Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T05:54:31.871Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

THREE DIMENSIONAL ULTRASOUND: AN OVERVIEW OF ITS CLINICAL USE

Part of: Bespoke shallow archive Weizmann

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 May 2007

KL DEURLOO ,
WJ KIST  and
JMG van VUGT
KL DEURLOO*
Affiliation:
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam.
WJ KIST
Affiliation:
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam.
JMG van VUGT
Affiliation:
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam.
*
KL Deurloo, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, VU University Medical Centre, PO Box 7017, 1007, MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Although three-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS) was already being used in the early 1980's and the first commercially available three-dimensional scanner was presented in 1989 in Paris at the International Radiology Congress, it has only been in the recent decade that the technology has found its way into clinical applications. This rapid development is mainly due to the equally rapid development of computer processor technology, essential for three-dimensional ultrasound. Originally used as a tool for creating a surface mode showing the face of the fetus and gender abnormalities, its application has become much broader nowadays. The technique is now becoming ever more important in obstetrics and gynecology, but also in many other fields such as cardiology, surgical applications and urology. Three-dimensional ultrasound is an easy, quick and cheap imaging technique without any known adverse effects on the mother or developing fetus as has been stated by the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM). In addition, it has been reported by numerous authors to be very accurate in assessing volumes. Recently, it has been suggested that both two- and three-dimensional ultrasound, especially in the 1st and 2nd trimester, are of positive influence in initiating the bonding between mother and infant.

Type
Research Article
Information
Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review , Volume 18 , Issue 2 , May 2007 , pp. 145 - 179
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1Brinkley, JF, McCallum, WD, Muramatsu, SK, Liu, DY. Fetal weight estimation from ultrasonic three-dimensional head and trunk reconstructions: evaluation in vitro. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982; 144: 715–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2Baba, K, Satoh, K, Sakamoto, S, Okai, T, Ishii, S. Development of an ultrasonic system for three-dimensional reconstruction of the fetus. J Perinat Med 1989; 17: 19–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3Fredfeldt, KE, Holm, HH, Pedersen, JF. Three-dimensional ultrasonic scanning. Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh) 1984; 25: 237–41.Google Scholar
4Maymon, R, Herman, A, Ariely, S, Dreazen, E, Buckovsky, I, Weinraub, Z. Three-dimensional vaginal sonography in obstetrics and gynaecology. Hum Reprod Update 2000; 6: 475–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5Farrell, T, Leslie, JR, Chien, PF, Agustsson, P. The reliability and validity of three dimensional ultrasound volumetric measurements using an in vitro balloon and in vivo uterine model. BJOG 2001; 108: 573–82.Google Scholar
6Gilja, OH, Thune, N, Matre, K, Hausken, T, Odegaard, S, Berstad, A. In vitro evaluation of three-dimensional ultrasonography in volume estimation of abdominal organs. Ultrasound Med Biol 1994; 20: 157–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7King, DL, King, DL Jr., Shao, MY. Evaluation of in vitro measurement accuracy of a three-dimensional ultrasound scanner. J.Ultrasound Med 1991; 10: 77–82.Google Scholar
8Riccabona, M, Nelson, TR, Pretorius, DH, Davidson, TE. Distance and volume measurement using three-dimensional ultrasonography. J. Ultrasound Med 1995; 14: 881–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9Riccabona, M, Nelson, TR, Pretorius, DH. Three-dimensional ultrasound: accuracy of distance and volume measurements. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1996; 7: 429–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10Sedgmen, B, McMahon, C, Cairns, D, Benzie, RJ, Woodfield, RL. The impact of two-dimensional versus three-dimensional ultrasound exposure on maternal-fetal attachment and maternal health behavior in pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006; 27: 245–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11Robinson, HP. “Gestation sac” volumes as determined by sonar in the first trimester of pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1975; 82: 100–107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12Lee, W, Deter, RL, McNie, B, Powell, M, Balasubramaniam, M, Goncalves, LF, Espinoza, J, Romero, R. Quantitative and morphological assessment of early gestational sacs using three-dimensional ultrasonography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006; 28: 255–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13Steiner, H, Gregg, AR, Bogner, G, Graf, AH, Weiner, CP, Staudach, A. First trimester three-dimensional ultrasound volumetry of the gestational sac. Arch Gynecol Obstet 1994; 255: 165–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14Muller, T, Sutterlin, M, Pohls, U, Dietl, J. Transvaginal volumetry of first trimester gestational sac: a comparison of conventional with three-dimensional ultrasound. J Perinat Med 2000; 28: 214–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15Acharya, G, Morgan, H. First-trimester, three-dimensional transvaginal ultrasound volumetry in normal pregnancies and spontaneous miscarriages. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2002; 19: 575–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16Acharya, G, Morgan, H. Does gestational sac volume predict the outcome of missed miscarriage managed expectantly? J Clin Ultrasound 2002; 30: 526–31.Google Scholar
17Falcon, O, Wegrzyn, P, Faro, C, Peralta, CF, Nicolaides, KH. Gestational sac volume measured by three-dimensional ultrasound at 11 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation: relation to chromosomal defects. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005; 25: 546–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18Cepni, I, Bese, T, Ocal, P, Budak, E, Idil, M, Aksu, MF. Significance of yolk sac measurements with vaginal sonography in the first trimester in the prediction of pregnancy outcome. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1997; 10: 969–72.Google Scholar
19Nyberg, DA, Mack, LA, Harvey, D, Wang, K. Value of the yolk sac in evaluating early pregnancies. J Ultrasound Med 1988; 7: 129–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20Kupesic, S, Kurjak, A, Ivancic-Kosuta, M. Volume and vascularity of the yolk sac studied by three-dimensional ultrasound and color Doppler. J Perinat Med 1999; 27: 91–96.Google Scholar
21Kupesic, S, Kurjak, A. Volume and vascularity of the yolk sac assessed by three-dimensional and power Doppler ultrasound. Early Pregnancy 2001; 5: 40–41.Google Scholar
22Babinszki, A, Nyari, T, Jordan, S, Nasseri, A, Mukherjee, T, Copperman, AB. Three-dimensional measurement of gestational and yolk sac volumes as predictors of pregnancy outcome in the first trimester. Am J Perinatol 2001; 18: 203–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23Figueras, F, Torrents, M, Munoz, A, Comas, C, Antolin, E, Echevarria, M, Carrera, JM. Three-dimensional yolk and gestational sac volume. A prospective study of prognostic value. J Reprod Med 2003; 48: 252–56.Google Scholar
24Moore, TR, Cayle, JE. The amniotic fluid index in normal human pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 162: 1168–173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25Magann, EF, Nolan, TE, Hess, LW, Martin, RW, Whitworth, NS, Morrison, JC. Measurement of amniotic fluid volume: accuracy of ultrasonography techniques. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 167: 1533–537.Google Scholar
26Spara, GP, Gadelha, DC, Mauad, FF, El Beitune, P. Amniotic fluid volumetry by three-dimensional ultrasonography during the first trimester of pregnancy. Ultrasound Med Biol 2006; 32: 1135–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27Grover, J, Mentakis, EA, Ross, MG. Three-dimensional method for determination of amniotic fluid volume in intrauterine pockets. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 90: 1007–1010.Google Scholar
28Mann, SE, Grover, J, Ross, MG. Novel technique for assessing amniotic fluid volume: use of a three-dimensional bladder scanner. J Matern Fetal Med. 2000; 9: 308–310.Google ScholarPubMed
29Bonilla-Musoles, F, Machado, LE, Osborne, NG, Raga, F, Bonilla, F, Puig, MJ, Machado, F. Morphological assessment of the umbilical cord with three-dimensional ultrasonography. Ultrasound Rev Obstet Gynecol 2002; 1: 17–42.Google Scholar
30Weissman, A, Drugan, A. Sonographic findings of the umbilical cord: implications for the risk of fetal chromosomal anomalies. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001; 17: 536–41.Google Scholar
31Hata, T, Aoki, S, Hata, K, Miyazaki, K. Three-dimensional ultrasonographic assessment of the umbilical cord during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1998; 45: 159–64.Google Scholar
32Jurgens, J. Detection of a true knot of the umbilical cord with 3D-angiosonography. Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde 2002; 62: 486–89.Google Scholar
33Yonemoto, H, Itoh, S, Nakamura, Y, Kinoshita, K. Umbilical cord cyst detected in the first trimester by two- and three-dimensional sonography. J Clin Ultrasound 2006; 34: 150–52.Google Scholar
34Habek, D, Kulas, T, Selthofer, R, Rosso, M, Popovic, Z, Petrovic, D, Ugljarevic, M. 3D-ultrasound detection of fetal grasping of the umbilical cord and fetal outcome. Fetal Diagn Ther 2006; 21: 332–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35Hanaoka, U, Yanagihara, T, Tanaka, H, Hata, T. Comparison of three-dimensional, two-dimensional and color Doppler ultrasound in predicting the presence of a nuchal cord at birth. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2002; 19: 471–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36Brinkley, JF, McCallum, WD, Muramatsu, SK, Liu, DY. Fetal weight estimation from lengths and volumes found by three-dimensional ultrasonic measurements. J Ultrasound Med 1984; 3: 163–68.Google Scholar
37Blaas, HG, Eik-Nes, SH, Berg, S, Torp, H. In-vivo three-dimensional ultrasound reconstructions of embryos and early fetuses. Lancet 1998; 352: 1182–186.Google Scholar
38Hull, AD, James, G, Salerno, CC, Nelson, T, Pretorius, DH. Three-dimensional ultrasonography and assessment of the first-trimester fetus. J Ultrasound Med 2001; 20: 287–93.Google Scholar
39Hafner, E, Schuchter, K, van, LM, Metzenbauer, M, llinger-Paller, B, Philipp, K. Three-dimensional sonographic volumetry of the placenta and the fetus between weeks 15 and 17 of gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001; 18: 116–20.Google Scholar
40Deurloo, KL, Spreeuwenberg, MD, Rekoer-Hollander, M, van Vugt, JMG. Reproducibility of three-dimensional ultrasound measurements of fetal and placental volume at gestational ages of 11–18 weeks. J Clin Ultrasound 2007; 35: 125–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
