Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T18:55:56.987Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Use of antipsychotic agents in Spain through 1985–2000

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 April 2020

Blanca Santamaría ,
Magdalena Pérez ,
Dolores Montero ,
Mariano Madurga  and
Francisco J de Abajo
Blanca Santamaría
Affiliation:
División de Farmacoepidemiología y Farmacovigilancia, Agencia Española del Medicamento, Ctra. de Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2, 28220, Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain
Magdalena Pérez
Affiliation:
División de Farmacoepidemiología y Farmacovigilancia, Agencia Española del Medicamento, Ctra. de Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2, 28220, Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain
Dolores Montero*
Affiliation:
División de Farmacoepidemiología y Farmacovigilancia, Agencia Española del Medicamento, Ctra. de Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2, 28220, Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain
Mariano Madurga
Affiliation:
División de Farmacoepidemiología y Farmacovigilancia, Agencia Española del Medicamento, Ctra. de Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2, 28220, Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain
Francisco J de Abajo
Affiliation:
División de Farmacoepidemiología y Farmacovigilancia, Agencia Española del Medicamento, Ctra. de Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2, 28220, Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain
*
*Coresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (D. Montero).
Get access

Summary

Objective.

To analyze the trend of antipsychotic drug consumption in Spain from 1985 to 2000, and the impact of atypical antipsychotics on the overall consumption and on clozapine use.

Methods.

Data on antipsychotic consumption were drawn from the ECOM database of the Spanish Ministry of Health, which contains the retail community pharmacies sales of medicinal products reimbursed by the National Health System. Data are presented as defined daily doses (DDDs) per 1000 inhabitants per day, for each year. To evaluate the impact of atypical antipsychotics on clozapine use, data from the Spanish “Clozapine Monitoring Program” were analyzed. Consumption data from Nordic countries were obtained from national statistics.

Results.

The use of antipsychotics in Spain increased progressively from 1.51 DDD/1000 inhabitants/d in 1985 to 5.73 DDD/1000 inhabitants/d in 2000. The pattern of use of individual drugs changed greatly over the study period. In 1985, haloperidol, fluphenazine and thioridazine, all typical antipsychotics, were the drugs most widely used, whereas in 2000, the three drugs most frequently used were risperidone, olanzapine and haloperidol. The introduction of olanzapine in December 1996 reduced the number of new treatments with clozapine to half. Antipsychotic use is still lower in Spain than in Nordic countries, despite the prevalence of schizophrenia being similar worldwide.

Conclusions.

Antipsychotic agent use in Spain has increased progressively since 1985, reducing the differences between Spain and other European countries (Nordic countries). Substantial differences in the pattern of drug use from 1985 to 2000 have been observed.

Keywords

AntipsychoticsUtilizationSpain
Type
Original Article
Information
European Psychiatry , Volume 17 , Issue 8 , December 2002 , pp. 471 - 476
Copyright
Copyright © Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS 2002

