Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-03T23:00:45.378Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

AN INTEGRATED ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION FRAMEWORK FOR DEVELOPING AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH: SYNERGIES AND TRADE-OFFS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 March 2011

ANDY JARVIS ,
CHARLOTTE LAU ,
SIMON COOK ,
EVA WOLLENBERG ,
JAMES HANSEN ,
OSANA BONILLA  and
ANDY CHALLINOR
ANDY JARVIS*
Affiliation:
International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) Km 17, Recta Cali-Palmira, Apartado Aéreo 6713, Cali, Colombia CGIAR Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security
CHARLOTTE LAU
Affiliation:
International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) Km 17, Recta Cali-Palmira, Apartado Aéreo 6713, Cali, Colombia CGIAR Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security
SIMON COOK
Affiliation:
CGIAR Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security
EVA WOLLENBERG
Affiliation:
CGIAR Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security University of Vermont, 617 Main Street, Burlington, Vermont, 05405, USA
JAMES HANSEN
Affiliation:
International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) Km 17, Recta Cali-Palmira, Apartado Aéreo 6713, Cali, Colombia International Research Institute for Climate and Society, The Earth Institute, Columbia University and Palisades, New York, USA
OSANA BONILLA
Affiliation:
International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) Km 17, Recta Cali-Palmira, Apartado Aéreo 6713, Cali, Colombia CGIAR Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security
ANDY CHALLINOR
Affiliation:
CGIAR Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security University of Leeds. Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
*
§Corresponding author. [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Global food security is under threat by climate change, and the impacts fall disproportionately on resource-poor small producers. With the goal of making agricultural and food systems more climate-resilient, this paper presents an adaptation and mitigation framework. A road map for further agricultural research is proposed, based on the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security. We propose a holistic, integrated approach that takes into account trade-offs and feedbacks between interventions. We divide the agenda into four research areas, three tackling risk management, accelerated adaptation and emissions mitigation, and the fourth facilitating adoption of research outputs. After reviewing specific technical, agronomic and policy options for reducing climate change vulnerability, we acknowledge that science and good-faith recommendations do not necessarily translate into effective and timely actions. We therefore outline impediments to behavioural change and propose that future research overcomes these obstacles by linking the right institutions, instruments and scientific outputs. Food security research must go beyond its focus on production to also examine food access and utilization issues. Finally, we conclude that urgent action is needed despite the uncertainties, trade-offs and challenges.

Type
Research Article
Information
Experimental Agriculture , Volume 47 , Special Issue 2: Assessing and Addressing Climate-induced Risk in Sub-Saharan Rainfed Agriculture , April 2011 , pp. 185 - 203
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Adger, W. N., Huq, S., Brown, K., Conway, D. and Hulme, M. (2003). Adaptation to climate change in the developing world. Progress in Development Studies 3:179–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aggarwal, P. K. and Mall, R. K. (2002). Climate change and rice yields in diverse agro-environments of India. II. Effects of uncertainties in scenarios and crop models on impact assessment. Climate Change 52:331–343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allison, E. H. and Horemans, B. (2006). Putting the principles of the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach into fisheries development policy and practice. Marine Policy 30:757–766.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allison, E. H., Andrew, N. L. and Oliver, J. (2007). Enhancing the resilience of inland fisheries and aquaculture systems to climate change. Journal of Semi-Arid Tropical Agricultural Research 4 (1). Available from: http://ejournal.icrisat.org/specialproject.htm [Accessed 7 February 2011].Google Scholar
Arndt, C. and Bacou, M. (2000). Economy wide effects of climate variability and prediction in Mozambique, American Journal of Agricultural Economics 82:750–754.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balfour, F. (2008). Understanding the global rice crisis. Bloomberg Businessweek, 28 April 2008.Google Scholar
Barrett, C. B., Barnett, B. J., Carter, M. R., Chantarat, S., Hansen, J. W., Mude, A. G., Osgood, D. E., Skees, J. R., Turvey, C. G. and Ward, M. N. (2007). Poverty traps and climate and weather risk: Limitations and opportunities of index-based risk financing. IRI Technical Report 07–03.Google Scholar
