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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 13 July 2009
Aggression, in the sense of behaviour intended to harm others, is phenomenologically and causally different at different levels of social complexity. Aggression by one individual towards another depends largely on individual aggressiveness, although other propensities also are important. At the group level, factors relating to the special properties of groups become relevant. War is best considered as an institution, with individuals acting according to the rights and duties associated with their roles in that institution. Some factors that help maintain war as an institution are considered.