Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T09:04:26.178Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Measures of circadian preference in childhood and adolescence: A review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 April 2020

L. Tonetti ,
A. Adan ,
L. Di Milia ,
C. Randler  and
V. Natale
L. Tonetti*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 5, 40127Bologna, Italy
A. Adan
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, School of Psychology, University of Barcelona, 08035Barcelona, Spain Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior (IR3C), 08035Barcelona, Spain
L. Di Milia
Affiliation:
School of Management and Institute for Health and Social Science Research, Central Queensland University, QLD 4702Rockhampton, Australia
C. Randler
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, University of Education, 69121Heidelberg, Germany
V. Natale
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 5, 40127Bologna, Italy
*
⁎Corresponding author. Tel.: +39 051 2091877; fax: +39 051 243086. E-mail address:[email protected] (L. Tonetti).
Get access

Abstract

Purpose

To review the psychometric properties of the questionnaires commonly filled in by children and adolescents to measure circadian preference.

Methods

We examined the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (MEQ-CA), the Morningness-Eveningness Scale for Children (MESC) and the Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM). We critically analyzed the reliability, in term of internal consistency (through the Cronbach's alpha) and test-retest reliability (through the correlation coefficient), and the type of validation against external criteria (objective assessment of the sleep/wake cycle, body temperature, hormones and other questionnaires). Fifty studies that reported these data were included in the review: 7 studies used the MEQ-CA, 28 used the MESC and 15 used the CSM.

Results

The percentage of studies reporting at least acceptable levels of internal consistency was high and similar between the three questionnaires. Evidence for test-retest reliability was scant, since only 3 studies were available; it was at least acceptable for the MESC (two studies with a time interval of 1 month), not acceptable for the MEQ-CA (one study with a time interval of 6 months), while no information was available for the CSM. As regards the validation evidence, the MEQ-CA has been validated by the highest number of external criteria (actigraphy, oral body temperature and other questionnaires), followed by the CSM (cortisol sampling and other questionnaires). The MESC has been validated only against self-report measures.

Conclusions

The present state of the art would suggest the use of the MEQ-CA to assess circadian preference in children and adolescents.

Keywords

AdolescenceCircadian preferencePsychometricQuestionnaireReview
Type
Review
Information
European Psychiatry , Volume 30 , Issue 5 , July 2015 , pp. 576 - 582
Copyright
Copyright © Elsevier Masson SAS 2015

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adan, A., Almirall, H.. