Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T18:08:14.488Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Post-stroke depression: Diagnosis and incidence

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 April 2020

G Andersen
G Andersen*
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, Aalborg Hospital, PO Box 365, DK-9100Aalborg, Denmark
Get access

Summary

Diagnosis of post-stroke depression (PSD) is extremely difficult due to concomitant focal cognitive disturbances or generalized intellectual impairment, and, in some cases, dissociation of mood and affective behavior. The diagnosis has been standardized on the basis of psychiatric criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)-III, an approach that has been criticized for taking into account non-specific stroke-related somatic symptoms. Yet evaluation of the PSD diagnosis by comparing the severity of depressive symptoms in stroke to an age-matched population sample and by conducting a controlled antidepressant treatment study in unselected PSD patients has failed to disclose any evidence that non-specific symptoms influence the diagnosis of PSD. The prognosis, however, of early vs late diagnosed PSD and the response to treatment of early vs late diagnosed PSD differ, indicating that PSD diagnosed according to DSM-III criteria covers a heterogeneous group of etiologically different conditions.

Keywords

post-stroke depressiondiagnosisincidence
Type
Research Article
Information
European Psychiatry , Volume 12 , Issue S3 , 1997 , pp. 255s - 260s
Copyright
Copyright © Elsevier, Paris 1997

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Psychiatric Association Third EditionDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Geneva: American Psychiatric Association, 1987Google Scholar
Andersen, GVestergaard, KRiis, JLaurtizen, LIncidence of post-stroke depression during the first year in a large unselected stroke population determined using a valid standardized rating scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1994; 90: 190–195CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersen, GVestergaard, KLauritzen, LEffective treatment of post-stroke depression with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram. Stroke 1994; 25: 1099–1104CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersen, GVestergaard, KIngeman-Nielsen, MPost-stroke pathological crying — frequency and correlation to depression. European Journal of Neurology 1995; 2: 45–50CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andersen, GVestergaard, KRiis, JIngeman-Nielsen, MIntellectual impairment in the first year following stroke, compared to an age-matched population sample. Cerebrovascular Dis 1996; 6: 363–369CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersen, GVestergaard, KRiis, JOIngeman-Nielsen, MDementia of depression in stroke or depression of dementia?. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996; 94: 272–278CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bech, PRating scales for psychopathology, health status and quality of life. A compendium on documentation in accordance with the DSM-III-R and WHO systems. Washington DC: Springer-Verlag, 1993Google Scholar
Castillo, CSStarkstein, SEFedoroff, JPPrice, TRRobinson, RGGeneralized anxiety disorder after stroke. JNerv Ment Dis 1993; 181: 100–106CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Catapano, FGalderisi, SDepression and cerebral stroke J Clin Psychiatry 51 9, suppl1990 9–12Google ScholarPubMed
Eastwood, MRRifat, SLNobbs, HRuderman, JMood disorder following cerebrovascular accident. Br J Psychiatry 1989; 154: 195–200CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fedoroff, JPStarkstein, SEParikh, RMPrice, TRRobinson, RGAre depressive syndromes nonspecific in patients with acute stroke. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148: 1172–1176Google ScholarPubMed
Fedoroff, JPLipsey, JRStarkstein, SEForrester, Aet al.Phenomenological comparisons of major depression following stroke, myocardial infarction or spinal cord lesions. J Affective Disord 1991; 22: 83–89CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Folstein, MFMaiberger, RMcHugh, PRMood disorder as a specific complication of stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1977; 40: 1018–1020CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gainotti, GEmotional behaviour and hemispheric side of the lesion. Cortex 1972; 8: 41–55CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gordon, WAHibbard, REgelko, SRiley, Eet al.Issues in the diagnosis of post-stroke depression. Rehabilitation Psychology 1991; 36: 71–87CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herrmann, MBartels, CWallesch, C-WDepression in acute and chronic aphasia: symptoms, patho-anatomical-clinical correlations and functional implications. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993; 56: 672–678CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
House, ADennis, MHawton, KWarlow, CMethods of identifying mood disorders in stroke patients: Experience in the Oxfordshire Community Stroke project. Age Ageing 1989; 18: 371–379CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
House, ADennis, MMolyneux, Aet al.Emotionalism after stroke. Br Med J 1989; 298: 991–994CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
House, ADennis, MMogridge, LHawton, KWarlow, CLife events and difficulties preceding stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990; 53: 1024–1028CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
House, ADennis, MMogridge, LWarlow, Cet al.Mood disorders in the year after first stroke Br J Psychiatry 158 1991 83–92CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaplan, HISadock, BJFourth Ed.Modern synopsis of comprehensive textbook of psychiatry Berlin: Williams & Wilkins, 1985; 623–626Google Scholar
Lipsey, JRSpencer, WCRabins, PVRobinson, RGPhenomenological comparison of poststroke depression and functional depression. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143: 527–529Google ScholarPubMed
Marin, RSFirinciogullari, SBiedrzycki, RCThe sources of convergence between measures of apathy and depression. J Affective Disord 1993; 28: 7–14CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morris, PLPRobinson, RGRaphael, BPrevalence and course of depressive disorders in hospitalized stroke patients. Int J Psychiatry Med 1990; 20: 349–364CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prescott, RJCoarraway, WMAkhtar, AJPredicting functional outcome following acute stroke using a standard clinical examination. Stroke 1982; 13: 641–647CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robinson, RGBenson, DFDepression in aphasic patients: Frequency, severity and clinical-pathological correlates. Brain Lang 1981; 14: 282–291CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, RGStarr, LBKubos, KLPrice, TRA two-year longitudinal study of post-stroke mood disorders: Findings during the initial evaluation. Stroke 1983; 14: 736–741CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robinson, RGKubos, KLStarr, LBRao, KPrice, TRMood disorders in stroke patients. Importance of location of lesion. Brain 1984; 107: 81–93CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sinyor, DJacques, PKalonpek, DGBecker, Ret al.Post-stroke depression and lesion location. An attempted replication. Brain 1986; 109: 537–546CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skilbeck, CEWade, DTLangton-Hewer, RWood, VARecovery after stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1983; 46: 5–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Starkstein, SEFedoroff, JPPrice, TRLeiguarda, RRobinson, RGApathy following cerebrovascular lesions. Stroke 1993; 24: 1625–1630CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tatemichi, TKDesmond, DWMayeux, RPaik, Met al.Dementia after stroke: Baseline frequency, risks and clinical features in a hospitalized cohort. Neurology 1992; 42: 1185–1193CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tatemichi, TKDesmond, DWStern, YPaik, Met al.Cognitive impairment after stroke: Frequency, patterns, and relationship to functional abilities. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994; 57: 202–207CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wade, DTLegh-Smith, JHewer, RADepressed mood after stroke. A community study of its frequency. Br J Psychiatry 1987; 151: 200–205CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Åström, MAdolfsson, RAsplund, KÅström, TLife before and after stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 1992; 2: 28–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Åström, MAdolfsson, RAsplund, KMajor depression in stroke patients. A 3-year longitudinal study. Stroke 1993; 24: 976–982CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Åström, MGeneralized anxiety disorder in stroke patients. A 3-year longitudinal study. Stroke 1996; 27: 270–275CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.