Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-07T02:14:48.228Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Maternal haemodynamics in pregnancy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 October 2008

Henk CS Wallenburg
Henk CS Wallenburg*
Affiliation:
Erasmus University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
*
Professor Henk CS Wallenburg, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology EE 2283, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Research Article
Information
Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review , Volume 2 , Issue 1 , January 1990 , pp. 45 - 66
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1990

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Stirrat, GM. The immunology of hypertension in pregnancy. In: Sharp, F, Symonds, EM eds, Hypertension in pregnancy. Ithaca NY: Perinatology Press, 1987: 249–61.Google Scholar
2 Wallenburg, HCS. Prevention of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. Clin Exp Hypert 1988; B7: 121–37.Google Scholar
3 Perloff, JK. Pregnancy and cardiovascular disease. In: Braunwald, E ed, Heart disease third edition, Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1988: 1848–69.Google ScholarPubMed
4 Ueland, K, Metcalfe, J. Circulatory changes in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1975; 18: 41–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5 De Swiet, M. The cardiovascular system. In: Hytten, F, Chamberlain, G eds, Clinical physiology in obstetrics, Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1980: 3–42.Google Scholar
6 Metcalfe, J, McAnulty, JH, Ueland, K. Cardiovascular physiology. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1981; 24: 693–710.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7 Wallenburg, HCS. Hemodynamics in hypertensive pregnancy. In: Rubin, PC ed, Hypertension in pregnancy. Handbook of hypertension, Volume 10. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1988: 66–101.Google Scholar
8 Hytten, F. Blood volume changes in normal pregnancy. Clin Haematol 1985; 14: 601–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9 Pritchard, JA, Rowland, RC. Blood volume changes in pregnancy and the puerperium. III Whole body and large vessel haematocrits in pregnant and nonpregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1964; 88: 391–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10 Raftery, EB. The methodology of blood pressure recording. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1978; 6: 193–201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11 Raftery, EB, Ward, AP. The indirect method of recording blood pressure. Cardiovasc Res 1968; 2: 210–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12 Hunyor, SN, Flynn, JM, Cochineas, C. Comparison of performance of various sphygmomanometers with intra-arterial blood pressure readings. Br Med J 1978; 2: 159–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13 Conceiçao, W, Ward, MK, Kerr, DNS. Defects in sphygmomanometers: an important source of error in blood pressure recording. Br Med J 1976; 1: 886–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14 O'Brien, E, Fitzgerald, D, O'Malley, K. Blood pressure measurement: current practice and future trends. Br Med J 1985; 290: 729–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15 Murnaghan, GA. Methods of measuring blood pressure and blood pressure variability. In: Sharp, F, Symonds, EM eds, Hypertension in pregnancy, Ithaca NY: Perinatology Press, 1987: 19–28.Google Scholar
16 Kirkendall, WM, Feinleib, M, Fries, ED, Mark, AL. Recommendations for human blood pressure determination by sphygmomanometers. Hypertension 1981; 4: 510A–519A.Google Scholar
17 Wichman, K, Rydn, G, Wichman, M. The influence of different positions and Korotkoff sounds on the blood pressure measurements in pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1984; 118: 25–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18 Davey, DA, MacGillivray, I. The classification and definition of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988; 158: 892–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19 Seligman, S. Which blood pressure? Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1987; 94: 497–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20 Webster, J, Newnham, D, Petrie, JC, Lovell, HG. Influence of arm position in measurement of blood pressure. Br Med J 1984; 288: 1574–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21 Redman, CWG. The definition of preeclampsia. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1984; 169: 7–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22 Swan, HJC, Ganz, W, Forrester, J, Marcus, H, Diamond, G, Chonette, D. Catheterization of the heart in man with use of flow-directed balloon-tipped catheters. N Engl J Med 1970; 283: 447–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23 Buchbinder, N, Ganz, W. Hemodynamic monitoring: invasive techniques. Anesthesiology 1976; 45: 146–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24 Rafferty, TD, Berkowitz, RL. Complications of pulmonary artery catheterization in obstetric patients. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1980; 18: 133–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25 Robin, ED. The cult of the Swan-Ganz catheter. Ann Intern Med 1985; 103: 445–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26 Editorial. Complications of pulmonary artery balloon flotation catheters. Lancet 1983; 1: 37–38.Google Scholar
27 Abdulla, AM, Kavouras, T, Rivas, F, Stefadouros, MA. Determination of mean pulmonary capillary pressure by a noninvasive technique. JAMA 1980; 243: 1539–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28 Askenazi, J, Koenigsberg, DI, Ziegler, JA, Lesch, M. Echocardiographic estimates of pulmonary artery wedge pressure. N Engl J Med 1981; 305: 1566–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29 Mashini, IS, Albazzaz, SJ, Fadel, HE et al. Serial noninvasive evaluation of cardiovascular hemodynamics during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 156: 1208–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30 Cowley, AJ, Stainer, K, Murphy, DT, Murphy, J, Hampton, JR. A non-invasive method for measuring cardiac output: the effect of Christmas lunch. Lancet 1986; 2: 1422–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31 Ehlers, KC, Mylrea, KC, Waterson, CK, Calkins, JM. Cardiac output measurements. A review of current techniques and research. Ann Biomed Eng 1986; 14: 219–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32 Carpenter, JP, Nair, S, Staw, I. Cardiac output determination: thermodilution versus a new computerized Fick method. Crit Care Med 1985; 13: 576–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33 Robinson, PS, Crowther, A, Jenkins, BS, Webb-Peploe, MM, Coltart, DJ. A computerized dichromatic earpiece densitometer for the measurement of cardiac output. Cardiovasc Res 1979; 13: 420–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34 Ganz, W, Donoso, R, Marcus, HS, Forrester, JS, Swan, HJC. A new technique for measurement of cardiac output by thermodilution in man. Am J Cardiol 1971; 27: 392–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35 Levett, JM, Replogle, RL. Thermodilution cardiac output: a critical analysis and review of the literature. J Surg Res 1979; 27: 392–404.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36 Nadeau, S, Noble, WH. Limitations of cardiac output measurements by thermodilution. Can Anaesth Soc J 1986; 33: 780–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37 Kubicek, WG, Karnegis, JN, Patterson, RP, Witsoe, DA, Mattson, RH. Development and evaluation of an impedance cardiac output system. Aerosp Med 1966; 37: 1208–12.Google ScholarPubMed
38 Bernstein, DP. Continuous non-invasive realtime monitoring of stroke volume and cardiac output by thoracic electrical bioimpedance. Crit Care Med 1986; 14: 898–901.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39 De Swiet, M, Talbert, DG. The measurement of cardiac output by electrical impedance plethysmography in pregnancy. Are the assumptions valid? Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1986; 93: 721–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40 Secher, NJ, Arnsbo, P, Heslet, Anderson L, Thomsen, A. Measurements of cardiac stroke volumes in various body positions in pregnancy and during caesarean section: a comparison between thermodilution and impedance cardiography. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1979; 39: 569–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41 Milsom, I, Forssman, L, Dottori, O, Sivertsson, R. Measurement of cardiac stroke volumes by impedance cardiography in the last trimester of pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1983; 62: 473–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42 Feigenbaum, H. Echocardiography. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1981.Google Scholar
43 Kiowski, W, Randall, OS, Steffens, TG, Julius, S. Reliability of echocardiography in assessing cardiac output. A comparative study with a dye-dilution technique. Klin Wochenschr 1981; 59: 1115–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44 Robson, SC, Dunlop, W, Moore, M, Hunter, S. Combined Doppler and echocardiographic measurement of cardiac output: theory and application in pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1987; 94: 1014–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45 Hatle, L, Angelsen, B. Doppler ultrasound in cardiology. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1985.Google Scholar
46 Rawles, JM, Haites, NE. Doppler ultrasound measurement of cardiac output. Br J Hosp Med 1984; 31: 292–97.Google ScholarPubMed
47 Gill, RW. Pulsed doppler with B-mode imaging for quantitative blood flow measurement. Ultrasound Med Biol 1979; 5: 223–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48 Loeppky, JA, Hoekenga, DE, Greene, ER, Luft, UC. Comparison of noninvasive pulsed Doppler and Fick measurement of stroke volume in cardiac patients. Am Heart J 1984; 107: 339–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
49 Lee, W, Rokey, R, Cotton, DB. Noninvasive maternal stroke volume and cardiac output determinations by pulsed Doppler echocardiography. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988; 158: 505–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50 Easterling, TR, Watts, H, Schmucker, EC, Benedetti, TJ. Measurement of cardiac output during pregnancy: validation of Doppler technique and clinical observations in preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 1987; 69: 845–50.Google ScholarPubMed
51 Haites, NE, Mowat, DHR, McLennan, FM, Rawles, JM. How far is the cardiac output? Lancet 1984; 2: 1025–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
52 Haites, NE, McLennan, FM, Mowat, DHR, Rawles, JM. Assessment of cardiac output by the Doppler ultrasound technique alone. Br Heart J 1985; 53: 123–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
53 Hart, MV, Morton, MJ, Hosenpud, JD, Metcalfe, J. Aortic function during normal human pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986; 154: 887–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
54 Fu, C–C, Gerzberg, L. Annular arrays for quantitative pulsed Doppler ultrasonic flowmeters. Ultrason Imaging 1983; 5: 1–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55 Wells, PNT, Skidmore, R. Doppler developments in the last quinquennium. Ultrasound Med Biol 1985; 11: 613–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
56 Guyton, AC. Textbook of medical physiology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 1986.Google Scholar
57 Chesley, LS. Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1978.Google Scholar
58 Lund, CJ, Donovan, JC. Blood volume during pregnancy. Significance of plasma and red cell volume. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1967; 98: 393–403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
59 Rovinsky, JJ, Jaffin, H. Cardiovascular hemodynamics in pregnancy. I Blood and plasma volumes in multiple pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1965; 93: 1–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
60 Longo, LD. Maternal blood volume and cardiac output during pregnancy: a hypothesis of endocrinologic control. Am J Physiol 1983; 245: R720–29.Google ScholarPubMed
61 Ferris, TF. Prostanoids in normal and hypertensive pregnancy. In: Rubin, PC ed, Hypertension in pregnancy. Handbook of hypertension, Volume 10. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1980: 102–17.Google Scholar
62 Taylor, DJ, Lind, T. Red cell mass during and after normal pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1979; 86: 364–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63 De Swiet, M. The respiratory system. In: Hytten, F, Chamberlain, G eds, Clinical physiology in obstetrics, Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1980: 79–100.Google Scholar
64 Christianson, RE. Studies in blood pressure during pregnancy. I. Influence of parity and age. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1976; 125: 509–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
65 Wilson, M, Morganti, AA, Zervoudakis, I et al. Blood pressure, the renin-aldosterone system and sex steroids throughout normal pregnancy. Am J Med 1980; 68: 97–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
66 Margulies, M, Voto, LS, Fescina, R, Lastra, L, Lapidus, AM, Schwarcz, R. Arterial blood pressure standards during normal pregnancy and their relation with mother-fetus variables. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 156: 1105–09.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
67 MacGillivray, I, Rose, GA, Rowe, D. Blood pressure survey in pregnancy. Clin Sci 1969; 37: 395–407.Google ScholarPubMed
68 Dunlop, W. The puerperium. Fetal Med Rev 1989; 1: 43–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
69 Howard, BK, Goodson, JH, Mengert, WF. Supine hypotensive syndrome in late pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1953; 1: 371–77.Google ScholarPubMed
70 Ruff, SC, Mitchell, RH, Murnaghan, GA, Long-term variations of blood pressure rhythms in normotensive pregnancy and preeclampsia. In: Sammour, MB, Symonds, EM, Zuspan, FP, El-Tomi, N eds, Pregnancy hypertension. Cairo: Ain Shams University Press, 1982; 129–43.Google Scholar
71 Mancia, G, Zanchetti, A. Blood pressure variability. In: Zanchetti, A, Tarazi, RC eds, Pathophysiology of hypertension. Handbook of hypertension, Volume 7. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1986: 125–42.Google Scholar
72 Ylikorkala, O, Mäkilä, U-M. Prostacyclin and thromboxane in gynecology and obstetrics. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985; 152: 318–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
73 Friedman, SA. Preeclampsia: a review of the role of prostaglandins. Obstet Gynecol 1988; 71: 122–37.Google ScholarPubMed
74 Chesley, LC, Talledo, OE, Bohler, CS, Zuspan, FP. Vascular reactivity to angiotensin II and norepinephrine in pregnant and nonpregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1965; 91: 837–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
75 Bader, RA, Bader, ME, Rose, DJ, Braunwald, E. Hemodynamics at rest and during exercise in normal pregnancy as studied by cardiac catheterisation. J Clin Invest 1955; 34: 1524–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
76 Scott, DB, Kerr, MG. Inferior vena caval pressure in late pregnancy. J Obstet Gynecol Br Commonw 1963; 70: 1044–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
77 Barwin, BN, Roddie, IC. Venous distensibility during pregnancy determined by graded venous congestion. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1976; 125: 921–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
78 Ikard, RW, Ueland, K, Folse, R. Lower limb venous dynamics in pregnant women. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1971; 132: 483–88.Google ScholarPubMed
79 Robertson, EG, Cheyne, GA. Plasma biochemistry in relation to oedema of pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1972; 769–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
80 Da Luz, PL, Shubin, H, Weil, MH, Jacobsen, E, Stein, L. Pulmonary edema related to changes in colloid osmotic and pulmonary artery wedge pressure after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1975; 51: 350–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
81 Kerr, MG. Cardiovascular dynamics in pregnancy and labour. Br Med Bull 1968; 24: 19–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
82 Veille, JC, Morton, MJ, Burry, KJ. Maternal cardiovascular adaptations to twin pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985; 153: 261–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
83 Campbell, DM, Haites, N, MacLennan, F, Rawles, J. Cardiac output in twin pregnancy. Acta Genet Med Gemellol 1985; 34: 225–28.Google ScholarPubMed
84 Cutforth, R, MacDonald, CB. Heart sounds and murmurs in pregnancy. Am Heart J 1966; 71: 741–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
85 Ueland, K, Novy, MJ, Peterson, EN, Metcalfe, J. Maternal cardiovascular dynamics. IV. The influence of gestational age on the maternal cardiovascular response to posture and exercise. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1969; 104: 856–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
86 Robson, SC, Boyes, R, Dunlop, W, Hunter, S. Haemodynamic changes during early human pregnancy: an M mode and Doppler echocardiographic study. Br Heart J 1987; 57: 584–85.Google Scholar
87 Lees, MM, Taylor, SH, Scott, DB, Kerr, MG. A study of cardiac output at rest throughout pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1967; 74: 499–506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
88 Laird-Meeter, K, Van der Ley, G, Bom, TH, Wladimiroff, JW, Roelandt, J. Cardiocirculatory adjustments during pregnancy: an echocardiographic study. Clin Cardiol 1979; 2: 328–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
89 Katz, R, Karliner, J, Resnik, R. Effects of a natural volume overload state (pregnancy) on left ventricular performance in normal human subjects. Circulation 1978; 58: 434–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
90 Atkins, AFJ, Watt, JM, Milan, P, Davies, P, Crawford, JS. A longitudinal study of cardiovascular dynamic changes throughout pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1981; 12: 215–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
91 Myhrman, P, Granerus, G, Karlsson, K, Lundgren, Y. Cardiac output in normal pregnancy measured by impedance cardiography. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1982; 42: 513–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
