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coeckelbergh, M. and Reijers, W. (2015) Cryptocurrencies as narrative technologies. ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society, 45(3): 172–78.Google Scholar
Cox, J. (2013) Bitcoin bonanza: Cyprus crisis boosts digital dollars. CNBC [Online], 27 March. Available at: <https://www.cnbc.com/id/100597242>. Accessed 9 June 2019..+Accessed+9+June+2019.>Google Scholar
Czarniawska, B. (2011) Performativity in place of responsibility? Journal of Organizational Change Management, 24(6): 823–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Czarniawska, B. (2012) New plots are badly needed in finance: Accounting for the financial crisis of 2007-2010. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 25(5): 756–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dagnes, A. (2013) Introduction. In: Dagnes, A. and Sachleben, M. (eds.) Scandal! An Interdisciplinary Approach to the Consequences, Outcomes, and Significance of Political Scandals. New York: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
De Filippi, P. and Loveluck, B. (2016) The invisible politics of Bitcoin: Governance crisis of a decentralised infrastructure. Internet Policy Review, 5(3).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Goede, M. (2015) Speculative values and courtroom contestations. South Atlantic Quarterly, 114(2): 355–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Goede, M. (2001) Virtue, Fortune, and Faith: A Genealogy of Finance. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
De Vries, A. (2018) Bitcoin's growing energy problem. Joule, 2(5): 801–05.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Detrixhe, J. (2018) A dozen companies that reaped rewards by putting ‘bitcoin’ or ‘blockchain’ in their name. Quartz [Online], 12 January. Available at: <https://qz.com/1175701/putting-bitcoin-or-blockchain-in-a-company-name-is-sometimes-enough-for-a-pop-on-the-stock-market/>. Accessed 20 November 2019..+Accessed+20+November+2019.>Google Scholar
Dierksmeier, C. and Seele, P. (2018) Cryptocurrencies and business ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 152(1): 114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dodd, N. (2018) The social life of Bitcoin. Theory, Culture & Society, 35(3): 3556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DuPont, Q. (2019) Cryptocurrencies and Blockchains. London: Polity.Google Scholar
DuPont, Q. (2017) Experiments in algorithmic governance: A history and ethnography of ‘The DAO’, a failed decentralized autonomous organization. In: Campbell-Verduyn, M. (ed.) Bitcoin and Beyond: Cryptocurrencies, Blockchains and Global Governance. London: Routledge, 157–77.Google Scholar
DuPont, Q. and Maurer, B. (2015) Ledgers and law in the blockchain. Kings Review [Online]. 23 June. Available at: <http://kingsreview.co.uk/magazine/blog/2015/06/23/ledgers-and-law-in-the-blockchain>. Accessed 9 June 2019..+Accessed+9+June+2019.>Google Scholar
Ellis, D. (2016) Economic freedom mis-sold. In: Wiegratz, J. and Whyte, D. (eds.) Neoliberalism and the Moral Economy of Fraud. New York: Routledge, 155–69.Google Scholar
Fourcade, M., Steiner, P., Streeck, W. and Woll, C. (2013) Moral categories in the financial crisis. SocioEconomic Review, 11(3): 601–27.Google Scholar
Golumbia, D. (2016) The Politics of Bitcoin: Software as Right-Wing Extremism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Harrington, B. (2014) The companies we keep: From legitimacy to reputation in retail investment. Socio-Economic Review, 12(1): 186–95.Google Scholar
Helleiner, E. (2014) The Status Quo Crisis: Global Financial Governance after the 2008 Meltdown. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hendrikse, R., Bassens, D. and Van Meeteren, M. (2018) The Appleization of finance: Charting incumbent finance's embrace of FinTech. Finance and Society, 4(2): 159–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hozic, A.A. and True, J. (2017) Brexit as a scandal: gender and global trumpism. Review of International Political Economy, 24(2): 270–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hozic, A.A. and True, J. (2016) Making feminist sense of the global financial crisis. In: Hozic, A.A., and True, J. (eds.) Scandalous Economics: Gender and the Politics of Financial Crises. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hütten, M. (2019) The soft spot of hard code: Blockchain technology, network governance and pitfalls of technological utopianism. Global Networks, 19 (3): 329–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jentzsch, C. (2016) Decentralized autonomous organization to automate governance. Slock.it [Online]. Available at: <https://download.slock.it/public/DAO/WhitePaper.pdf>. Accessed 9 June 2019..+Accessed+9+June+2019.>Google Scholar
Jeong, S. (2018) Dogecoin. In: Maurer, B. and Swartz, L. (eds.) Paid: Tales of Dongles, Checks, and Other Money Stuff. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 5370.Google Scholar
Johnson, J.M. (2017) Beyond a politics of recrimination: Scandal, ethics and the rehabilitation of violence. European Journal of International Relations, 23(3): 703–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karlstrøm, H. (2014) Do libertarians dream of electric coins? The material embeddedness of Bitcoin. Distinktion: Scandinavian Journal of Social Theory, 15(1): 2336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kristoufek L. (2015) What are the main drivers of the Bitcoin price? Evidence from wavelet coherence analysis. PloS One, 10(4). Available at: <https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0123923>. Accessed 19 November 2019..+Accessed+19+November+2019.>Google Scholar
Krugman, P. (2013a) Bitcoin is evil. New York Times [Online]. 28 December. Available at: <https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/12/28/bitcoin-is-evil/>. Accessed 9 June 2019..+Accessed+9+June+2019.>Google Scholar
