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Calculators – How to Get the Answers Right

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 October 2008

K. Ryder
Affiliation:
Statistics Department, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts., AL5 2JQ, England

Summary

Most scientists now own, or have access to, an electronic calculator and appear to have absolute faith in the answers it gives. However, these calculators have design limitations which for some data sets will affect the accuracy of the calculations and so produce incorrect results. In statistics work, corrected sums of squares and products, needed for Analyses of Variance and Regression Analyses, can be affected. The first two sections of this paper describe these limitations and illustrate how they can affect the result of calculating the variance of a particular data set. A simple procedure is then described that will help overcome the problem. Finally, in anticipaion that the micro-computer will eventually replace the calculator as the main mathematical tool, a more general procedure is given for calculating the sums of squares and products.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1983

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References

Greenfield, T. & Siday, S. (1980). Statistical computing for business and industry. The Statistician 29:3356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Welford, B. P. (1962).Note on a method for calculating correctedsum of squares and products. Technometrics 4:419420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar