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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 13 July 2009
Traditional humanism emphasized equal rights for all human beings, and consequently the similarity of human beings. Recently it has been pointed out that postmodernism, which can be considered as a modern humanism, focuses on the diversity of mankind. In this paper it is claimed that these two aspects – sameness and diversity of human beings – are both essential to humanism. The history of linguistics, which is closely correlated with the history of humanism, demonstrates that the focus has constantly shifted between uniformity (universality) and diversity.