Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-04T21:01:10.185Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Non-invasive molecular biomarkers for predicting outcomes of micro-TESE in patients with idiopathic non-obstructive azoospermia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 June 2022

Dongdong Tang Open the ORCID record for Dongdong Tang [Opens in a new window] ,
Kuokuo Li ,
Xiaojin He Open the ORCID record for Xiaojin He [Opens in a new window] ,
Yan Zhang  and
Yunxia Cao
Dongdong Tang
Affiliation:
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, Anhui, China NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
Kuokuo Li
Affiliation:
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, Anhui, China NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
Xiaojin He*
Affiliation:
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, Anhui, China NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
Yan Zhang*
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, WuHan 430060, Hubei, China
Yunxia Cao*
Affiliation:
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, Anhui, China NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
*
Author for correspondence: Yunxia Cao, E-mail: [email protected]; Yan Zhang, E-mail: [email protected]; Xiaojin He, E-mail: [email protected]
Author for correspondence: Yunxia Cao, E-mail: [email protected]; Yan Zhang, E-mail: [email protected]; Xiaojin He, E-mail: [email protected]
Author for correspondence: Yunxia Cao, E-mail: [email protected]; Yan Zhang, E-mail: [email protected]; Xiaojin He, E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA), the most severe type of male infertility, affects approximately 1% of men worldwide. However, the aetiology of most NOA cases is not definite, that is defined as idiopathic NOA (INOA), posing a clinical conundrum worldwide. Most of these patients must receive donor sperm treatment until the emergence of microdissection testicular sperm extraction (micro-TESE). Although this procedure has recently become a promising treatment for INOA, the low sperm retrieval rate and testicular trauma have prompted us to explore appropriate non-invasive molecular biomarkers to predict the outcomes of sperm recovery preoperatively. Previous studies have identified a spectrum of biomarkers to address this challenging issue at various levels in different tissues, such as DNAs, RNAs, protein and steroid levels in the blood and seminal fluid. To better understand and assess the predictive values of diverse molecular biomarkers from different tissues on the outcome of sperm retrieval by micro-TESE in patients with INOA, we summarised recent findings and discussed the potential applications of these methods. The ultimate goal of this study was to provide references for further studies and clinical management.

Keywords

Azoospermiaidiopathicmale infertilitymicro-TESEmolecular biomarkersnon-obstructiveoutcome
Type
Review
Information
Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine , Volume 24 , 2022 , e22
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

These authors contributed equally to this work.

References

Agarwal, A et al. (2019) Male oxidative stress infertility (MOSI): proposed terminology and clinical practice guidelines for management of idiopathic male infertility. The World Journal of Men's Health 37, 296–312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pagliuca, C et al. (2021) Microbiological evaluation and sperm DNA fragmentation in semen samples of patients undergoing fertility investigation. Genes 12, 654.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Minhas, S et al. (2021) European association of urology guidelines on male sexual and reproductive health: 2021 update on male infertility. European Urology 80, 603–620.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, H et al. (2018) Predictive value of FSH, testicular volume, and histopathological findings for the sperm retrieval rate of microdissection TESE in nonobstructive azoospermia: a meta-analysis. Asian Journal of Andrology 20, 30–36.Google ScholarPubMed
Leifke, E and Nieschlag, E (1996) Male infertility treatment in the light of evidence-based medicine. Andrologia 28(Suppl 1), 23–30.Google ScholarPubMed
Caroppo, E and Colpi, GM (2021) Prediction models for successful sperm retrieval in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia undergoing microdissection testicular sperm extraction: is there any room for further studies? Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, 5538.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kang, C et al. (2021) Reproductive chances of men with azoospermia due to spermatogenic dysfunction. Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, 1400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cannarella, R et al. (2020) Seminal plasma transcriptome and proteome: towards a molecular approach in the diagnosis of idiopathic male infertility. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, 7308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tao, Y (2022) Endocrine aberrations of human nonobstructive azoospermia. Asian Journal of Andrology 24, 274–286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alkandari, MH and Zini, A (2021) Medical management of non-obstructive azoospermia: a systematic review. Arab Journal of Urology 19, 215–220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schlegel, PN (1999) Testicular sperm extraction: microdissection improves sperm yield with minimal tissue excision. Human Reproduction 14, 131–135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hibi, H et al. (2002) Testicular sperm extraction using microdissection for non-obstructive azoospermia. Reproductive Medicine and Biology 1, 31–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corona, G et al. (2019) Sperm recovery and ICSI outcomes in men with non-obstructive azoospermia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Human Reproduction Update 25, 733–757.