Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T07:08:51.910Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The stability of severe thought disorders and mature thinking

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 April 2020

S.M. Kaakinen ,
A. Säkkinen ,
K.-E. Wahlberg ,
H. Hakko ,
J. Holma  and
P. Tienari
S.M. Kaakinen*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Oulu, P.O. Box 26, 90029, Oulu, Finland
A. Säkkinen
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
K.-E. Wahlberg
Affiliation:
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
H. Hakko
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Oulu, P.O. Box 26, 90029, Oulu, Finland
J. Holma
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
P. Tienari
Affiliation:
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate whether severe formal thought disorders and mature thinking are stable among adoptees (=187) drawn from the Finnish adoptive family study of schizophrenia. A group of 93 adoptees genetically at high risk (HR) and 94 at low risk (LR) for schizophrenia were assessed blindly and reliably using the Index of Primitive Thought (IPT) and the Index of Integration (IOI). Two assessments of the IPT and the IOI were performed with the mean interval of 11 years. Comparisons of the IPT and the IOI mean scores were conducted both at baseline and at follow-up between adoptees at low and high genetic risk, gender, and psychiatric status. The main result was that the IOI as well as the IPT of the adoptees at the initial assessment predicted the IOI and the IPT estimated at follow-up, thus indicating the stability of severe formal thought disorders and mature thinking over time. The stability of IOI or IPT was not related to genetic risk, gender or psychiatric status or their interactions.

Keywords

Severe formal thought disordersMature thinkingStability of severe formal thought disordersStability of mature thinkingSchizophreniaAdoption study
Type
Original articles
Information
European Psychiatry , Volume 27 , Issue 5 , July 2012 , pp. 350 - 357
Copyright
Copyright © Elsevier Masson SAS 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adair, H.E., Wagner, E.E.Stability of unusual verbalizations on the Rorschach for outpatients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychol. 1992; 48: 250–256.3.0.CO;2-P>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ainsworth, M.D., Klopfer, B.Evaluation of intellectual level, control, creative potential, and the introversive-extratensive relationship. Klopfer, B.Ainsworth, M.Klopfer, W.Holt, R.Developments in the Rorschach technique, Volume 1: Technique and theory. 1954 World Book New York: Yonkers-on-Hudson352–375.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 3rd ed. revised. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1987.Google Scholar
Arboleda, C., Holzman, P.Thought disorder in children at risk for psychosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1985; 42: 1004–1013.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Covington, M.A., He, C., Brown, C., Naci, L., McClain, J.T., Fjordbak, B.S.et al.Schizophrenia and the stucture of language: the linguist's view. Schizophr Res. 2005; 77: 85–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
David, A.S., Malmberg, A., Brandt, L., Allebeck, P., Lewis, G.IQ and risk for schizophrenia: a population-based cohort study. Psychol Med. 1997; 27: 1311–1323.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davidson, M., Reichenberg, A., Rabinowitz, J., Weiser, M., Kaplan, Z., Mark, M.Behavioural and intellectual markers for schizophrenia in apparently healthy male adolescents. Am J Psychiatry. 1999; 156: 1328–1335.Google ScholarPubMed
Earle-Boyer, E.A., Levinson, J.C., Grant, R., Harvey, P.D.The consistency of thought disorder in mania and schizophrenia. II. An assessment at consecutive admissions. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1986; 174: 443–447.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L.Early neurobehavioral deficits as phenotypic indicators of the schizophrenia genotype and predictors of later psychosis. Am J Med Genet. 2001; 105: 22–23.3.0.CO;2-0>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Exner, J.E., Rorschach, A comprehensive system, volume I: basic foundations. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1993.Google Scholar
Fish, F.J.Schizophrenia. Bristol: John Wright & Sons Ltd; 1962.Google Scholar
