Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T04:33:48.916Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Spielberger trait anxiety inventory measures more than anxiety

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 April 2020

Hervé Caci ,
Franck J. Baylé ,
Christelle Dossios ,
Philippe Robert  and
Patrice Boyer
Hervé Caci
Affiliation:
Service de Pédiatrie, CHU de Nice, Hôpital Archet 2, 151, route de Saint-Antoine de Ginestière, BP 3079, 06202Nice cedex 3, France
Franck J. Baylé
Affiliation:
E OII7 Inserm, Université Paris V et, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Santé Mentale et de Thérapeutique, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, 1, rue Cabanis, 75674Paris cedex, France
Christelle Dossios
Affiliation:
Service de Pédiatrie, CHU de Nice, Hôpital Archet 2, 151, route de Saint-Antoine de Ginestière, BP 3079, 06202Nice cedex 3, France
Philippe Robert
Affiliation:
Centre Mémoire, Clinique de Psychiatrie et de Psychologie Médicale, Hôpital Pasteur, Pavillon J, CHU de Nice, 30, avenue de la Voie-Romaine, 06100Nice, France
Patrice Boyer
Affiliation:
CNRS UMR 7593, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Pavillon de Clérambault, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013Paris, France
Get access

Abstract

Objective

Researchers tried to explain the overlap between anxiety and depression by suggesting that some items of self-administered questionnaires were badly selected and that both constructs should rather be considered as multidimensional. Thus, we hypothesise that the Spielberger trait anxiety inventory (TAI) includes items related to depression.

Method

A non-clinical sample of 193 subjects filled out the TAI and the Hospitalised Anxiety–Depression Scale. Factors were postulated on the basis of item content and submitted to confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).

Results

We found five factors: a 10-item anxiety factor containing three factors, a four-item unsuccessfulness factor correlated with the HADS anhedonia factor, and a six-item happiness factor.

Conclusion

The TAI scale encompasses measures of anxiety, depression and well-being. Consequently, the overlap with other measures of depression may result from item selection. This work awaits replication in independent normal and pathological samples.

Keywords

PersonalityAnxietyDepressionQuestionnaireStructural equation modellingConfirmatory factor analysis
Type
Original article
Information
European Psychiatry , Volume 18 , Issue 8 , December 2003 , pp. 394 - 400
Copyright
Copyright © 2003 European Psychiatric Association

