Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-06T07:47:31.489Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Civil War, Genocide and Beyond: How to Re-found the Narrative Framework on the Destruction of the Spanish Democratic Republic after 1936

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 May 2020

Pablo Sánchez León*
Affiliation:
CHAM-Nova FCSH, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida de Berna, 26-C / 1069-061 Lisboa, Portugal. Email: [email protected]

Abstract

This article contends that the category of civil war is not suitable for studying the massacres of civilians during the Spanish 1936–1039 war and its aftermath. In trying to build an alternative narrative for the understanding of the destruction of the democratic republic of 1931 founded on the human rights paradigm, an analytical framework is devised based on the deficit in deliberation processes allowing for the re-classification of social constituencies as ontological enemies. By showing that the repression by Franco's followers supplemented institutional logics and rationalities from colonial warfare and religious wars, the article also provides insights for a qualitative differentiation in repression between the two contending sides.

Type
Articles
Copyright
© Academia Europaea 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agamben, G (1998) Homo Sacer. Sovereign Power and Bare Life. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agamben, G (2000) Means without Ends. Notes on Politics. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Agamben, G (2015) Stasis: Civil War as a Political Paradigm. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aguilar, P (1997) Collective memory of the Spanish civil war: the case of the political amnesty in the Spanish transition to democracy. Democratization 4(4), 88109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aguilar, P (2001) Justice, politics and memory in the Spanish Transition. In Barahona, A, González, C and Aguilar, P (eds), The Politics of Memory: Transitional Justice in Democratizing Societies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 92118.Google Scholar
Aguilar, P and Payne, L (2016) Revealing New Truths about Spain's Violent Past: Perpetrator's Confessions and Victim Exhumations. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Álvarez Chillida, G (2002) El antisemitismo en España. La imagen del judío (1812-2002). Madrid: Marcial Pons.Google Scholar
Álvarez Tardío, M (2011) The CEDA: threat or opportunity? In Álvarez Tardío, M and Rey Reguillo, F del (eds), The Spanish Second Republic Revisited: From Democratic Hopes to the Civil War (1931-1936). Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, pp. 5879.Google Scholar
Álvarez Tardío, M and Rey Reguillo, F del (eds) (2011) The Spanish Second Republic Revisited: From Democratic Hopes to the Civil War (1931-1936). Brighton: Sussex Academic Press.Google Scholar
Armitage, D (2017) Civil War: A History in Ideas. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Balfour, S (2002) Deadly Embrace. Morocco and the Road to the Spanish Civil War. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Blinkhorn, M (1975) Carlism and Crisis in Spain, 1931-1939. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blinkhorn, M (1986) Conservatism, Traditionalism and Fascism in Spain, 1898–1937. In Blinkhorn, M (ed), Fascists and Conservatives. The Radical Right and the establishment in Twentieth-Century Europe. London: Routledge, pp. 118138.Google Scholar
Bruce, S (2000) Fundamentalism. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Cacciari, M (2009) The Unpolitical: The Radical Critique of Political Reason. New York: Fordham University Press.Google Scholar
Casanova, J (2004) Matar, morir, sobrevivir: la violencia en la España de Franco. Barcelona: Crítica.Google Scholar
Casanova, J (2010) The Spanish Republic and Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapoutot, J (2016) La révolution culturelle nazie. Paris: Gallimard.Google Scholar
Cohen, J (2007) Deliberative democracy. In Rosenberg, SW (ed.), Deliberation, Participation and Democracy: Can the People Govern? Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 219236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cruz, R (2006) En el nombre del pueblo. República, rebelión y guerra en la España de 1936. Madrid: Siglo XXI.Google Scholar
Cruz, R (2013) De las guerras civiles en la España de los años treinta. Hispania Nova 11, 196214. Available at http://hispanianova.rediris.es/11/HN2013.pdf (accessed 10 December 2019).Google Scholar
Della Porta, D (2013) Can Democracy Be Saved? Participation, Deliberation and Social Movements. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Douglas, M (2002) Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Dryzek, JS (2000) Deliberative Democracy and Beyond: Liberals, Critics, Contestations. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Espinosa Maestre, F (2010) Violencia roja y azul. España: 1936-1950. Barcelona: Crítica.Google Scholar
Esposito, R (2008) Bíos. Biopolitics and Philosophy. London and Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press), esp. pp. 4577.Google Scholar
Esposito, R (2011) Immunitas: The Protection and Negation of Life. Oxford: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Faber, S, Izquierdo Martín, J and Sánchez León, P (2011) El poder de contar y el paraíso perdido. Polémicas públicas y construcción colectiva de la memoria en España. Política y Sociedad 48(3), 463480.Google Scholar
Feierstein, D (2016) Introducción a los estudios sobre genocidio. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica.Google Scholar
Fernández de la Mata, I (2017) Rude awakening. Franco's mass graves and the decomposition of Spanish Transition dream. In Ferrán, O and Hilbink, L (eds), Legacies of Violence in Contemporary Spain: Exhuming the Past, Understanding the Present. New York and London: Routledge, pp. 121147.Google Scholar
Ferrándiz, F (2008) Cries and whispers: exhuming and narrating the past in Spain today. Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies 9(2), 177192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferrándiz, F (2014) El pasado bajo tierra: exhumaciones contemporáneas de la Guerra civil. Barcelona: Anthropos.Google Scholar
Ferrer, A and Sánchez-Biosca, V (2019) En la selva oscura: introducción a loa estudios sobre perpetradores. In Ferrer, V and Sánchez-Biosca, V (eds), El infierno de los perpetradores. Imágenes, relatos y conceptos. Barcelona: Bellaterra, pp. 1152.Google Scholar
Freeden, M (2006) Ideology and Political Theory: A Conceptual Approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fritz, SG (2011) Ostkrieg: Hitler's War of Extermination in the East. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.Google Scholar
Gallego, F (2014) El evangelio fascista: La formación de la cultura política del franquismo (1930-1950). Barcelona: Crítica.Google Scholar
Garaudy, R (1990) Intégrismes. Paris: Belfond.Google Scholar
Gómez López-Quiñones, A (2006) La guerra persistente. Memoria, violencia y utopía: representaciones contemporáneas de la Guerra Civil Española. Madrid: Iberoamericana/Vervuert.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
González-Ruibal, A (2012) From the battlefield to the labour camp: archaeology of civil war and dictatorship in Spain. Antiquity 86, 456473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
González-Ruibal, A (2016) Volver a las trincheras. Una arqueología de la Guerra civil española. Madrid: Alianza.Google Scholar
Gutmann, A and Thompson, DF (1999) Democratic disagreement. In Macedo, S (ed.), Deliberative Politics. Essays on Democracy and Disagreement. London and New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 243280.Google Scholar
Haslam, N (2013) What is dehumanization? In Bain, PG, Vaes, J and Leyens, J-Ph (eds), Humanness and Dehumanization. New York: Psychology Press, pp. 3448.Google ScholarPubMed
Iggers, GG (1997) Historiography in the Twentieth Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.Google Scholar
Juliá, S (1999) Víctimas de la Guerra civil española. Madrid: Temas de Hoy.Google Scholar
Juliá, S (2006) Bajo el imperio de la memoria. Revista de Occidente 302/303, 720.Google Scholar
Juliá, S (2011) Elogio de historia en tiempo de memoria. Madrid: Marcial Pons.Google Scholar
Kalyvas, SN (2007) Civil wars. In Boix, C and Stokes, S (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 416434.Google Scholar
Kalyvas, SN (2008) Ethnic defection in civil war. Comparative Political Studies 41(8), 10431068 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalyvas, SN and Balcells, L (2014) Does warfare matter? Severity, duration, and outcomes of civil wars. Journal of Conflict Resolution 58(8), 13901418.Google Scholar
Koselleck, R (2004) Futures Past. On the Semantics of Historical Time. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
La Capra, D (2000) Writing History, Writing Trauma. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
La Porte, J (2004) Natural Kinds and Conceptual Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ledesma, JL (2005) La ‘santa ira popular’ del 36: la violencia en Guerra civil y revolución, entre cultura y política. In Ledesma, JL, Muñoz Soro, J and Rodrigo, J (coords.) Culturas y políticas de la violencia: España, siglo XX. Madrid: Siete Mares, pp. 147192.Google Scholar
Ledesma, JL (2008) Total war behind the frontlines? An inquiry into the violence on the republican side in the Spanish Civil War. In Baumeister, M and Schüler-Springorum, S (eds), ‘If You Tolerate This…’ The Spanish Civil War in the Age of Total Wars. Frankfurt, New York: Campus, pp. 154168.Google Scholar
Lemkin, R (1946) Genocide. American Scholar 15(2), pp. 227230.Google Scholar
Lewy, G (2017) Perpetrators: The World of the Holocaust Killers. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Macedo, S (1995) Liberal civic education and religious fundamentalism: the case of God v. John Rawls. Ethics 105(3), 468496.Google Scholar
Mann, M (2005) The Dark Side of Democracy. Explaining Ethnic Cleansing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mbembe, A (2003) Necropolitics. Public Culture 15(1), 1140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miguez Macho, A (2013) A genealogy of genocide in Francoist Spain. Genocide Studies and Prevention 8(1), 2132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mouffe, C (1999) Deliberative democracy or agonistic pluralism? Social Research 66(3), 745758.Google Scholar
Núñez-Seixas, XM (2005) Nations in arms against the invader: on nationalist discourses during the Spanish Civil War. In Ch, Ealham and Richards, M (eds), The Splintering of Spain: Cultural History and the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 4567.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Núñez-Seixas, XM (2010) Del ruso virtual al ruso real: el extranjero imaginado del nacionalismo franquista. In Núñez-Seixas, JM and Sevillano Calero, F (eds), Los enemigos de España: imagen del otro, conflictos bélicos y disputas nacionales (siglos XVI-XX). Madrid: Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales, pp. 233265.Google Scholar
O’Flynn, I (2006) Deliberative Democracy and Divided Societies. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oviedo Silva, D and Pérez-Olivares, A (eds) (2016) Madrid, una ciudad en guerra (1936-1948). Madrid: Libros de la Catarata.Google Scholar
Pizzorno, A (1987) Politics unbound. In Maier, CS (ed.), Changing Boundaries of the Political. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 2762.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pizzorno, A (1993) Le radici della politica assoluta e altre saggi. Milano: Feltrinelli.Google Scholar
Preston, P (1994) The Coming of the Spanish Civil War: Reform, Reaction and Revolution in the Second Republic. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Preston, P (2013) The Spanish Holocaust. Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain. London: Harper Collins.Google Scholar
Reig Tapia, A (2006) La Cruzada de 1936. Mito y memoria. Madrid: Alianza. Google Scholar
Ricoeur, P (1984) Time and Narrative. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Rodrigo, J (2012) Exploitation, fascist violence and social cleansing: a study of Franco's concentration camps from a comparative perspective. European Review of History 19(4), 553573.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruiz, J (2005) Franco's Justice: Repression in Madrid after the Spanish Civil War. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruiz, J (2014) The ‘Red Terror’ and the Spanish Civil War. Revolutionary Violence in Madrid. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruiz, J (2015) Paracuellos: una verdad incómoda. Madrid: Espasa.Google Scholar
Sánchez León, P (2012) Overcoming the violent past in Spain, 1939–2009. European Review 20(4), 492504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sánchez León, P (2017) La violencia sobre ciudadanos y el desbordamiento del marco narrative heredado. In Sánchez León, P and Izquierdo Martín, J (eds), La guerra que nos han contado y la que no, Memoria e historia de 1936 para el siglo XXI. Madrid: Postmetropolis, 153212.Google Scholar
Sánchez León, P (2018) Esa tranquilidad terrible’: la identidad del perpetrador en el ‘giro’ victimario, Memoria y Narración 1, 167183.Google Scholar
Schmitt, C (1963) The Theory of the Partisan: A Commentary/Remark on the Concept of the Political. Berlin: Duncker & Humbolt.Google Scholar
Seidman, M (2011) The Victorious Counterrevolution. The Nationalist Effort in the Spanish Civil War. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Shaw, M (2008) What is Genocide? Cambridge and Malden, MA: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Silva, E and Macías, S (2003) Las fosas de Franco. Los republicanos que el dictador dejó en las cunetas. Madrid: Temas de Hoy.Google Scholar
Smith, DL (2011) Less than Human. Why We Demean, Enslave, and Exterminate Others. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Smith, G and Wales, C (2000) Citizen's juries and deliberative democracy. Political Studies 48, 5165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Talisse, RB (2005) Democracy after Liberalism. Pragmatism and Deliberative Politics. New York and London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, H (1961) The Spanish Civil War. New York: Harper and Bros.Google Scholar
Tileaga, C (2007) Ideologies of moral exclusion: a critical discursive reframing of depersonalization, delegitimization and dehumanization. British Journal of Social Psychology 46, 717737.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Traverso, E (2016) Fire and Blood: The European Civil War, 1914-1945. London: Verso.Google Scholar
‘Truth on Trial in Spain’ (2012) The New York Times. 4 February.Google Scholar