Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-jbqgn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-03T13:44:41.831Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Psychotic versus nonpsychotic bipolar outpatient depression

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 September 2020

F. Benazzi*
Affiliation:
Via Pozzetto 17, 48015 Castiglione di Cervia RA, Italy
Get access

Summary

Psychotic bipolar depression was compared with nonpsychotic bipolar depression. Psychotic (n = 59) and nonpsychotic (n = 176) bipolar depressed outpatients were SCID-DSM-IV interviewed. Psychotic bipolar depression had significantly higher severity, more chronicity, fewer atypical features and axis I co-morbidity, more bipolar I, and fewer bipolar II patients. Age at onset, duration of illness, gender, and recurrences, were not significantly different.

Type
Short communication
Copyright
Copyright © Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS 1999

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akiskal, H.SThe prevalent clinical spectrum of bipolar disorders: beyond DSM-IV. J Clin Psychopharmacol 16 Suppl 1 1996 414SCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Akiskal, H.SMood disorders: clinical features.Kaplan, H.ISadock, B.J6thComprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. 1995 Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins 11231152Google Scholar
Akiskal, H.SMaser, J.DZeller, P.JEndicott, JCoryell, WKeller, MSwitching from ‘unipolar’ to bipolar II. An 11-year prospective study of clinical and temperamental predictors in 559 patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52 1995 114123CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Altshuler, L.LPost, R.MLeverich, G.SMikalauskas, KRosoff, AAckerman, LAntidepressant-induced mania and cycle acceleration: a controversy revisited. Am J Psychiatry 152 1995 11301138Google ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th 1994 Washington, DC: American Psychiatric AssociationGoogle Scholar
Amsterdam, J.DGarcia-Espana, FFawcett, JQuitkin, F.MReimherr, F.WRosenbaum, J.FEfficacy and safety of fluoxetine in treating bipolar II major depressive episode. J Clin Psychopharmacol 18 1998 435440CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benazzi, FPrevalence of bipolar II disorder in outpatient depression: a 203-case study in private practice. J Affect Disord 43 1997 163166CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benazzi, FAntidepressant-associated hypomania in outpatient depression: a 203-case study in private practice. J Affect Disord 46 1997 7377CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benazzi, FChronic depression: a case series of 203 outpatients treated at a private practice. J Psychiatry Neurosci 23 1998 5155Google ScholarPubMed
Benazzi, FLate-life depression in private practice depressed outpatients: a 203-case study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 23 1998 181182Google Scholar
Benazzi, FPsychotic depression in private practice depressed outpatients. Eur Psychiatry 13 1998 320321CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benazzi, FAtypical depression in private practice depressed outpatients: a 203-case study. Compr Psychiatry 40 1999 8083CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benazzi, FPrevalence and clinical features of atypical depression in depressed outpatients: a 467-case study. Psychiatry Res 86 1999 259265CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benazzi, FBipolar versus unipolar psychotic outpatient depression. J Affect Disord 55 1999 6366CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benazzi, FIs atypical depression a moderate severity depression? A 536-case study. J Psychiatry Neurosci 24 1999 244247Google ScholarPubMed
Benazzi, FGender differences in bipolar II and unipolar depressed outpatients: a 557-case study. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1999 11 5559CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bowden, C.LTreatment of bipolar disorder.Schatzberg, A.FNemeroff, C.BThe American Psychiatric Press Textbook of Psychopharmacology. 1998 Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press 733745Google Scholar
Charney, D.SBerman, R.MMiller, H.LTreatment of depression.Schatzberg, A.FNemeroff, C.BThe American Psychiatric Press textbook of psychopharmacology. 1998 Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press 705731Google Scholar
Coryell, WEndicott, JMaser, J.DKeller, MLeon, A.CAkiskal, H.SLong-term stability of polarity distinctions in the affective disorders. Am J Psychiatry 152 1995 385390Google ScholarPubMed
Dunner, D.LKai Tay, K.LDiagnostic reliability of the history of hypomania in bipolar II patients and patients with major depression. Compr Psychiatry 34 1993 303307CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
First, M.BSpitzer, R.LGibbon, MWilliams, J.B.WStructured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders–Clinician Version (SCID-CV). 1997 Washington, DC: American Psychiatric PressGoogle Scholar
Frances, ADocherty, J.PKahn, D.AThe expert consensus guideline series. Treatment of bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 57 suppl 12A 1996 188Google Scholar
Goodwin, F.KJamison, K.RManic-depressive illness. 1990 New York: Oxford University Press 5673p. 44Google Scholar
Kendler, K.SEaves, L.JWalters, E.ENeale, M.CHeath, A.CKessler, R.CThe identification and validation of distinct depressive syndromes in a population-based sample of female twins. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53 1996 391399CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lebowitz, B.DRudorfer, M.VTreatment research at the millennium: from efficacy to effectiveness. J Clin Psychopharmacol 18 1998 1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McMahon, F.JStine, CChase, G.AMeyers, D.ASimpson, S.GDepaulo, J.RInfluence of clinical subtype, sex, and lineality on age at onset of major affective disorder in a family sample. Am J Psychiatry 151 1994 210215Google Scholar
Montgomery, S.AAsberg, MA new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. Br J Psychiatry 134 1979 382389CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quitkin, F.MStewart, J.WMcGrath, P.JNunes, E.VKlein, D.FThe identification and validation of distinct depressive syndromes in a population-based sample of female twins. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54 1997 970972CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schatzberg, A.FRothschild, A.JPsychotic (delusional) major depression: should it be included as a distinct syndrome in DSM-IV? Am J Psychiatry 149 1992 733745Google ScholarPubMed
Stewart, J.WGarfinkel, RNunes, E.VDonovan, SKlein, D.FAtypical features and treatment response in the national institute of mental health treatment of depression collaborative research program. J Clin Psychopharmacol 18 1998 429434CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sullivan, P.FKessler, R.CKendler, K.SLatent class analysis of lifetime depressive symptoms in the national co-morbidity survey. Am J Psychiatry 155 1998 13981406CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thase, M.EMallinger, A.GMcKnight, DHimmelhoch, J.MTreatment of imipramine-resistant recurrent depression, IV: A double-blind crossover study of tranylcypromine for anergic bipolar depression. Am J Psychiatry 149 1992 195198Google ScholarPubMed
Tohen, MZarate, C.AAntipsychotic agents and bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 59 Suppl 1 1998 3848Google ScholarPubMed
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.