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Seeman, P., Lee, T., Chau-Wong, M., Wong, K.Antipsychotic drug doses and neuroleptic/dopamine receptors. Nature 1976;261:717–718.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meltzer, H.Y., Bastani, B., Young-Kwon, K., Ramirez, L.I., Burnett, S., Sharpe, J.A prospective study of clozapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenic patients I: preliminary report. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 1989;99 (Suppl):S68–S72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kane, J.M.Treatment resistant schizophrenic patients. J Clin Psychiatry 1996;57 (Suppl 9):35–44.Google ScholarPubMed
Kane, J.M., Honigfeld, G., Singer, J., Meltzer, H.Clozapine for the treatment resistant schizophrenic: a double blind comparison with chlorpromazine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988;45:789–790.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pickar, D., Owen, R.R., Lutman, R.E., Konicki, E., Gutierrez, Z., Rapaport, M.H.Clinical and biologic response to clozapine in patients with schizophrenia: crossover comparison with fluphenazine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:345–353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Breier, A., Buchanan, R.W., Irish, D., Carpenter, W.T.Clozapine treatment of out-patients with schizophrenia: outcome and long-term response patterns. Hosp Community Psychiatr 1993;44:1145–1149.Google ScholarPubMed
WHO Collaborating Center for Drug Statistics Methodology (WCCDSM) ATC Index With DDDˈs for plain substances Oslo: WHO CCDSM; 1997.Google Scholar
Dukes, M.N.G, Drug utilization studies. Methods and uses.. World Health Organization Europe. 1993.Google Scholar
Nordic Council on Medicines (Sweden) Nordic statistics on medicines 1990–1992. NLM publication no. 34 Uppsala: Nordiska Läkemedelsnämnden; 1993.Google Scholar
Nordic Council on Medicines (Sweden). Nordic statistics on medicines 1993–1995. NLM publication no. 43 Uppsala: Nordiska Läkemedelsnämnden; 1996.Google Scholar
Oydvin, K, Drug consumption in Norway 1995–1999. Oslo: Norsk Medisinaldepot Asa. 2000.Google Scholar
National Agency for Medicines. Finnish statistics on medicines; 1995 Helsinki: NAM; 1996.Google Scholar
National Agency for Medicines. Finnish statistics on medicines; 1996 Helsinki: NAM; 1997.Google Scholar
National Agency for Medicines. Finnish statistics on medicines; 1997 Helsinki: NAM; 1998.Google Scholar
National Agency for Medicines. Finnish statistics on medicines; 1998 Helsinki: NAM; 1999.Google Scholar
Danish Medicines Agency. Laegemiddelstatistik-den primaere sundhedssektor og sygehussektoren.. Available from: http://www.dkma.dk 〚consultation: 7 June 2000〛Google Scholar
Drug use in Iceland 1989-1999. Available from: http://brunnur.stjr.is/interpro/htr/htr.nsppages/lyfjanotkun-1989–1999 〚consultation: 7 June 2000〛Google Scholar
Campbell, M., Young, P.I., Bateman, D.N., Smith, J.M., Thomas, S.H.The use of atypical antipsychotics in the management of schizophrenia. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1999; 47(1):13–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chakos, M., Lieberman, J., Hoffman, E., Bradford, D., Sheitman, B.Effectiveness of second-generation antipsychotics in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158 (4):518–526.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geddes, J., Freemantle, N., Harrison, P., Bebbington, P.A typical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia: systematic overview and meta-regression analysis. Br Med J 2000;321:1371–1376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rayón, P., Montero, D., Santamaría, B., Madurga, M., de Abajo, F.J.Benzodiazepine consumption in Spain. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1997;52:321–323.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alonso, M.P., de Abajo, F.J., Martínez, J.J., Montero, D., Martín-Serrano, G., Madurga, M.Evaluación del consumo de antidepresivos en España. Impacto de los inhibidores selectivos de la recaptación de serotonina. Med Clin (Barc) 1997;108:161–166.Google Scholar
Fernández Liria, A.La reforma psiquiátrica en España: en qué (y en qué no) metimos la pata (y qué podemos hacer). Artículo especial. Psiq Pública 1997;9:167–175.Google Scholar
Fernández, A., Dieguez, M.La reforma psiquiátrica en España: aspectos diferenciales. Rev Admin Sanit 1998;II(5):85–102.Google Scholar
Markowitz, J.S., Brown, C.S., Moore, T.R.Atypical antipsychotics. Part I: pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and efficacy. Ann Pharmacother 1999;33:73–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nyberg, S., Yoshifumi, N., Nordström, A.l, Halldin, C., Farde, L.Positron emission tomography of in vivo binding characteristics of atypical antipsychotic drugs.. Br J Psychiatry 1996;168(Suppl 29):40–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reus, V.I.Olanzapine: a novel atypical neuroleptic agent. Lancet 1997;349:1264–1265.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cochrane Database. Syst Rev 2000(2):CD001715Google Scholar
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.