Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T08:39:01.888Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Heterogeneity of the European Union’s Strategic Partners: Can They Still be Compatible?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 December 2019

Pablo Podadera Rivera  and
Anna Garashchuk
Pablo Podadera Rivera
Affiliation:
University of Málaga, Spain, Department of Applied Economics (Economic Policy and Political Economy), Campus de El Ejido, 6, 29071Málaga, Spain. Email: [email protected]
Anna Garashchuk
Affiliation:
University of Málaga, Spain, PhD Program in Economics and Business, Campus de El Ejido, 6, 29071Málaga, Spain. Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article paper aims to investigate the EU’s strategic partners using both theoretical and empirical analysis. Applying the technique of cluster analysis has allowed us, first, to demonstrate that not all of the EU’s ‘special ten’ are strategically sound for the EU; second, to investigate which regional organizations represent the best interest of the EU from a strategic standpoint; third, to find out the true potential of the EU’s strategic partners; and, finally, to prove empirically that the EU’s strategic partners are so heterogeneous as to represent a collective response to multilateralism and that a bilateral approach should be applied instead, taking into consideration the specific character of every strategic partner.

Type
Articles
Information
European Review , Volume 28 , Issue 2 , April 2020 , pp. 202 - 224
Copyright
© Academia Europaea 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bendiek, A and Kramer, H (2010) The EU as a would-be global actor: strategic partnerships and interregional relations. In Husar, JM and Günther Mair, S (eds), Europe and New Leading Powers. Towards Partnership in Strategic Policy Areas. Baden-Baden: Nomos, pp. 21–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanco, LF (2016) The functions of ‘strategic partnership’ in European Union foreign policy discourse. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 29(1), 36–54. 10.1080/09557571.2015.1126055.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burghardt, G (2006) The European Union’s transatlantic relationship. EU Diplomacy Papers 2. College of Europe.Google Scholar
De Prado, C (2014) Prospects for the EU–Japan strategic partnership a global multi-level and SWOT analysis. EU–Japan Centre for Industrial Cooperation. Report EU–Japan Centre for Industrial Cooperation, pp. 1–68. Florence & Tokyo, December.Google Scholar
De Vasconcelos, A (ed.) (2010) A strategy for EU foreign policy. EUISS report 7, June.Google Scholar
De Wilde, T and Pellon, G (2006) The implications of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) on the EU–Russian ‘Strategic Partnership’. Helsinki Monitor 2, Available at http://www.eisanet.org/benbruga/eisa/files/events/stockholm/Blanco%20Pan (accessed 7 July 2019).Google Scholar
Declaration of Rio (1999) Available at https://eulacfoundation.org/en/documents/1999-rio-declaration (accessed 5 February 2017).Google Scholar
Demertzis, M, Sapir, M and Wolff, G (2017) Europe in a New World Order. Policy Brief, Issue 2. Bruegel, Brussels, pp. 1–8.Google Scholar
European Council (2010) Strategic Partners: Progress Report for the European Council. Brussels, 16–17 December 2010.Google Scholar
European Security Strategy (2003) Available at http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/78367.pdf (accessed 5 February 2018)Google Scholar
European Strategic Partnerships Observatory (2012) Available at http://strategicpartnerships.eu/ (accessed 13 March 2015).Google Scholar
González, AL and Garrido, MA (2011) La Unión Europea y el multilateralismo eficaz ¿Un compromiso consiste con Naciones Unidas? Madrid: Iustel.Google Scholar
Gratius, S (2008) O Brasil como parceiro estratégico da UE: conseqüências bilaterais, regionais e globais. In Hofmeister, W (Org.). Anuário Brasil-Europa 2007. Rio de Janeiro: Konrad Adenauer Foundation.Google Scholar
Gratius, S (2011a) The EU and the ‘special ten’: deepening or widening Strategic Partnerships?’ Policy Brief. Frida, a European Think Tank for Global Action 76, June, pp.1–5.Google Scholar
Gratius, S (2011b) ¿Profundizar el multilateralismo a través de las asociaciones estratégicas de la Unión Europea?’ Documento de Trabajo FRIDE, Madrid, septiembre.Google Scholar
Grevi, G (2010) Making EU strategic partnerships effective. Documentos de Trabajos FRIDE, No 105.Google Scholar
Hamilton, DS (ed.) (2010) Shoulder to Shoulder – Forging a US–EU Strategic Partnership. Washington, DC: Center for Transatlantic Relations.Google Scholar
Hamilton, DS (2015) US and EU Perspectives on their own dense, yet non-existent ‘Strategic Partnership’. Centre for European Studies and European Union Centre of Excellence. Strategic Partnership as an Instrument of EU Foreign Policy – Workshop Report, November, pp. 9–12.Google Scholar
Haukkala, H (2010) The EU–Russia Strategic Partnership: The Limits of Post-sovereignty in International Relations. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jain, RK (2008) India–EU Strategic Partnership. In Seidelmann, R and Vasilache, A (eds), European Union and Asia: A Dialogue on Regionalism and Interregional Cooperation. Baden-Baden: Nomos, pp. 277–298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Japan´s National Security Strategy (2014) Available at http://www.mofa.go.jp/fp/nsp/page1we_000081.html (accessed 5 February 2019).Google Scholar
Kemalbay, G and Korkmazoğlu, ÖB (2014) Categorical principal component logistic regression: a case study for housing loan approval. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 109, 730–736.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kempe, I and Smith, H (2006) A Decade of Partnership and Cooperation in Russia EU Relations: Perceptions, Perspectives and Progress – Possibilities for the next decade. Center for Applied Policy Research. Helsingin Yliopisto, Helsinki. 28–29 April 2006.Google Scholar
Kim, G (2012) Kazajstan-Ugnaya Corea: po puti strategicheskogo partnerstva. Kazakhstan, Almaty: KISI, pp. 34–47.Google Scholar
Lisbon Treaty (2009) Available at http://es.euabc.com/upload/books/lisbon-treaty-3edition.pdf (accessed 13 September 2018).Google Scholar
Long, D and Paterson, N (2015) The EU–Canada Relationship. Centre for European Studies and European Union Centre of Excellence. Strategic Partnership as an Instrument of EU Foreign Policy – Workshop Report, November, pp. 12–14.Google Scholar
Mérand, F (2015) Comments by Frédéric Mérand (discussant), European Union Center of Excellence, Université de Montréal/McGill University. Partnership as an Instrument of EU Foreign Policy – Workshop Report, November, pp. 15–16.Google Scholar
Mogherini, F (2014) Russia is no longer the EU’s strategic partner. Available at: http://www.euractiv.com/sections/global-europe/mogherini-russia-no-longer-eus-strategic-partner-308152 (accessed 13 September 2018).Google Scholar
Pałłasz, U (2015) Strategic partnerships in the EU’s foreign policy approach: Challenges and opportunities. Centre for European Studies and European Union Centre of Excellence. Strategic Partnership as an Instrument of EU Foreign Policy – Workshop Report, November, pp. 4–7.Google Scholar
Peña, F (2010) Capacidades en el caso del G20 y del grupo BRICS. Mercosurabc, March 17.Google Scholar
Philipovic, M (2011) Exigency politics or new world order? Panoeconomicus 3, 373–391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quevedo Flores, JA (2012) La Paradoja del Multilateralosmo Eficaz a Traves de las Asociociones Estratégicas en la Acción Exterior de la Unión Europea. European Scientific Journal 8 (24).Google Scholar
Renard, T (2010) EU strategic partnerships: evolution of a concept, from Amsterdam to Lisbon, en InBev-Baillet Latour Chair of EU-China Relations, College of Europe, issue 5, Bruges, p. 18.Google Scholar
Report on the Implementation of the European Security Strategy (2008). Available at: http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/reports/104630.pdf (accessed 13 March 2019).Google Scholar
Rocha-Pino, M (2013) The Chino–European Union strategic partnership and the Shangai cooperation organization. Himalayan & Central Asian Studies 17(3-4), 72–94.Google Scholar
Smith, M and Timmins, G (2003) The European Union, NATO & Russia. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
US Department of State (2013) Available at https://www.state.gov/ (accessed 13 April 2019).Google Scholar
Vale de Almeida, J (2010) The Evolution of the EU’s External Policy and the State of EU/US Relations (Speech at the European Institute 2010 Ambassadors Gala Dinner), 9 December 2010. Available at: http://www.eurunion.org/eu/2010-Speeches-and-Press-Conferences/The-Evolution-of-the-EU-s-External-Policy-and-the-State-of-EU/US-Relations-Joao-Vale-de-Almeida-December-9-2010.html (accessed 17 March 2017).Google Scholar
Vasiliev, S (2014) Strategicheskoe Partnerstvo SCHA y Mexici kak factor regionalnoy bezopasnosti Mezoameriki. Globalnaya y Regionalnaya Bezapasnost v XXI veke: materiali naychnix konferenciy. Ekaterinburg: Izdatelstvo Yralskogo Yniversiteta, pp. 46–52.Google Scholar
Voynikov, V (2015) The EU–Russia strategic partnership: its nature and perspectives. Centre for European Studies and European Union Centre of Excellence. Strategic Partnership as an Instrument of EU Foreign Policy – Workshop Report, November, pp. 19–23.Google Scholar
Zhongping, F and Jing, H (2014) China’s strategic partnership diplomacy: engaging with a changing world. ESPO Working Paper No. 8, June.CrossRefGoogle Scholar