Barrett, C. B., Bezuneh, M. and Aboud, A. (2001). Income diversification, poverty traps and policy shocks in Cote d'Ivoire and Kenya. Food Policy 26:367–384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beddington, J. (2010). Food security: Contributions from science to a new and greener revolution, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 365:61–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bennett, J. (2003). Opportunities for increasing water productivity of CGIAR crops through plant breeding and molecular biology. In Water Productivity in Agriculture: Limits and Opportunities for Improvement (Eds Kijne, J. W., Barker, R. and Molden, D.). CAB International.Google Scholar
Butt, T. A., McCarl, B. A., Angerer, J., Dyke, P. T. and Stuth, J. W. (2005). The economic and food security implications of climate change in Mali, Climatic Change 68:355–378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, B., Jürgen, H., Sayer, J., Ann, S., Richard, T. and Wollenberg, E. (2006a). What kind of research and development is needed for natural resource management? Water International 31:343–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, B., Jürgen, H., Sayer, J., Ann, S., Richard, T. and Wollenberg, E. (2006b). Navigating amidst complexity: Guide to implementing effective research and development to improve livelihoods and the environment. Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia.Google Scholar
Carter, M. R. and Barrett, C. B. (2006). The economics of poverty traps and persistent poverty: An asset-based approach. Journal of Development Studies 42:178–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Challinor, A. J., Wheeler, T. R., Craufurd, P. Q., Ferro, C. A. T. and Kassam, A. (2007). Assessing the vulnerability of food crop systems in Africa to climate change, Climatic Change 83:381–399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dercon, S. (2004). Growth and shocks: Evidence from rural Ethiopia, Journal of Development Economics 74:309–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dixit, P. N., Cooper, P. J. M., Rao, K. P. and Dimes, J. (2011). Adding value to field-based agronomic research through climate risk assessment: A case study of maize production in Kitale, Kenya. Experimental Agriculture 47:317–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Easterling, W. E., Aggarwal, P. K., Batima, P., Brander, K. M., Erda, L., Howden, S. M., Kirilenko, A., Morton, J., Soussana, J.-F., Schmidhuber, J. and Tubiello, F. N. (2007). Food, fibre and forest products. In Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 273–313 (Eds Parry, M. L., Canziani, O. F., Palutikof, J. P., van der Linden, P. J. and Hanson, C. E.), Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Easterling, W. E., Chhetri, N. and Niu, X. Z. (2003). Improving the realism of modeling agronomic adaptation to climate change: simulating technological submission. Climatic Change 60:149–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The Economist (2010). Don't starve thy neighbor: How to rebuild confidence in food markets after this summer's spike in wheat prices. The Economist, 9 September 2010.Google Scholar
Eriksen, P. J. (2009). Conceptualizing food systems for global environmental change research. Global Environmental Change 18: 234–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FAO (2000). Global forest resources assessment. FAO Forestry Paper 140, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.Google Scholar
FAO (2006). World Agriculture: towards 2030/2050. Interim Report, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.Google Scholar
Farrow, F., Musoni, D., Cook, S. and Buruchara, R. (2011). Assessing the risk of root rots in common beans in East Africa using simulated, estimated and observed daily rainfall data. Experimental Agriculture 47:357–373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gathenya, M., Mwangi, H., Coe, R. and Sang, J.. (2011). Climate- and land use-induced risks to watershed services in the Nyando River Basin, Kenya. Experimental Agriculture 47:339–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Global Environmental Change and Human Health (2007). Science Plan and Implementation Strategy. Earth System Science Partnership (DIVERSITAS, IGBP, IHDP, and WCRP) Report No. 4; Global Environmental Change and Human Health Report No. 1.Google Scholar
Haile, M. (2005). Weather patterns, food security and humanitarian response in sub-Saharan Africa. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 360:2169–2182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hansen, J. W., Baethgen, W., Osgood, D., Ceccato, P. and Ngugi, R. K. (2007). Innovations in climate risk management: protecting and building rural livelihoods in a variable and changing climate. Journal of SemiArid Tropical Agricultural Research 4 (1). Available from: http://ejournal.icrisat.org/specialproject.htm [Accessed 7 February 2011].Google Scholar