92 McLennan, FM, Haites, NE, Rawles, JM. Stroke and minute distance in pregnancy: a longitudinal study using Doppler ultrasound. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1987; 94: 499–506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
93 Lees, MM, Scott, DB, Kerr, MG. The circulatory effects of recumbent postural change in late pregnancy. Clin Sci 1967; 32: 453–65.Google ScholarPubMed
94 Newman, B, Derrington, C, Sore, C. Cardiac output and the recumbent position in late pregnancy. Anaesthesia 1983; 38: 332–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
95 Lotgering, FK, Gilbert, RD, Longo, LD. The interactions of exercise and pregnancy: a review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984; 149: 560–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
96 Ueland, K, Hansen, JM. Maternal cardiovascular dynamics. II. Posture and uterine contractions. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1969; 103: 1-7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
97 Kjeldsen, J. Hemodynamic investigations during labor and delivery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1979; 89 Suppl: 1–252.Google Scholar
98 Lees, MM, Scott, DB, Kerr, MG. Haemodynamic changes associated with labour. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1970; 77: 29–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
99 Ueland, K, Hansen, JM. Maternal cardiovascular dynamics. III. Labor and delivery under local and caudal analgesia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1969; 103: 8–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
100 Ueland, K, Akamatsu, TJ, Eng, M, Bonica, JJ, Hansen, JM. Maternal cardiovascular dynamics. IV. Cesarean section under epidural anesthesia without epinephrine. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1972; 114: 775–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
101 Robson, SC, Dunlop, W, Hunter, S, Boys, R, Bryson, M. Haemodynamic changes associated with caesarean section under epidural anaesthesia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1989; 96: 642–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
102 Robson, SC, Dunlop, W, Hunter, S. Haemodynamic changes during early puerperium. Br Med J 1987; 294: 1065.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
103 Robson, SC, Hunter, S, Moore, M, Dunlop, W. Haemodynamic changes during the puerperium: a Doppler and M-mode echocardiographic study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1987; 94: 1028–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
104 Tanz, RD. Inotropic effects of certain steroids upon heart muscle. Rev Can Biol 1963; 22: 147–63.Google ScholarPubMed
105 Rubler, S, Damani, PM, Pinto, ER. Cardiac size and performance during pregnancy estimated with echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 1977; 40: 534–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
106 Cohen-Overbeek, T, Pearce, JM, Campbell, S. The antenatal assessment of utero-placental and feto-placental blood flow using Doppler ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol 1985; 11: 329–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
107 Schulman, H. The clinical implications of Doppler ultrasound analysis of the uterine and umbilical arteries. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 156: 889–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
108 Griffin, D, Cohen-Overbeek, T, Campbell, S. Fetal and uteroplacental blood flow. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1983; 10: 565–602.Google Scholar
109 Wallenburg, HCS. Modulation and regulation of uteroplacental blood flow. Placenta 1981; Suppl 1: 45–64.Google Scholar
110 Davison, JM. The urinary system. In: Hytten, F, Chamberlain, G eds, Clinical physiology in obstetrics, Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1980: 289–327.Google Scholar
111 Dunlop, W. Serial changes in renal haemodynamics during normal human pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1981; 88: 1–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
112 Dunlop, W, Davison, JM. Renal haemodynamics and tubular function in human pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1987; 1: 769–88.Google ScholarPubMed
113 Davison, JM, Noble, MCB. Serial changes in 24-hour creatinine clearance during normal menstrual cycles and the first trimester of pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1981; 88: 10–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
114 Goldberg, IM, Uhland, H. Heart murmurs in pregnancy: a phonocardiographic study of their development, progression, and regression. Dis Chest 1967; 52: 381–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
115 Tabatznick, B, Randall, TW, Hersch, C. The mammary souffle of pregnancy and lactation. Circulation 1960; 22: 1069–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
116 Turner, AF. The chest radiograph in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1977; 40: 534–40.Google Scholar
117 Carruth, JE, Mivis, SB, Brogan, DR, Wenger, NK. The electrocardiogram in normal pregnancy. Am Heart J 1981; 102: 1075–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
118 Thomson, AM, Hytten, FE, Billewicz, WZ. The epidemiology of oedema during pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1967; 74: 1-10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
119 Robertson, EG. The natural history of oedema during pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1971; 78: 520–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
120 MacGillivray, I. Pre-eclampsia. The hypertensive disease of pregnancy. London: WB Saunders Company, 1983.Google Scholar
121 Sibbai, BM, Anderson, GD, Spinnato, JA, Shaver, DC. Plasma volume findings in patients with mild pregnancy-induced hypertension. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983; 147: 16–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
122 Gallery, EDM, Hunyor, SN, Györy, AZ. Plasma volume contraction: a significant factor in both pregnancy-associated hypertension (pre-eclampsia) and chronic hypertension in pregnancy. Q J Med 1979; 48: 593–602.Google ScholarPubMed
123 Hays, PM, Cruikshank, DP, Dunn, LJ. Plasma volume determination in normal and preeclamptic pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985; 151: 958–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
124 Sagen, N, Koller, O, Haram, K. Haemoconcentration in severe pre-eclampsia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1982; 89: 802–05.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
125 Murphy, JF, Newcombe, RG, O'Riordan, J, Coles, EC, Pearson, JF. Relation of haemoglobin levels in first and second trimester to outcome in pregnancy. Lancet 1986; 1: 992–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
126 Buchan, PC. Preeclampsia – a hyperviscosity syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982; 141: 111–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
127 Stratta, P. Hemorrheological approach to thrombotic microangiopathies. Nephron 1985; 40: 67–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
128 Vosburgh, GJ. Blood pressure, edema and proteinuria in pregnancy. 5. Edema relationships. Prog Clin Biol Res 1976; 7: 155–68.Google ScholarPubMed
129 Wallenburg, HCS. Detecting hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. In: Chalmers, I, Enkin, M, Keirse, MJNC eds, Effective care in pregnancy and childbirth, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989: 382–402.Google Scholar
130 Easterling, TR, Benedetti, TJ. Preeclampsia: a hyperdynamic disease model. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 160: 1447–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
131 Gant, NF, Daley, GL, Chand, S, Whalley, PJ, MacDonald, PC. A study of angiotensin II pressor response throughout primigravid pregnancy. J Clin Invest 1973; 52: 2682–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
132 Wallenburg, HCS, Dekker, GA, Makovitz, JW, Rotmans, P. Low-dose aspirin restores vascular refractoriness in angiotensin-sensitive primigravidae. 1990; submitted for publication.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
133 Weinstein, L. Syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count: a severe consequence of hypertension in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982; 142: 159–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
134 Redman, CWG, Beilin, LJ, Bonnar, J, Wilkinson, RH. Plasma-urate measurement in predicting fetal death in hypertensive pregnancy. Lancet 1976; 1: 1370–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
135 Chesley, LC, Duffus, GM. Preeclampsia, posture and renal function. Obstet Gynecol 1971; 38: 1–5.Google ScholarPubMed
136 Spargo, B, McCartney, CP, Winemiller, R. Glomerular capillary endotheliosis in toxemia of pregnancy. Arch Pathol 1959; 68: 593–99.Google ScholarPubMed
137 Wallenburg, HCS. Changes in the coagulation system and platelets in pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia. In: Sharp, F, Symonds, EM eds, Hypertension in pregnancy, Ithaca NY: Perinatology Press, 1987; 227–48.Google Scholar
138 Lunell, NO, Nylund, L, Lewander, R, Sarby, B. Uteroplacental blood flow in preeclampsia. Measurements with Indium-113 and a computer-linked gamma camera. Clin Exp Hypert 1982; B1: 105–17.Google Scholar