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Barlow, DHAnxiety and its disorders: the nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. New York: Guilford; 1998.Google Scholar
Bentler, PMWu, EJC. EQS 5: user’s guide. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software, Inc; 1995.Google Scholar
Bieling, PJAntony, MMSwinson, RP. The state–trait anxiety inventory, trait version: structure and content re-examined. Behav Res Ther 1998;36:777–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Browne, MW. Asymptotic distribution free methods in analysis of covariance structures. Br J Math Statistical Psychol 1984;37:62–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Browne, MWCudeck, R. Alternative ways in assessing model fit. In: Bollen, KALong, JS, editors. Testing structural equation models. Newbury Park, CA: Sage; 1993. p. 136–62.Google Scholar
Caci, HBaylé, FJMattéi, VDossios, CRobert, PBoyer, P. How does the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) measure anxiety and depression in healthy subjects? Psychiatry Res 2003;118:89–99.Google Scholar
Cattell, RBScheier, IH. The meaning and measurement of neuroticism and anxiety. New York: Ronald; 1961.Google Scholar
Cheng, HFurnham, A. Personality, self-esteem, and demographic predictions of happiness and depression. Person Individ Diff 2003;34: 921–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, LAWatson, D. Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and toxonomic implications. J Abnorm Psychol 1991;100:316–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costa, PTMccrae, RR. Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: happy and unhappy people. J Pers Soc Psychol 1980;38:668–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deneve, KCooper, H. The happy personality: a meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being. Psychol Bull 1998; 124:197–229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dobson, KS. An analysis of anxiety and depression scales. J Pers Assess 1985;49:523–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dobson, KS. The relationship between anxiety and depression. Clin Psychol Rev 1985;5:307–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Embretson, S. Construct validity: construct representation versus nomothetic span. Psychol Bull 1983;93:179–97.Google Scholar
Endler, NS. Stress, anxiety and coping: the multidimensional interaction model. Can Psychol 1997;38:136–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Endler, NSCox, BJParker, JDABagby, RM. Self-reports of depression and state–trait anxiety: evidence for differential assessment. J Pers Soc Psychol 1992;63:832–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Endler, NSMagnusson, DEkehammer, BOkada, M. The multidimen-sionality of state and trait anxiety. Scand J Psychol 1976;17:81–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gotlib, IH. Depression and general psychopathology in university students. J Abnorm Psychol 1984;93:19–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gotlib, IHCane, DB. Self-report assessment of depression and anxiety. In: Kendall, PCWatson, D, editors. Anxiety and depression: distinctive and overlapping features. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 1989. p. 131–69.Google Scholar
Hills, PArgyle, M. Happiness, introversion–extraversion and happy-introverts. Person Individ Diff 2001;30:595–608.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hills, PArgyle, M. Emotional stability as a major dimension of happiness. Person Individ Diff 2001;31:1357–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hu, L-TBentler, PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equation Model 1999;6:1–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hu, L-TBentler, PMKano, Y. Can test statistics in covariance structure analysis be trusted? Psychol Bull 1992;112:351–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keedwell, PSnaith, RP. What do anxiety scales measure? Acta Psychi-atr Scand 1996;93(3):177–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maydeu-Olivares, A. Limited information estimation and testing of Thurstonian models for paired comparison data under multiple judgment sampling. Psychometrika 2001;66:209–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meredith, W. Measurement invariance, factor analysis and factorial invariance. Psychometrika 1993;58:525–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muthén, BO. A general structural equation model with dichotomous, ordered polytomous, and continuous latent variable indicators. Psychometrika 1984;49:115–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muthén, LKMuthén, BO. 15th. Mplus 20 user’s guide, vol. 22. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén; 1998.Google Scholar
Parker, GHadzi-Pavlovic, D. Is any female preponderance in depression secondary to a primary female preponderance in anxiety disorders? Acta Psychiatr Scand 2001;103:252–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parker, GRoy, K. Examining the utility of a temperament model for modelling non-melancholic depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2002; 106:54–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Preisig, MMerikangas, KRAngst, J. Clinical significance and comor-bidity of subthreshold depression and anxiety in the community. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2001;104:96–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Satorra, ABentler, PM. Scaling corrections for chi-squared statistics in covariance structures analysis. In: Proceedings of the Business and Economics Sections. Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association; 1988. p. 308–13.Google Scholar
Schweitzer, MBPaulhan, I. 15th ed. Manuel de l’Inventaire d’Anxiété Trait-État (FormeY), vol. 22. Laboratoire de Psychologie de la Santé, Université de Bordeaux II (France); 1990.Google Scholar
Snaith, P. What do depression rating scales measure? Br J Psychiatry 1993;163:293–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spielberger, CD. Manual for the state–trait anxiety inventory (FormY) (“Self-evaluation questionnaire”). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press; 1983.Google Scholar
Spielberger, CD. State–trait anxiety inventory: a comprehensive bibliography. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press; 1989.Google Scholar
Statacorp. Stata statistical software: release 7.0. College Station, TX: Stata Press; 2000.Google Scholar
Steyer, RSchmitt, MJEid, M. Latent state–trait theory and research in personality and individual differences. Eur J Person 1999;13:389–408.3.0.CO;2-A>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tanaka-Matsumi, JKameoka, VA. Reliabilities and concurrent validities of popular self-report measures of depression, anxiety and social desirability. J Consult Clin Psychol 1986;54:328–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vagg, PRSpielberger, CD, O’Hearn TPJR. Is the state–trait anxiety inventory multidimensional? Person Individ Diff 1980;1:207–14.Google Scholar
Van Knippenberg, FCEDuivenvoorden, HJBonke, BPasschier, J. Shortening the state–trait anxiety inventory. Clin Epidemiol 1990;43: 995–1000.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Schuur, WHKiers, HAL. Why factor analysis often is the incorrect model for analyzing bipolar concepts, and what model to use instead. Appl Psychol Meas 1994;18:97–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zigmond, ASSnaith, RP. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1983;67:361–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.