41Blaas, HG, Taipale, P, Torp, H, Eik-Nes, SH. Three-dimensional ultrasound volume calculations of human embryos and young fetuses: a study on the volumetry of compound structures and its reproducibility. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006; 27: 640–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
42Aviram, R, Shpan, DK, Markovitch, O, Fishman, A, Tepper, R. Three-dimensional first trimester fetal volumetry: comparison with crown rump length. Early Hum Dev 2004; 80: 1–5.Google Scholar
43Falcon, O, Cavoretto, P, Peralta, CF, Csapo, B, Nicolaides, KH. Fetal head-to-trunk volume ratio in chromosomally abnormal fetuses at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005; 26: 755–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
44Falcon, O, Peralta, CF, Cavoretto, P, Auer, M, Nicolaides, KH. Fetal trunk and head volume in chromosomally abnormal fetuses at 11+0 to 13+6 weeks of gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005; 26: 517–20.Google Scholar
45Falcon, O, Peralta, CF, Cavoretto, P, Faiola, S, Nicolaides, KH. Fetal trunk and head volume measured by three-dimensional ultrasound at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation in chromosomally normal pregnancies. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005; 26: 263–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
46Geirsson, RT. Intrauterine volume in pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl 1986; 136: 1–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47Geirsson, RT, Ogston, SA, Patel, NB, Christie, AD. Growth of total intrauterine, intra-amniotic and placental volume in normal singleton pregnancy measured by ultrasound. BJOG 1985; 92: 46–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48Hafner, E, Philipp, T, Schuchter, K, llinger-Paller, B, Philipp, K, Bauer, P. Second-trimester measurements of placental volume by three-dimensional ultrasound to predict small-for-gestational-age infants. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1998; 12: 97–102.Google Scholar
49Hafner, E, Metzenbauer, M, llinger-Paller, B, Hoefinger, D, Schuchter, K, Sommer-Wagner, H, Philipp, K. Correlation of first trimester placental volume and second trimester uterine artery Doppler flow. Placenta 2001; 22: 729–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50Wegrzyn, P, Faro, C, Falcon, O, Peralta, CF, Nicolaides, KH. Placental volume measured by three-dimensional ultrasound at 11 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation: relation to chromosomal defects. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005; 26: 28–32.Google Scholar
51Chen, M, Leung, KY, Lee, CP, Tang, MH, Ho, PC. Placental volume measured by three-dimensional ultrasound in the prediction of fetal alpha(0)-thalassemia: a preliminary report. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006; 28: 166–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
52Metzenbauer, M, Hafner, E, Hoefinger, D, Schuchter, K, Philipp, K. Associations between birth weight and placental volume in the first trimester. Z.Geburtshilfe Neonatol 2002; 206: 138–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
53Metzenbauer, M, Hafner, E, Schuchter, K, Philipp, K. First-trimester placental volume as a marker for chromosomal anomalies: preliminary results from an unselected population. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2002; 19: 240–42.Google Scholar
54Metzenbauer, M, Hafner, E, Hoefinger, D, Schuchter, K, Stangl, G, Ogris, E, Philipp, K. Three-dimensional ultrasound measurement of the placental volume in early pregnancy: method and correlation with biochemical placenta parameters. Placenta 2001; 22: 602–605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55Wegrzyn, P, Fabio, C, Peralta, A, Faro, C, Borenstein, M, Nicolaides, KH. Placental volume in twin and triplet pregnancies measured by three-dimensional ultrasound at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006; 27: 647–51.Google Scholar
56Hafner, E, Metzenbauer, M, Hofinger, D, Munkel, M, Gassner, R, Schuchter, K, llinger-Paller, B, Philipp, K. Placental growth from the first to the second trimester of pregnancy in SGA-foetuses and pre-eclamptic pregnancies compared to normal foetuses. Placenta 2003; 24: 336–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
57Hata, T, Kanenishi, K, Inubashiri, E, Tanaka, H, Senoh, D, Manabe, A, Miyake, K, Kondoh, S, Hata, T. Three-Dimensional Sonographic Features of Placental Abnormalities. Gynecologic Obstet Invest 2004; 57: 61–65.Google Scholar
58Nicolaides, KH, Azar, G, Byrne, D, Mansur, C, Marks, K. Fetal nuchal translucency: ultrasound screening for chromosomal defects in first trimester of pregnancy. Br Med J 1992; 304: 867–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
59Chung, BL, Kim, HJ, Lee, KH. The application of three-dimensional ultrasound to nuchal translucency measurement in early pregnancy (10–14 weeks): a preliminary study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000; 15: 122–25.Google Scholar
60Eppel, W, Worda, C, Frigo, P, Lee, A. Three- versus two-dimensional ultrasound for nuchal translucency thickness measurements: Comparison of feasibility and levels of agreement. Prenat Diagn 2001; 21: 596–601.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
61Clementschitsch, G, Hasenohrl, G, Schaffer, H, Steiner, H. Comparison between two- and three-dimensional ultrasound measurements of nuchal translucency. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001; 18: 475–80.Google Scholar
62Paul, C, Krampl, E, Skentou, C, Jurkovic, D, Nicolaides, KH. Measurement of fetal nuchal translucency thickness by three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001; 18: 481–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63Roberts, AB, Mitchell, JM, McCowan, LM, Barker, S. Ultrasonographic measurement of liver length in the small-for-gestational-age fetus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 180: 634–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
64Murao, F, Seno, D, Aoki, S, Takamiya, O, Yamamoto, K, Iwanari, O, Kaneda, K, Kitao, M. Ultrasonographic measurement of prenatal fetal liver. Nippon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi 1988; 40: 1550–554.Google Scholar
65Murao, F, Takamiya, O, Yamamoto, K, Iwanari, O. Detection of intrauterine growth retardation based on measurements of size of the liver. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1990; 29: 26–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
66Murao, F, Takamori, H, Hata, K, Hata, T, Kitao, M. Fetal liver measurements by ultrasonography. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1987; 25: 381–85.Google Scholar
67Roberts, AB, Mitchell, J, Murphy, C, Koya, H, Cundy, T. Fetal liver length in diabetic pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 170: 1308–312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
68Chang, FM, Hsu, KF, Ko, HC, Yao, BL, Chang, CH, Yu, CH, Chen, HY. Three-dimensional ultrasound assessment of fetal liver volume in normal pregnancy: a comparison of reproducibility with two-dimensional ultrasound and a search for a volume constant. Ultrasound Med Biol 1997; 23: 381–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
69Chang, CH, Yu, CH, Chang, FM, Ko, HC, Chen, HY. The assessment of normal fetal liver volume by three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol 2003; 29: 1123–129.Google Scholar
70Boito, SME, Laudy, JAM, Struijk, PC, Stijnen, T, Wladimiroff, JW. Three-dimensional US assessment of hepatic volume, head circumference, and abdominal circumference in healthy and growth-restricted fetuses. Radiology 2002; 223: 661–65.Google Scholar
71Laudy, JA, Janssen, MM, Struyk, PC, Stijnen, T, Wallenburg, HC, Wladimiroff, JW. Fetal liver volume measurement by three-dimensional ultrasonography: a preliminary study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1998; 12: 93–96.Google Scholar
72Kuno, A, Hayashi, Y, Akiyama, M, Yamashiro, C, Tanaka, H, Yanagihara, T, Hata, T. Three-dimensional sonographic measurement of liver volume in the small-for-gestational-age fetus. J Ultrasound Med 2002; 21: 361–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
73Boito, S, Struijk, PC, Ursem, NT, Fedele, L, Wladimiroff, JW. Fetal brain/liver volume ratio and umbilical volume flow parameters relative to normal and abnormal human development. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2003; 21: 256–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
74Chang, CH, Yu, CH, Ko, HC, Chen, CL, Chang, FM. Predicting fetal growth restriction with liver volume by three-dimensional ultrasound: efficacy evaluation. Ultrasound Med Biol 2006; 32: 13–17.Google Scholar
75Boito, SM, Struijk, PC, Ursem, NT, Stijnen, T, Wladimiroff, JW. Assessment of fetal liver volume and umbilical venous volume flow in pregnancies complicated by insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. BJOG 2003; 110: 1007–1013.Google ScholarPubMed
76Konje, JC, Bell, SC, Morton, JJ, de Chazal, R, Taylor, DJ. Human fetal kidney morphometry during gestation and the relationship between weight, kidney morphometry and plasma active renin concentration at birth. Clin Sci 1996; 91: 169–75.Google Scholar
77Hinchliffe, SA, Lynch, MR, Sargent, PH, Howard, CV, Van Velzen, D. The effect of intrauterine growth retardation on the development of renal nephrons. BJOG 1992; 99: 296–301.Google Scholar
78Kingdom, JC, McQueen, J, Connell, JM, Whittle, MJ. Fetal angiotensin II levels and vascular (type I) angiotensin receptors in pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth retardation. BJOG 1993; 100: 476–82.Google Scholar
79Hsieh, YY, Chang, CC, Lee, CC, Tsai, HD. Fetal renal volume assessment by three-dimensional ultrasonography. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 182: 377–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
80Yu, C, Chang, C, Chang, F, Ko, H, Chen, H. Fetal renal volume in normal gestation: a three-dimensional ultrasound study. Ultrasound Med Biol 2000; 26: 1253–256.Google Scholar
81Chang, CH, Yu, CH, Chang, FM, Ko, HC, Chen, HY. Assessment of fetal adrenal gland volume using three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol 2002; 28: 1383–387.Google Scholar
82Schild, RL, Plath, H, Hofstaetter, C, Hansmann, M. Diagnosis of a fetal mesoblastic nephroma by 3D-ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000; 15: 533–36.Google Scholar
83Chang, LW, Chang, FM, Chang, CH, Yu, CH, Cheng, YC, Chen, HY. Prenatal diagnosis of fetal multicystic dysplastic kidney with two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol 2002; 28: 853–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
84Moeglin, D, Talmant, C, Duyme, M, Lopez, AC. Fetal lung volumetry using two- and three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005; 25: 119–27.Google Scholar
85Lee, A, Kratochwil, A, Stumpflen, I, Deutinger, J, Bernaschek, G. Fetal lung volume determination by three-dimensional ultrasonography. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 175: 588–92.Google Scholar
86Pohls, UG, Rempen, A. Fetal lung volumetry by three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1998; 11: 6–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
87Bahmaie, A, Hughes, SW, Clark, T, Milner, A, Saunders, J, Tilling, K, Maxwell, DJ. Serial fetal lung volume measurement using three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000; 16: 154–58.Google Scholar
88Gerards, FA, Engels, MA, Twisk, JW, van Vugt, JM. Normal fetal lung volume measured with three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006; 27: 134–44.Google Scholar
89Chang, CH, Yu, CH, Chang, FM, Ko, HC, Chen, HY. Volumetric assessment of normal fetal lungs using three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol 2003; 29: 935–42.Google Scholar
90Sabogal, JC, Becker, E, Bega, G, Komwilaisak, R, Berghella, V, Weiner, S, Tolosa, J. Reproducibility of fetal lung volume measurements with 3-dimensional ultrasonography. J.Ultrasound Med 2004; 23: 347–52.Google Scholar
91Peralta, CF, Cavoretto, P, Csapo, B, Falcon, O, Nicolaides, KH. Lung and heart volumes by three-dimensional ultrasound in normal fetuses at 12–32 weeks’ gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006; 27: 128–133.Google Scholar
92Ruano, R, Joubin, L, Aubry, MC, Thalabard, JC, Dommergues, M, Dumez, Y, Benachi, A. A nomogram of fetal lung volumes estimated by 3-dimensional ultrasonography using the rotational technique (virtual organ computer-aided analysis). J Ultrasound Med 2006; 25: 701–709.Google Scholar
93Gerards, FA, Twisk, JW, Bakker, M, Barkhof, F, van Vugt, JM. Fetal lung volume: three-dimensional ultrasonography compared with magnetic resonance imaging. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2007; 29: 533–36.Google Scholar
94Wladimiroff, JW. Fetal lung volumetry: A step closer to a clinically acceptable predictor of lung hypoplasia? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006; 27: 124–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
95Osada, H, Iitsuka, Y, Masuda, K, Sakamoto, R, Kaku, K, Seki, K, Sekiya, S. Application of lung volume measurement by three-dimensional ultrasonography for clinical assessment of fetal lung development. J Ultrasound Med 2002; 21: 841–47.Google Scholar
96Ruano, R, Benachi, A, Martinovic, J, Grebille, AG, Aubry, MC, Dumez, Y, Dommergues, M. Can three-dimensional ultrasound be used for the assessment of the fetal lung volume in cases of congenital diaphragmatic hernia? Fetal Diagn Ther 2004; 19: 87–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
97Ruano, R, Benachi, A, Joubin, L, Aubry, MC, Thalabard, JC, Dumez, Y, Dommergues, M. Three-dimensional ultrasonographic assessment of fetal lung volume as prognostic factor in isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia. BJOG 2004; 111: 423–29.Google Scholar
98Ruano, R, Martinovic, J, Dommergues, M, Aubry, MC, Dumez, Y, Benachi, A. Accuracy of fetal lung volume assessed by three-dimensional sonography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005; 26: 725–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
99Ruano, R, Aubry, MC, Barthe, B, Mitanchez, D, Dumez, Y, Benachi, A. Quantitative analysis of fetal pulmonary vasculature by 3-dimensional power Doppler ultrasonography in isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 195: 1720–728.Google Scholar
100Sklansky, MS, Nelson, T, Strachan, M, Pretorius, D. Real-time three-dimensional fetal echocardiography: initial feasibility study. J Ultrasound Med 1999; 18: 745–52.Google Scholar
101Michailidis, GD, Simpson, JM, Karidas, C, Economides, DL. Detailed three-dimensional fetal echocardiography facilitated by an Internet link. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001; 18: 325–28.Google Scholar
102Levental, M, Pretorius, DH, Sklansky, MS, Budorick, NE, Nelson, TR, Lou, K. Three-dimensional ultrasonography of normal fetal heart: comparison with two-dimensional imaging. J Ultrasound Med 1998; 17: 341–48.Google Scholar
103Meyer-Wittkopf, M, Rappe, N, Sierra, F, Barth, H, Schmidt, S. Three-dimensional (3-D) ultrasonography for obtaining the four and five-chamber view: comparison with cross-sectional (2-D) fetal sonographic screening. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000; 15: 397–402.Google Scholar
104Arzt, W, Tulzer, G, Aigner, M. Real time 3D sonography of the normal fetal heart–clinical evaluation. Ultraschall in der Medizin 2002; 23: 388–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
105Bega, G, Kuhlman, K, Lev-Toaff, A, Kurtz, A, Wapner, R. Application of three-dimensional ultrasonography in the evaluation of the fetal heart. J Ultrasound Med 2001; 20: 307–13.Google Scholar
106Esh-Broder, E, Ushakov, FB, Imbar, T, Yagel, S. Application of free-hand three-dimensional echocardiography in the evaluation of fetal cardiac ejection fraction: a preliminary study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2004; 23: 546–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
107Bhat, AH, Corbett, V, Carpenter, N, Liu, N, Liu, R, Wu, A et al. Fetal ventricular mass determination on three-dimensional echocardiography: studies in normal fetuses and validation experiments. Circulation 2004; 110: 1054–1060.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
108Meyer-Wittkopf, M, Cooper, S, Vaughan, J, Sholler, G. Three-dimensional (3D) echocardiographic analysis of congenital heart disease in the fetus: comparison with cross-sectional (2D) fetal echocardiography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001; 17: 485–92.Google Scholar
109Hata, T, Aoki, S, Manabe, A, Hata, K, Miyazaki, K. Visualization of fetal genitalia by three-dimensional ultrasonography in the second and third trimesters. J Ultrasound Med 1998; 17: 137–39.Google Scholar
110Lev-Toaff, AS, Ozhan, S, Pretorius, D, Bega, G, Kurtz, AB, Kuhlman, K. Three-dimensional multiplanar ultrasound for fetal gender assignment: value of the mid-sagittal plane. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000; 16: 345–50.Google Scholar
111Michailidis, GD, Papageorgiou, P, Economides, DL. Assessment of fetal anatomy in the first trimester using two- and three-dimensional ultrasound. Br J Radiol 2002; 75: 215–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
112Blaas, HG, Eik-Nes, SH, Kiserud, T, Berg, S, Angelsen, B, Olstad, B. Three-dimensional imaging of the brain cavities in human embryos. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1995; 5: 228–32.Google Scholar
113Chang, CH, Chang, FM, Yu, CH, Ko, HC, Chen, HY. Assessment of fetal cerebellar volume using three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol 2000; 26: 981–88.Google Scholar
114Paladini, D, Volpe, P. Posterior fossa and vermian morphometry in the characterization of fetal cerebellar abnormalities: a prospective three-dimensional ultrasound study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006; 27: 482–89.Google Scholar
115Endres, LK, Cohen, L. Reliability and validity of three-dimensional fetal brain volumes. J Ultrasound Med 2001; 20: 1265–269.Google Scholar
116Chang, CH, Yu, CH, Chang, FM, Ko, HC, Chen, HY. The assessment of normal fetal brain volume by 3-D ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol 2003; 29: 1267–272.Google Scholar
117Roelfsema, NM, Hop, WC, Boito, SM, Wladimiroff, JW. Three-dimensional sonographic measurement of normal fetal brain volume during the second half of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecology 2004; 190: 275–80.Google Scholar
118Monteagudo, A, Timor-Tritsch, IE, Mayberry, P. Three-dimensional transvaginal neurosonography of the fetal brain: ‘navigating’ in the volume scan. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000; 16: 307–13.Google Scholar
119Pooh, RK, Pooh, K. Transvaginal 3D and Doppler ultrasonography of the fetal brain. Seminars Perinatol 2001; 25: 38–43.Google Scholar
120Cohen, LS, Sankpal, R, Endres, L. Transabdominal three-dimensional volume imaging of the fetal brain at 18–24 weeks’ gestation. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2001; 72: 145–50.Google Scholar
121Pilu, G, Segata, M, Ghi, T, Carletti, A, Perolo, A, Santini, D, Bonasoni, P, Tani, G, Rizzo, N. Diagnosis of midline anomalies of the fetal brain with the three-dimensional median view. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006; 27: 522–29.Google Scholar
122Chen, CP, Shih, JC, Tzen, CY, Wang, W. Three-dimentional ultrasound in the evaluation of complex anomalies associated with fetal ventral midline defects. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2002; 19: 102–104.Google Scholar
123Timor-Tritsch, IE, Monteagudo, A, Mayberry, P. Three-dimensional ultrasound evaluation of the fetal brain: the three horn view. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000; 16: 302–306.Google Scholar
124Kalache, KD, Eder, K, Esser, T, Proquitte, H, Stoltenburg-Didinger, G, Hartung, JP, Bamberg, C. Three-dimensional ultrasonographic reslicing of the fetal brain to assist prenatal diagnosis of central nervous system anomalies. J Ultrasound Med 2006; 25: 509–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
125Correa, FF, Lara, C, Bellver, J, Remohi, J, Pellicer, A, Serra, V. Examination of the fetal brain by transabdominal three-dimensional ultrasound: potential for routine neurosonographic studies. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006; 27: 503–508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
126Tonni, G, Centini, G. Three-dimensional first-trimester transvaginal diagnosis of alobar holoprosencephaly associated with omphalocele in a 46,XX fetus. Am J Perinatol 2006; 23: 67–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
127Gerards, FA, Engels, MA, Barkhof, F, Van Den Dungen, FA, Vermeulen, RJ, van Vugt, JM. Prenatal diagnosis of aneurysms of the vein of Galen (vena magna cerebri) with conventional sonography, three-dimensional sonography, and magnetic resonance imaging: report of 2 cases. J Ultrasound Med 2003; 22: 1363–368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
128Chen, SH, Chang, FM. Prenatal diagnosis of occipital meningocele using three-dimensional ultrasonography. Prenat Diagn 2003; 23: 762–63.Google Scholar
129Blaas, HGK, Eik-Nes, SH, Vainio, T, Vogt Isaksen, C. Alobar holoprosencephaly at 9 weeks gestational age visualized by two- and three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000; 15: 62–65.Google Scholar
130Devonald, KJ, Ellwood, DA, Griffiths, KA, Kossoff, G, Gill, RW, Kadi, AP, Nash, DM, Warren, PS, Davis, W, Picker, R. Volume imaging: three-dimensional appreciation of the fetal head and face. J Ultrasound Med 1995; 14: 919–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
131Pretorius, DH, Nelson, TR. Fetal face visualization using three-dimensional ultrasonography. J Ultrasound Med 1995; 14: 349–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
132Lee, A, Deutinger, J, Bernaschek, G. Three dimensional ultrasound: abnormalities of the fetal face in surface and volume rendering mode. BJOG 1995; 102: 302–306.Google Scholar
133Merz, E, Weber, G, Bahlmann, F, Miric-Tesanic, D. Application of transvaginal and abdominal three-dimensional ultrasound for the detection or exclusion of malformations of the fetal face. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1997; 9: 237–43.Google Scholar
134Hata, T, Yonehara, T, Aoki, S, Manabe, A, Hata, K, Miyazaki, K. Three-dimensional sonographic visualization of the fetal face. Am J Roentgenol 1998; 170: 481–83.Google Scholar
135Viereck, N, Meyer-Wittkopf, M, Schmidt, S. Three-dimensional ultrasonography of the fetal face. Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde 2002; 62: 768–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
136Pretorius, DH, House, M, Nelson, TR, Hollenbach, KA. Evaluation of normal and abnormal lips in fetuses: comparison between three- and two-dimensional sonography. Am J Roentgenol 1995; 165: 1233–237.Google Scholar
137Chmait, R, Pretorius, D, Jones, M, Hull, A, James, G, Nelson, T, Moore, T. Prenatal evaluation of facial clefts with two-dimensional and adjunctive three-dimensional ultrasonography: A prospective trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 187: 946–49.Google Scholar
138Lee, W, Kirk, JS, Shaheen, KW, Romero, R, Hodges, AN, Comstock, CH. Fetal cleft lip and palate detection by three-dimensional ultrasonography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000; 16: 314–20.Google Scholar
139Rotten, D, Levaillant, JM. Two- and three-dimensional sonographic assessment of the fetal face. 2. Analysis of cleft lip, alveolus and palate. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2004; 24: 402–11.Google Scholar
140Campbell, S, Lees, C, Moscoso, G, Hall, P. Ultrasound antenatal diagnosis of cleft palate by a new technique: The 3D ‘reverse face’ view. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005; 25: 12–18.Google Scholar
141Lee, W, Comstock, CH, Kirk, JS, Smith, RS, Monck, JW, Deenadayalu, R, Bendick, PJ. Birthweight prediction by three-dimensional ultrasonographic volumes of the fetal thigh and abdomen. J Ultrasound Med 1997; 16: 799–805.Google Scholar
142Chang, FM, Liang, RI, Ko, HC, Yao, BL, Chang, CH, Yu, CH. Three-dimensional ultrasound-assessed fetal thigh volumetry in predicting birth weight. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 90: 331–39.Google Scholar
143Song, TB, Moore, TR, Lee, JI, Kim, YH, Kim, EK. Fetal weight prediction by thigh volume measurement with three-dimensional ultrasonography. Obstet Gynecol 2000; 96: 157–61.Google Scholar
144Patipanawat, S, Komwilaisak, R, Ratanasiri, T. Correlation of weight estimation in large and small fetuses with three-dimensional ultrasonographic volume measurements of the fetal upper-arm and thigh: A preliminary report. J Med Assoc Thai 2006; 89: 13–19.Google Scholar
145Chang, CH, Yu, CH, Ko, HC, Chen, CL, Chang, FM. The efficacy assessment of thigh volume in predicting intrauterine fetal growth restriction by three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol 2005; 31: 883–87.Google Scholar
146Liang, RI, Chang, FM, Yao, BL, Chang, CH, Yu, CH, Ko, HC. Predicting birth weight by fetal upper-arm volume with use of three-dimensional ultrasonography. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 177: 632–38.Google Scholar
147Chang, CH, Yu, CH, Chang, FM, Ko, HC, Chen, HY. Assessment of normal fetal upper arm volume by three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol 2002; 28: 859–63.Google Scholar
148Chang, CH, Yu, CH, Ko, HC, Chen, CL, Chang, FM. Fetal upper arm volume in predicting intrauterine growth restriction: a three-dimensional ultrasound study. Ultrasound Med Biol 2005; 31: 1435–439.Google Scholar
149Chang, CH, Yu, CH, Ko, HC, Chang, FM, Chen, HY. Prenatal assessment of normal fetal humerus volume by three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol 2003; 29: 1675–680.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
150Chang, CH, Yu, CH, Ko, HC, Chen, CL, Chang, FM. Predicting fetal growth restriction by humerus volume: A three-dimensional ultrasound study. Ultrasound Med Biol 2006; 32: 791–95.Google Scholar
151Lee, W, Deter, RL, Ebersole, JD, Huang, R, Blanckaert, K, Romero, R. Birth weight prediction by three-dimensional ultrasonography: fractional limb volume. J Ultrasound Med 2001; 20: 1283–292.Google Scholar
152Lee, W, Deter, RL, McNie, B, Goncalves, LF, Espinoza, J, Chaiworapongsa, T, Romero, R. Individualized growth assessment of fetal soft tissue using fractional thigh volume. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2004; 24: 766–74.Google Scholar
153Schild, RL, Fimmers, R, Hansmann, M. Can 3D volumetric analysis of the fetal upper arm and thigh improve conventional 2D weight estimates? Ultraschall in der Medizin 1999; 20: 31–37.Google Scholar
154Schild, RL, Fimmers, R, Hansmann, M. Fetal weight estimation by three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000; 16: 445–52.Google Scholar
155Cicero, S, Bindra, R, Rembouskos, G, Spencer, K, Nicolaides, KH. Integrated ultrasound and biochemical screening for trisomy 21 using fetal nuchal translucency, absent fetal nasal bone, free beta-hCG and PAPP-A at 11 to 14 weeks. Prenat Diagn 2003; 23: 306–310.Google Scholar
156Bekker, MN, Twisk, JW, van Vugt, JM. Reproducibility of the fetal nasal bone length measurement. J Ultrasound Med 2004; 23: 1613–618.Google Scholar
157Benoit, B, Chaoui, R. Three-dimensional ultrasound with maximal mode rendering: a novel technique for the diagnosis of bilateral or unilateral absence or hypoplasia of nasal bones in second-trimester screening for Down syndrome. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005; 25: 19–24.Google Scholar
158Goncalves, LF, Espinoza, J, Lee, W, Schoen, ML, Devers, P, Mazor, M, Chaiworapongsa, T, Devore, GR, Romero, R. Phenotypic characteristics of absent and hypoplastic nasal bones in fetuses with Down syndrome: description by 3-dimensional ultrasonography and clinical significance. J Ultrasound Med 2004; 23: 1619–627.Google Scholar
159Rembouskos, G, Cicero, S, Longo, D, Vandecruys, H, Nicolaides, KH. Assessment of the fetal nasal bone at 11–14 weeks of gestation by three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2004; 23: 232–36.Google Scholar
160Seow, KM, Huang, LW, Lin, YH, Pan, HS, Tsai, YL, Hwang, JL. Prenatal three-dimensional ultrasound diagnosis of a camptomelic dysplasia. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2004; 269: 142–44.Google Scholar
161Chang, JZ, Shih, JC, Pan, HS, Hwang, JL. Early diagnosis of fetal exencephaly during the first trimester: Report of a case. J Med Ultrasound 2001; 9: 25–28.Google Scholar
162Chen, CP, Chern, SR, Shih, JC, Wang, W, Yeh, LF, Chang, TY, Tzen, CY. Prenatal diagnosis and genetic analysis of type I and type II thanatophoric dysplasia. Prenat Diagn 2001; 21: 89–95.Google Scholar
163Chang, LW, Chang, CH, Yu, CH, Chang, FM. Three-dimensional ultrasonography of osteogenesis imperfecta at early pregnancy. Prenat Diagn 2002; 22: 77–78.Google Scholar
164McEwing, RL, Alton, K, Johnson, J, Scioscia, AL, Pretorius, DH. First-trimester diagnosis of osteogenesis imperfecta type II by three-dimensional sonography. J Ultrasound Med 2003; 22: 311–14.Google Scholar
165Blaicher, W, Lee, A, Deutinger, J, Bernaschek, G. Sirenomelia: Early prenatal diagnosis with combined two- and three-dimensional sonography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001; 17: 542–43.Google Scholar
166Chen, CP, Shih, JC, Tzen, CY, Lin, YH, Wang, W. Recurrent short-rib polydactyly syndrome: Prenatal three-dimensional ultrasound findings and associations with congenital high airway obstruction and pyelectasia. Prenatal Diagnosis 2005; 25: 417–18.Google Scholar
167Bonilla-Musoles, F, Machado, LE, Osborne, NG, Munoz, EA, Raga, F, Blanes, J, Bonilla, F. Two- and three-dimensional ultrasound in malformations of the medullary canal: Report of four cases. Prenatal Diagnosis 2001; 21: 622–26.Google Scholar
168Yanagihara, T, Hata, T. Three-dimensional sonographic visualization of fetal skeleton in the second trimester of pregnancy. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2000; 49: 12–16.Google Scholar
169Krakow, D, Williams, J III, Poehl, M, Rimoin, DL, Platt, LD. Use of three-dimensional ultrasound imaging in the diagnosis of prenatal-onset skeletal dysplasias. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2003; 21: 467–72.Google Scholar
170Garjian, KV, Pretorius, DH, Budorick, NE, Cantrell, CJ, Johnson, DD, Nelson, TR. Fetal skeletal dysplasia: three-dimensional US–initial experience. Radiology 2000; 214: 717–23.Google Scholar
171Kos, M, Hafner, T, Funduk-Kurjak, B, Bozek, T, Kurjak, A. Limb deformities and three-dimensional ultrasound. J Perinat Med 2002; 30: 40–47.Google Scholar
172Budorick, NE, Pretorius, DH, Johnson, DD, Nelson, TR, Tartar, MK, Lou, KV. Three-dimensional ultrasonography of the fetal distal lower extremity: normal and abnormal. J Ultrasound Med 1998; 17: 649–60.Google Scholar
173Ruano, R, Molho, M, Roume, J, Ville, Y. Prenatal diagnosis of fetal skeletal dysplasias by combining two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasound and intrauterine three-dimensional helical computer tomography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2004; 24: 134–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
174Wallny, TA, Schild, RL, Fimmers, R, Wagner, UA, Hansmann, ME, Schmitt, O. The fetal spinal canal–a three-dimensional study. Ultrasound Med Biol 1999; 25: 1329–333.Google Scholar
175Johnson, DD, Pretorius, DH, Riccabona, M, Budorick, NE, Nelson, TR. Three-dimensional ultrasound of the fetal spine. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 89: 434–38.Google Scholar
176Lee, W, Chaiworapongsa, T, Romero, R, Williams, R, McNie, B, Johnson, A, Treadwell, M, Comstock, CH. A diagnostic approach for the evaluation of spina bifida by three-dimensional ultrasonography. J Ultrasound Med 2002; 21: 619–26.Google Scholar
177Pretorius, DH, Nelson, TR. Prenatal visualization of cranial sutures and fontanelles with three-dimensional ultrasonography. J Ultrasound Med 1994; 13: 871–76.Google Scholar
178Dikkeboom, CM, Roelfsema, NM, Van Adrichem, LNA, Wladimiroff, JW. The role of three-dimensional ultrasound in visualizing the fetal cranial sutures and fontanels during the second half of pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2004; 24: 412–16.Google Scholar
179Liu, IF, Chang, CH, Yu, CH, Cheng, YC, Chang, FM. Prenatal diagnosis of fetal acrania using three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol 2005; 31: 175–78.Google Scholar
180Faro, C, Wegrzyn, P, Benoit, B, Chaoui, R, Nicolaides, KH. Metopic suture in fetuses with trisomy 21 at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006; 27: 286–89.Google Scholar
181Faro, C, Wegrzyn, P, Benoit, B, Chaoui, R, Nicolaides, KH. Metopic suture in fetuses with holoprosencephaly at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006; 27: 162–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
182Faro, C, Benoit, B, Wegrzyn, P, Chaoui, R, Nicolaides, KH. Three-dimensional sonographic description of the fetal frontal bones and metopic suture. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005; 26: 618–21.Google Scholar
183Lee, W, McNie, B, Chaiworapongsa, T, Conoscenti, G, Kalache, KD, Vettraino, IM, Romero, R, Comstock, CH. Three-dimensional ultrasonographic presentation of micrognathia. J Ultrasound Med 2002; 21: 775–81.Google Scholar
184Michailidis, GD, Papageorgiou, P, Morris, RW, Economides, DL. The use of three-dimensional ultrasound for fetal gender determination in the first trimester. Br J Radiol 2003; 76: 448–51.Google Scholar
185Benoit, B. The value of three-dimensional ultrasonography in the screening of the fetal skeleton. Childs Nerv Syst 2003; 19: 403–409.Google Scholar