Friedman, H.Perceptual regression in schizophrenia: an hypothesis suggested by the use of the Rorschach test. J Gen Psychol. 1952; 81: 63–98.Google ScholarPubMed
Friedman, H.Perceptual regression in schizophrenia: an hypothesis suggested by the use of the Rorschach test. J Projective Tech. 1953; 17: 171–185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, M.F.Schizophrenia from a neurocognitive perspective. probing the impenetrable darkness. Boston: Allyn and Bacon; 1998.Google Scholar
Goldfried, M., Stricker, G., Weiner, I.B.Rorschach handbook of clinical and research applications. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall; 1971.Google Scholar
Harrow, M., Quinlan, D.Disordered thinking and schizophrenic psychopathology. New York: Gardner Press Inc; 1985.Google Scholar
Hoekstra, R.A., Bartels, M., Boomsma, D.I.Longitudinal genetic study of verbal and nonverbal IQ from early childhood to young adulthood. Learn Indiv Differ. 2007; 17: 97–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holzman, P.S.Thought disorder in schizophrenia: editor's introduction. Schizophr Bull. 1986; 16: 147–156.Google Scholar
Holzman, P.S., Shenton, M.E., Solovay, M.R.Quality of thought disorder in differential diagnosis. Schizophr Bull. 1986; 12: 360–372.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kendler, K.S., O’Neill, F.A., Burke, J., Murphy, B., Duke, F., Straub, R.E.et al.Irish study on high-density schizophrenia families: field methods and power to detect linkage. Am J Med Gen. 1996; 67: 179–190.3.0.CO;2-N>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kleiger, J.H.Disordered thinking and the Rorschach. Theory, research. and differential diagnosis. Hillsdale NJ: London: The Analytic Press; 1999.Google Scholar
Klopfer, B., Davidson, H.H.The Rorschach technique. An introductory manual. New York: Harcourt, Bruce & World, Inc.; 1962.Google Scholar
Koistinen, P. Thought disorder and the Rorschach. A study on psychopathology and vulnerability of subjects. Acta Universitatis Ouluensis, series D, Medica 346;1995.Google Scholar
Kraepelin, E.Dementia praecox and paraphenia. Edinburgh: E&S Livingstone; 1919.Google Scholar
Larsen, L., Hartmann, P., Nyborg, H.The stability of general intelligence from early adulthood to middle-age. Intelligence. 2008; 36: 29–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leeson, V.C., Simpson, A., McKenna, P.J., Laws, K.R.Executive inhibition and semantic association in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2005; 74: 61–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marengo, J.T., Harrow, M.Thought disorder is schizophrenia. Tsuang, M.T.Simpson, J.C.Nosology, epidemiology and genetics of schizophrenia, Vol 3. 1988 Elsevier New York85–115.Google Scholar
Marengo, J.T., Harrow, M.Longitudinal courses of thought disorder in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Schizophr Bull. 1997; 23: 273–285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Metsänen, M., Wahlberg, K.E., Saarento, O., Tarvainen, T., Miettunen, J., Koistinen, P.et al.Early presence of thought disorder as a prospective sign of mental disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2004; 125: 193–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Metsänen, M., Wahlberg, K.E., Saarento, O., Hakko, H., Tarvainen, T., Koistinen, P.et al.Stability of thought disorder index among high-risk and low-risk adoptees in the Finnish adoptive family study of schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry. 2005; 20: 35–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Metsänen, M., Wahlberg, K.E., Hakko, H., Saarento, O., Tienari, P.Thought disorder index: a longitudinal study of severity levels and schizophrenia factors. J Psychiatr Res. 2006; 40: 258–266.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nestor, P.G., Shenton, M.E., Wible, C., Hokama, H., O’Donnel, B.F., Law, S.et al.A neuropsychological analysis of schizophrenia thought disorder. Schizophr Res. 1998; 29: 217–225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nuechterlein, K.H., Dawson, M.E.Information processing and attentional functioning in the developmental course of schizophrenic disorders. Schizophr Bull. 1984; 1: 160–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nuechterlein, K.H.Vulnerability models for schizophrenia: state of the art. Häfner, H.Gattaz, W.F.Janzarik, W.Search for the causes of schizophrenia. 1987 Springer-Verlag Giessen297–316.Google Scholar
Ott, S.L., Roberts, S., Rock, D., Allen, J., Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L.Positive and negative thought disorder and psychopathology in childhood among subjects with adulthood schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2002; 58: 231–239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parnas, J., Cannon, T.D., Jacobsen, B., Schulsinger, H., Schulsinger, F., Mednick, S.A.Lifetime DSM-III-R diagnostic outcomes in the offspring of schizophrenic mothers. Results from the Copenhagen High-Risk Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993; 50: 707–714.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pinell, J.P.J.Biopsychology. Boston: Allyn and Bacon; 2007.Google Scholar
Ragin, A.B., Oltmanns, T.F.Lexical cohesion and formal thought disorder during and after psychotic episodes. J Abnorm Psychol. 1986; 95: 181–183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenthal, D.A suggested conceptual framework. The gain quadruplets: a case study and theoretical analysis of heredity and environment in schizophrenia. New York: Basic Books; 1963.Google Scholar
Ruhrmann, S., Schultze-Lutter, F., Salokagas, R.K.R., Heinimaa, M., Linszen, D., Dingemans, P.et al.Prediction of psychosis in adolescents and young adults at high risk. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 67 3: 2010 241–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rund, B.R., Borg, N.E.Cognitive deficits and cognitive training in schizophrenic patients: a review. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1999; 100: 85–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sadock, B.J., Sadock, V.A.Kaplan and Sadock's synopsis of psychiatry: behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 2007.Google Scholar
Schachtel, E.Experiential foundations of Rorschach testing. Basic Books: New York; 1966.Google Scholar
Schubert, E.W., McNeil, T.Prospective study of adult mental disturbance in offspring of women with psychosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003; 60: 473–480.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Solovay, M.R., Shenton, M.E., Holzman, P.S.Comparative studies of thought disorder: I. mania and schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987; 44: 13–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tienari, P., Wynne, L.C., Moring, J., Läksy, K., Nieminen, P., Sorri, A.et al.Finnish adoptive family study: sample selection and adoptee DSM-III-R diagnoses. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2000; 101: 433–443.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tienari, P., Wynne, L.C., Läksy, K., Moring, J., Nieminen, P., Sorri, A.et al.Genetic boundaries of the schizophrenia spectrum: evidence from the Finnish adoptive family study. Am J Psychiatry. 2003; 160: 1–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tienari, P., Wynne, L.C., Sorri, A., Lahti, I., Läksy, K., Moring, J.et al.Genotype-environment interaction in schizophrenia-spectrum disorder. Long-term follow-up study of Finnish adoptees. Br J Psychiatry. 2004; 184: 216–222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wahlberg, K.E., Wynne, L.C., Oja, H., Keskitalo, P., Pykäläinen, L., Lahti, I.et al.Gene-environment interaction in vulnerability to schizophrenia: Findings from the Finnish adoptive family study of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1997; 154: 355–362.Google ScholarPubMed
Wahlberg, K.E., Wynne, L.C., Oja, H., Keskitalo, P., Anias-Tanner, H., Koistinen, P.et al.Thought disorder index of Finnish adoptees and communication deviance of their adoptive parents. Psychol Med. 2000; 20: 127–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wahlberg, K.E., Wynne, L.C., Hakko, H., Läksy, K., Moring, J., Miettunen, J.et al.Interaction of genetic risk and adoptive parent communication deviance: longitudinal prediction of adoptee psychiatric disorders. Psychol Med. 2004; 34: 1531–1542.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Werner, H.Comparative psychology of mental development. New York: Follet; 1957.Google Scholar
Werner, H.The concept of development from a comparative and organismic point of view. Harris, D.B.The concept of development. 1957 University of Minnesota Press Minneapolis.Google Scholar
Zubin, J., Spring, B.Vulnerability–a new view of schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol. 1977; 86: 102–103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.