Krugman, P. (2013b) The antisocial network of bitcoins. New York Times [Online], 15 April. Available at: <https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/15/opinion/krugman-the-antisocial-network.html>. Accessed 9 June 2019..+Accessed+9+June+2019.>Google Scholar
Lotti, L. (2016) Contemporary art, capitalization and the blockchain: On the autonomy and automation of art's value. Finance and Society, 2(2): 96110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luckmann, T. (2002) Moral communication in modern societies. Human Studies, 25(1): 1932.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacKenzie, D. (2010) Unlocking the language of structured securities. Financial Times, 18 August.Google Scholar
Maddox, A., Singh, S., Horst, H. and Adamson, G. (2016) An ethnography of Bitcoin: Towards a future research agenda. Australian Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy, 4(1): 6578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montag, A. (2018) Nobel-winning economist: Authorities will bring down ‘hammer’ on bitcoin. CNBC [Online], 9 July. Available at: <https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/09/nobel-prize-winning-economist-joseph-stiglitz-criticizes-bitcoin.html>. Accessed 9 June 2019..+Accessed+9+June+2019.>Google Scholar
Moschella, M. and Tsingou, E. (2013) Great Expectations, Slow Transformations: Incremental Change in Post-Crisis Regulation. Colchester: ECPR Press.Google Scholar
Nakamoto, S. (2008) Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Bitcoin.org [Online]. Available at: <https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf>. Accessed: 19 November 2019..+Accessed:+19+November+2019.>Google Scholar
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (2019) Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) for SME Financing. OECD [Online]. Available at: <www.oecd.org/finance/initial-coin-offerings-for-sme-financing.htm>. Accessed 9 June 2019..+Accessed+9+June+2019.>Google Scholar
Omarova, S.T. (2019) New tech v. new deal: Fintech as a systemic phenomenon. Yale Journal on Regulation, 36(2): 735–93.Google Scholar
Paul, R. (2009) End the Fed. New York: Grand Central Publishing.Google Scholar
Popper, N. (2016) A hacking of more than $50 million dashes hopes in the world of virtual currency. New York Times [Online], 18 June. Available at: <https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/18/business/dealbook/hacker-may-have-removed-more-than-50-million-from-experimental-cybercurrency-project.html>. Accessed 9 June 2019..+Accessed+9+June+2019.>Google Scholar
Redman, J. (2016). Charity DAO gives the original DAO a second chance. Bitcoin.com [Online], 21 November. Available at: <https://news.bitcoin.com/charity-dao-second-chance/>. Accessed 19 November 2019..+Accessed+19+November+2019.>Google Scholar
Rethel, L. (2011) Whose legitimacy? Islamic finance and the global financial order. Review of International Political Economy, 18(1): 7598.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rotolo, D., Hicks, D. and Martin, B.R. (2015) What is an emerging technology? Research Policy, 44(10): 1827–843.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roubini, N. (2018) Initial coin scams. Financial News [Online], 10 May. Available at: <https://www.fnlondon.com/articles/nouriel-roubini-calling-out-initial-coin-scams-20180510>. Accessed 9 June 2019..+Accessed+9+June+2019.>Google Scholar
Scholte, J.A. (2013) Civil society and financial markets: What is not happening and why. Journal of Civil Society, 9(2): 129–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stafford, P. and Murphy, H. (2016) Has blockchain hype finally peaked? Financial Times, 29 November.Google Scholar
Swartz, L. (2018) What was Bitcoin, what will it be? The techno-economic imaginaries of a new money technology. Cultural Studies, 32(4): 623–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tekobbe, C. and McKnight, J.C. (2016) Indigenous cryptocurrency: Affective capitalism and rhetorics of sovereignty. First Monday, 21(10).Google Scholar
Tett, G. (2019) Peak financial scandal? History says not. Financial Times, 9 January.Google Scholar
Thiel, C. (2011) Das „bessere Geld”: Eine ethnographische Studie über Regionalwährungen. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, E.P. (1971) The moral economy of the English crowd in the eighteenth century. Past & Present, (50): 76136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thrift, N. and Leyshon, A. (1999) Moral geographies of money. In: Gilbert, E. and Helleiner, E. (eds.) Nation-States and Money: The Past, Present and Future of National Currencies. London: Routledge, 159–81.Google Scholar
Tual, S. (2016) No DAO funds at risk following the Ethereum smart contract ‘recursive call’ bug discovery. Slock.it [Online], 12 June. Available at: <https://blog.slock.it/no-dao-funds-at-risk-following-the-ethereum-smart-contract-recursive-call-bug-discovery-29f482d348b>. Accessed 19 November 2019..+Accessed+19+November+2019.>Google Scholar
Tooze, A. (2018) Crashed: How a Decade of Financial Crises Changed the World. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
Tucker, P. (2018) Unelected Power: The Quest for Legitimacy in Central Banking and the Regulatory State. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Vessens, P. (2016) More ethereum attacks: Race-to-empty is the real deal. Vesseness.com [Online], 9 June. Available at: <http://vessenes.com/more-ethereum-attacks-race-to-empty-is-the-real-deal/>. Accessed 9 June 2019..+Accessed+9+June+2019.>Google Scholar
Weber, B. (2018) Democratizing Money? Debating Legitimacy in Monetary Reform Proposals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Whyte, D. and Wiegratz, J. (2016) Neoliberalism, moral economy and fraud. In: Whyte, D. and Wiegratz, J. (eds.) Neoliberalism and the Moral Economy of Fraud. New York: Routledge, 116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zastrow, B. (2018) Kriptmobile and Dash Venezuela use case. <Dash.org> [Online], 18 December. Available at: <https://blog.dash.org/kriptomobile-dash-venezuela-use-case-7bb582528258/>. Accessed 27 November 2019.+[Online],+18+December.+Available+at:+.+Accessed+27+November+2019.>Google Scholar