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The experimental observations and techniques upon which the ‘Recombinant DNA’ revolution was founded are introduced; these often came from esoteric research, but nevertheless have promoted a dramatic change in both biotechnology and our molecular understanding of eukaryotic organisms. The basic approaches to the cloning and analysis of foreign genes in E. coli are described, followed by some indication of how the technologies continue to evolve, thereby enabling the current attack on major problems in agriculture and medicine.