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oates, RD et al. (2002) Clinical characterization of 42 oligospermic or azoospermic men with microdeletion of the AZFc region of the Y chromosome, and of 18 children conceived via ICSI. Human Reproduction 17, 2813–2824.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hsiao, W et al. (2011) Successful treatment of postchemotherapy azoospermia with microsurgical testicular sperm extraction: the Weill Cornell experience. Journal of Clinical Oncology 29, 1607–1611.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ravizzini, P et al. (2008) Microdissection testicular sperm extraction and IVF-ICSI outcome in nonobstructive azoospermia. Andrologia 40, 219–226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sertkaya, Z et al. (2020) Acute effect of microdissection testicular sperm extraction on blood total testosterone and luteinising hormone levels. Andrologia 52, e13655.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Binsaleh, S et al. (2017) Microdissection testicular sperm extraction in men with nonobstructive azoospermia: experience of King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Urology Annals 9, 136–140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Takada, S et al. (2008) Androgen decline in patients with nonobstructive azoospemia after microdissection testicular sperm extraction. Urology 72, 114–118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donoso, P et al. (2007) Which is the best sperm retrieval technique for non-obstructive azoospermia? A systematic review. Human Reproduction Update 13, 539–549.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ozan, T et al. (2019) Are predictive factors in sperm retrieval and pregnancy rates present in nonobstructive azoospermia patients by microdissection testicular sperm extraction on testicle with a history of orchidopexy operation? Andrologia 51, e13430.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Osaka, A et al. (2020) Testicular volume in non-obstructive azoospermia with a history of bilateral cryptorchidism may predict successful sperm retrieval by testicular sperm extraction. Reproductive Medicine and Biology 19, 372–377.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saber-Khalaf, M et al. (2022) Predictive factors of successful testicular sperm extraction for non-obstructive azoospermia with a history of bilateral cryptorchidism and normal testosterone. Andrologia 54, e14284.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vernaeve, V et al. (2004) Outcome of testicular sperm recovery and ICSI in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia with a history of orchidopexy. Human Reproduction 19, 2307–2312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramasamy, R et al. (2009) Successful fertility treatment for Klinefelter's syndrome. Journal of Urology 182, 1108–1113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ozer, C et al. (2018) Sperm retrieval by microdissection testicular sperm extraction and intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcomes in nonobstructive azoospermic patients with Klinefelter syndrome. Andrologia 50, e12983.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guo, F et al. (2020) Role of treatment with human chorionic gonadotropin and clinical parameters on testicular sperm recovery with microdissection testicular sperm extraction and intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcomes in 184 Klinefelter syndrome patients. Fertility and Sterility 114, 997–1005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, X et al. (2019) Comparison and outcomes of nonobstructive azoospermia patients with different etiology undergoing MicroTESE and ICSI treatments. Translational Andrology and Urology 8, 366–373.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yuen, W et al. (2021) Histology and sperm retrieval among men with Y chromosome microdeletions. Translational Andrology and Urology 10, 1442–1456.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yamaguchi, K et al. (2020) Clinical outcomes of microdissection testicular sperm extraction and intracytoplasmic sperm injection in Japanese men with Y chromosome microdeletions. Reproductive Medicine and Biology 19, 158–163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Majzoub, A et al. (2022) A systemic review and meta-analysis exploring the predictors of sperm retrieval in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia and chromosomal abnormalities. Andrologia 54, e14303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arafa, MM et al. (2015) Outcome of microsurgical testicular sperm extraction in familial idiopathic nonobstructive azoospermia. Andrologia 47, 1062–1067.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, H et al. (2020) Prediction of microdissection testicular sperm extraction outcome in men with idiopathic nonobstruction azoospermia. Medicine 99, e19934.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alfano, M et al. (2017) Anti-Mullerian hormone-to-testosterone ratio is predictive of positive sperm retrieval in men with idiopathic non-obstructive azoospermia. Scientific Reports 7, 17638.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klami, R et al. (2018) Microdissection testicular sperm extraction in Finland – results of the first 100 patients. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 97, 53–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ozkanli, S et al. (2018) The ghrelin and orexin activity in testicular tissues of patients with idiopathic non-obstructive azoospermia. Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences 34, 564–568.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Das, A et al. (2020) Sperm retrieval success and testicular histopathology in idiopathic nonobstructive azoospermia. Asian Journal of Andrology 22, 555–559.Google ScholarPubMed
Yu, Y et al. (2018) Heterogenicity of testicular histopathology and tubules as a predictor of successful microdissection testicular sperm extraction in men with nonobstructive azoospermia. Medicine 97, e10914.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsujimura, A et al. (2006) Salvage microdissection testicular sperm extraction after failed conventional testicular sperm extraction in patients with nonobstructive azoospermia. Journal of Urology 175, 1446–1449.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kalsi, JS et al. (2015) Salvage micro-dissection testicular sperm extraction; outcome in men with non-obstructive azoospermia with previous failed sperm retrievals. BJU International 116, 460–465.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xu, T et al. (2017) Predictors for successful sperm retrieval of salvage microdissection testicular sperm extraction (TESE) following failed TESE in nonobstructive azoospermia patients. Andrologia 49, e12642.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caroppo, E et al. (2021) Intrasurgical parameters associated with successful sperm retrieval in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia undergoing salvage microdissection testicular sperm extraction. Andrology 9, 1864–1871.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matzuk, MM and Lamb, DJ (2008) The biology of infertility: research advances and clinical challenges. Nature Medicine 14, 1197–1213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uhlen, M et al. (2015) Proteomics. Tissue-based map of the human proteome. Science 347, 1260419.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yatsenko, AN et al. (2015) X-linked TEX11 mutations, meiotic arrest, and azoospermia in infertile men. New England Journal of Medicine 372, 2097–2107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sha, Y et al. (2018) A novel TEX11 mutation induces azoospermia: a case report of infertile brothers and literature review. BMC Medical Genomics 19, 63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krausz, C et al. (2020) Genetic dissection of spermatogenic arrest through exome analysis: clinical implications for the management of azoospermic men. Genetics in Medicine 22, 1956–1966.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fakhro, KA et al. (2018) Point-of-care whole-exome sequencing of idiopathic male infertility. Genetics in Medicine 20, 1365–1373.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lima, AC et al. (2015) Rare double sex and mab-3-related transcription factor 1 regulatory variants in severe spermatogenic failure. Andrology 3, 825–833.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kherraf, ZE et al. (2022) Whole-exome sequencing improves the diagnosis and care of men with non-obstructive azoospermia. American Journal of Human Genetics 109, 508–517.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, HJ et al. (2015) Structural and biochemical insights into the role of testis-expressed gene 14 (TEX14) in forming the stable intercellular bridges of germ cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 112, 12372–12377.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gershoni, M et al. (2017) A familial study of azoospermic men identifies three novel causative mutations in three new human azoospermia genes. Genetics in Medicine 19, 998–1006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
An, M et al. (2021) Targeted next-generation sequencing panel screening of 668 Chinese patients with non-obstructive azoospermia. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics 38, 1997–2005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feng, K et al. (2022) Novel exon mutation in SYCE1 gene is associated with non-obstructive azoospermia. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine 26, 1245–1252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tang, D et al. (2021) Novel variants in helicase for meiosis 1 lead to male infertility due to non-obstructive azoospermia. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology: RB&E 19, 129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fabbri-Scallet, H et al. (2020) Mutation update for the NR5A1 gene involved in DSD and infertility. Human Mutation 41, 58–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, Q et al. (1998) Azoospermia associated with a mutation in the ligand-binding domain of an androgen receptor displaying normal ligand binding, but defective trans-activation. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 83, 4303–4309.Google ScholarPubMed
Chen, S et al. (2020) Whole-exome sequencing of a large Chinese azoospermia and severe oligospermia cohort identifies novel infertility causative variants and genes. Human Molecular Genetics 29, 2451–2459.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yatsenko, AN et al. (2006) Non-invasive genetic diagnosis of male infertility using spermatozoal RNA: KLHL10 mutations in oligozoospermic patients impair homodimerization. Human Molecular Genetics 15, 3411–3419.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maor-Sagie, E et al. (2015) Deleterious mutation in SYCE1 is associated with non-obstructive azoospermia. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics 32, 887–891.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schilit, SLP et al. (2020) SYCP2 translocation-mediated dysregulation and frameshift variants cause human male infertility. American Journal of Human Genetics 106, 41–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bolcun-Filas, E et al. (2009) Mutation of the mouse Syce1 gene disrupts synapsis and suggests a link between synaptonemal complex structural components and DNA repair. PLoS Genetics 5, e1000393.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tang, D et al. (2022) Identification of deleterious variants in patients with male infertility due to idiopathic non-obstructive azoospermia. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology: RB&E 20, 63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Macdonald, J et al. (2018) DMRT1 repression using a novel approach to genetic manipulation induces testicular dysgenesis in human fetal gonads. Human Reproduction 33, 2107–2121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nishiwada, S et al. (2021) Transcriptomic profiling identifies an exosomal microRNA signature for predicting recurrence following surgery in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Annals of Surgery. [Epub ahead of print].CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cao, D et al. (2021) Circulating exosomal microRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Hematological Oncology 40, 172–180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zheng, GD et al. (2021) Exosomal miR-590-5p in serum as a biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of gastric cancer. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences 8, 636566.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jamin, SP et al. (2017) EXOSC10/Rrp6 is post-translationally regulated in male germ cells and controls the onset of spermatogenesis. Scientific Reports 7, 15065.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ahmed, N et al. (2016) Cytological study on Sertoli cells and their interactions with germ cells during annual reproductive cycle in turtle. Ecology and Evolution 6, 4050–4064.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, Q et al. (2022) Circulatory exosomal tRF-Glu-CTC-005 and tRF-Gly-GCC-002 serve as predictive factors of successful microdissection testicular sperm extraction in patients with nonobstructive azoospermia. Fertility and Sterility 117, 512–521.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, H et al. (2021) Outcome prediction of microdissection testicular sperm extraction based on extracellular vesicles piRNAs. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics 38, 1429–1439.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xie, Y et al. (2020) A panel of extracellular vesicle long noncoding RNAs in seminal plasma for predicting testicular spermatozoa in nonobstructive azoospermia patients. Human Reproduction 35, 2413–2427.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ji, C et al. (2021) Potential of testis-derived circular RNAs in seminal plasma to predict the outcome of microdissection testicular sperm extraction in patients with idiopathic non-obstructive azoospermia. Human Reproduction 36, 2649–2660.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonaparte, E et al. (2010) ESX1 gene expression as a robust marker of residual spermatogenesis in azoospermic men. Human Reproduction 25, 1398–1403.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pansa, A et al. (2014) ESX1 mRNA expression in seminal fluid is an indicator of residual spermatogenesis in non-obstructive azoospermic men. Human Reproduction 29, 2620–2627.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aslani, F et al. (2011) Seminal molecular markers as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for the evaluation of spermatogenesis in non-obstructive azoospermia. Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine 57, 190–196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hashemi, MS et al. (2020) Could analysis of testis-specific genes, as biomarkers in seminal plasma, predict presence of focal spermatogenesis in non-obstructive azoospermia? Andrologia 52, e13483.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zarezadeh, R et al. (2021) Omics in seminal plasma: an effective strategy for predicting sperm retrieval outcome in non-obstructive azoospermia. Molecular Diagnosis & Therapy 25, 315–325.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Munoz, X et al. (2015) Altered miRNA signature of developing germ-cells in infertile patients relates to the severity of spermatogenic failure and persists in spermatozoa. Scientific Reports 5, 17991.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barcelo, M et al. (2018) Exosomal microRNAs in seminal plasma are markers of the origin of azoospermia and can predict the presence of sperm in testicular tissue. Human Reproduction 33, 1087–1098.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, V et al. (2011) Correlation between testicular sperm extraction outcomes and clinical, endocrine and testicular histology parameters in 120 azoospermic men with normal serum FSH levels. International Journal of Andrology 34, 299–305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boitrelle, F et al. (2011) A predictive score for testicular sperm extraction quality and surgical ICSI outcome in non-obstructive azoospermia: a retrospective study. Human Reproduction 26, 3215–3221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, YP et al. (2020) Follicle-stimulating hormone may predict sperm retrieval rate and guide surgical approach in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia. Reproductive Biology 20, 573–579.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Modarresi, T et al. (2015) Predictive factors of successful microdissection testicular sperm extraction in patients with presumed Sertoli cell-only syndrome. International Journal of Fertility & Sterility 9, 107–112.Google ScholarPubMed