Hansen, J. W., Challinor, A., Ines, A. V. M., Wheeler, T. and Moron, V. (2006b). Translating climate forecasts into agricultural terms: advances and challenges, Climate Research 33:27–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, J. W., Mason, S. J., Sun, L. and Tall, A. (2011). Review of seasonal climate forecasting for agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa. Experimental Agriculture 47:205–240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, H. S. J., Mjelde, J. W., Love, H. A., Rubas, D. J., Fuller, S. W., Rosenthal, W. and Hammer, G. (2004). Implications of seasonal climate forecasts on world wheat trade: a stochastic, dynamic analysis. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics 52:289–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howden, S. M., Soussana, J. F., Tubiello, F. N., Chhetri, N., Dunlop, M. and Meinke, H. (2007). Adapting agriculture to climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104:19691–19696.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). In Climate Change 2007: Fourth Assessment Report, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jackson, L. E., Pascual, U. and Hodgkin, T. (2007). Utilizing and conserving agrobiodiversity in agricultural landscapes. Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment 121:196–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, P. G. and Thornton, P. K. (2003). The potential impacts of climate change on maize production in Africa and Latin America in 2055. Global Environmental Change 13:51–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, R. J. T., Huq, S., Denton, F., Downing, T. E., Richels, R. G., Robinson, J. B., Toth, F. L. (2007). Inter-relationships between adaptation and mitigation; in Climate Change 2007: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Eds Parry, M. L., Canziani, O. F., Palutikof, J. P., van der Linden, P. J. and Hanson, C. E.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lal, R. (2004). Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security. Science 304:1623–1627.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lambrou, Y. and Nelson, S. (2010). Farmers in a changing climate: Does gender matter? Food security in Andhra Pradesh, India. FAO. Rome, Italy.Google Scholar
Matson, P., Parton, W., Power, A. and Swift, M. (1997). Agricultural intensification and ecosystem properties. Science 277:504–509.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McPeak, J. G. and Barrett, C. B. (2001). Differential risk exposure and stochastic poverty traps among East African pastoralists. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 83:674–679.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moorhead, A. (2009). Climate, agriculture and food security: A strategy for change. Alliance of the CGIAR Centers.Google Scholar
Moser, S. C. and Dilling, L. (eds). (2007). Creating a Climate for Change: Communicating Climate Change and Facilitating Social Change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murgueitio, E., Zoraida, C., Uribe, F., Calle, A. and Solorio, B. (2010). Native trees and shrubs for the productive rehabilitation of tropical cattle ranching lands. Forest Ecology and Management doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2010.09.027Google Scholar
Negra, C. and Wollenberg, E. (2011). Lessons from REDD+ for Agriculture. CCAFS Report no. 4. The CGIAR Research Program, Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). Copenhagen, Denmark.Google Scholar
Oba, G. (2001). The importance of pastoralists’ indigenous coping strategies for planning drought management in the arid zone of Kenya. Nomadic Peoples 5:89–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orlove, B., Broad, S. K. and Petty, A. M. (2004). Factors that influence the use of climate forecasts. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 85:1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ortiz, R., Sayre, K. D., Govaerts, B., Gupta, R., Subbarao, G. V., Ban, T., Hodson, D., Dixon, J. M., Iván Ortiz-Monasterio, J. and Reynolds, M. (2008). Climate change: Can wheat beat the heat? Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 126:46–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osbahr, H., Dorward, P., Stern, R. D. and Cooper, S. J. (2011). Supporting agricultural innovation in Uganda to respond to climate risk: linking climate change and variability with farmer perceptions. Experimental Agriculture 47: 293–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ouma, R., Mude, A. and van de Steeg, J. (2011). Dealing with climate-related risks: some pioneering ideas for enhanced pastoral risk management in Africa. Experimental Agriculture. 47:375–393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parry, M., Rosenzweig, C. and Livermore, M. (2005). Climate change, global food supply and risk of hunger. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 360:2125–2138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parry, M. L., Canziani, O. F., Palutikof, J. P., Van Der Linden, P. J. and Hanson, C. E., eds. (2007). Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the International Panel on Climate Change (Eds Parry, M. L., Canziani, O. F., Palutikof, J. P., van der Linden, P. J. and Hanson, C. E.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Patt, A. G., Ogallo, L. and Hellmuth, M. (2007). Learning from 10 years of climate outlook forums in Africa. Science 318:49–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pretty, J. N., Low, P. J., Ellis, J. R. and Hine, R. E. (2003). Reducing food poverty by increasing agricultural sustainability in developing countries. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 95:217–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rao, K. P. C., Ndegwa, W. G., Kizito, K. and Oyoo, A. (2011). Climate variability and change: Farmer perceptions and understanding of intra-seasonal variability in rainfall and associated risk in semi-arid Kenya. Experimental Agriculture 47: 267–291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raiffa, H. (1968). Decision Analysis: Introductory Lectures on Choices under Uncertainty. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Roncoli, C. (2006). Ethnographic and participatory approaches to research on farmers’ responses to climate predictions. Climate Research 33:81–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenzweig, M. R. and Binswanger, H. P. (1993). Wealth, weather risk, and the composition and profitability of agricultural investments. The Economic Journal 103:56–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santos, P. and Barrett, C. B. (2006). Informal insurance in the presence of poverty traps: Evidence from southern Ethiopia. USAID.Google Scholar
Schmidhuber, J. and Tubiello, F. N. (2007). Global food security under climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104:19703–19708.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, P., Martino, D. Cai, Z., Gwary, D., Janzen, H., Kumar, P., McCarl, B., Ogle, S., O'Mara, F., Rice, C., Scholes, B., Sirotenko, O., Howden, M., McAllister, T., Pan, G., Romanenkov, V., Schneider, U., Towprayoon, S., Wattenbach, M. and Smith, J. (2008). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 363:798–813.Google Scholar
Stern, R. D. and Cooper, P. J. M. (2011). Assessing climate risk and climate change using rainfall data – a case study from Zambia. Experimental Agriculture 47:241–266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoorvogel, J. J., Antle, J. M., Crissman, C. C. and Bowen, W. (2004). The tradeoff analysis moel: Integrated biophysical and economic modeling of agricultural production systems. Agricultural Systems 80:43–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, R. J., de Pauw, E., Qadir, M., Amri, A., Pala, M., Yahyaoui, A., El-Bouhssini, M., Baum, M., Iñiguez, L. and Shideed, K. (2007). Increasing the resilience of dryland agro-ecosystems to climate change. Journal of Semi-Arid Tropical Agricultural Research 4 (1). Available from: http://ejournal.icrisat.org/specialproject.htm [Accessed 7 February 2011].Google Scholar
Travasso, M. I., Magrin, G. O., Baethgen, W. E., Castaño, J. P., Rodriguez, G. R., Pires, J. L., Gimenez, A., Cunha, G. and Fernandes, M. (2006). Adaptation measures for maize and soybean in south eastern South America. AIACC Working Paper No. 28.Google Scholar
Tubiello, F., Schmidhuber, J., Howden, M., Neofotis, P. G., Park, S., Fernandes, E. and Thapa, D. (2008). Climate change response strategies for agriculture: challenges and opportunities for the 21st century. Agriculture and Rural Development Discussion Paper 42. World Bank.Google Scholar
van Kerkhoff, L. and Lebel, L. (2006). Linking knowledge and action for sustainable development. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 31:445–477.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verchot, L. V. (2007). Opportunities for climate change mitigation in agriculture and investment requirements to take advantage of these opportunities. A Report to the UNFCCC Secretariat Financial and Technical Support Programme. Nairobi, Kenya.Google Scholar
Vogel, C. and O'Brien, K. (2006). Who can eat information? Examining the effectiveness of seasonal climate forecasts and regional climate-risk management strategies. Climate Research 33:111–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vogel, C. H., Moser, S. C., Kasperson, R. E., and Dabelko, G. D. (2007). Linking vulnerability, adaptation, and resilience science to practice: Pathways, players, and partnerships. Global Environmental Change 17:349–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wassmann, R. and Dobermann, A. (2007). Climate change adaptation through rice production in regions with high poverty levels. Journal of Semi-Arid Tropical Agricultural Research 4 (1). Available from: http://ejournal.icrisat.org/specialproject.htm [Accessed 7 February 2011].Google Scholar
Wassman, R., Hosen, Y. and Sumeth, K. (2009). Reducing methane emissions from irrigated rice. In Agriculture and Climate Change: An Agenda for Negotiation in Copenhagen. 2020 Vision Policy Focus 16 (Ed. Nelson, G.). IFPRI, Washington, D.C. Brief 3.Google Scholar
Working Group II (2007). Climate change 2007: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the International Panel on Climate Change (Eds Parry, M. L., Canziani, O. F., Palutikof, J. P., van der Linden, P. J. and Hanson, C. E.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ziervogel, G. and Zermoglio, F. (2009). Climate change scenarios and the development of adaptation strategies in Africa: challenges and opportunities. Climate Research 40:133–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zimmerman, F. and Carter, M. (2003). Asset smoothing, consumption smoothing and the reproduction of inequality under risk and subsistence constraints, Journal of Development Economics 71:233–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar