Published online by Cambridge University Press: 15 January 2010
The use and method of intrapartum obstetric analgesia has remained controversial since the late 16th Century. In 1591, during the reign of James, VI, Eufame MacCalzean (a Scottish midwife) was the first to attempt pain relief during labour and childbirth. At that time, the provision of pain relief during labour was an unacceptable medical practice due mainly to religious and social objections. Because of these objections, and historical accounts that claimed the midwife had consulted with a witch during the delivery, both MacCalzean and the midwife were found guilty of witchcraft and subsequently executed.