Tsujimura, A et al. (2004) Prediction of successful outcome of microdissection testicular sperm extraction in men with idiopathic nonobstructive azoospermia. Journal of Urology 172, 1944–1947.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yucel, C et al. (2018) Predictive factors of successful salvage microdissection testicular sperm extraction (mTESE) after failed mTESE in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia: long-term experience at a single institute. Archivio Italiano di Urologia, Andrologia 90, 136–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cetinkaya, M et al. (2015) Evaluation of microdissection testicular sperm extraction results in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia: independent predictive factors and best cutoff values for sperm retrieval. Urology Journal 12, 2436–2443.Google ScholarPubMed
Eken, A and Gulec, F (2018) Microdissection testicular sperm extraction (micro-TESE): predictive value of preoperative hormonal levels and pathology in non-obstructive azoospermia. Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences 34, 103–108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Enatsu, N et al. (2016) Predictive factors of successful sperm retrieval on microdissection testicular sperm extraction in Japanese men. Reproductive Medicine and Biology 15, 29–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramasamy, R et al. (2013) A comparison of models for predicting sperm retrieval before microdissection testicular sperm extraction in men with nonobstructive azoospermia. Journal of Urology 189, 638–642.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsujimura, A (2007) Microdissection testicular sperm extraction: prediction, outcome, and complications. International Journal of Urology 14, 883–889.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silber, SJ et al. (1996) Normal pregnancies resulting from testicular sperm extraction and intracytoplasmic sperm injection for azoospermia due to maturation arrest. Fertility and Sterility 66, 110–117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernie, AM et al. (2013) Predictive factors of successful microdissection testicular sperm extraction. Basic and Clinical Andrology 23, 5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hung, AJ et al. (2007) Uniform testicular maturation arrest: a unique subset of men with nonobstructive azoospermia. Journal of Urology 178, 608–612.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bohring, C et al. (2002) Serum levels of inhibin B and follicle-stimulating hormone may predict successful sperm retrieval in men with azoospermia who are undergoing testicular sperm extraction. Fertility and Sterility 78, 1195–1198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ballesca, JL et al. (2000) Serum inhibin B determination is predictive of successful testicular sperm extraction in men with non-obstructive azoospermia. Human Reproduction 15, 1734–1738.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vernaeve, V et al. (2002) Serum inhibin B cannot predict testicular sperm retrieval in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia. Human Reproduction 17, 971–976.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meachem, SJ et al. (2001) Inhibin B in male reproduction: pathophysiology and clinical relevance. European Journal of Endocrinology 145, 561–571.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, V et al. (2010) Seminal plasma levels of anti-Mullerian hormone and inhibin B are not predictive of testicular sperm retrieval in nonobstructive azoospermia: a study of 139 men. Fertility and Sterility 94, 2147–2150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mostafa, T et al. (2007) Seminal plasma anti-Mullerian hormone level correlates with semen parameters but does not predict success of testicular sperm extraction (TESE). Asian Journal of Andrology 9, 265–270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aboukhshaba, A et al. (2021) Anti-Mullerian hormone level as a predictor of sperm retrieval with microdissection testicular sperm extraction in nonobstructive azoospermia. Andrologia 53, e14220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fukuda, T et al. (2016) Seminal level of clusterin in infertile men as a significant biomarker reflecting spermatogenesis. Andrologia 48, 1188–1194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caroppo, E and Colpi, GM (2021) Hormonal treatment of men with nonobstructive azoospermia: what does the evidence suggest? Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, 387.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reifsnyder, JE et al. (2012) Role of optimizing testosterone before microdissection testicular sperm extraction in men with nonobstructive azoospermia. Journal of Urology 188, 532–536.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Althakafi, SA et al. (2017) Serum testosterone levels and other determinants of sperm retrieval in microdissection testicular sperm extraction. Translational Andrology and Urology 6, 282–287.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lima, TFN et al. (2020) Serum 17-Hydroxyprogesterone is a potential biomarker for evaluating intratesticular testosterone. Journal of Urology 204, 551–556.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed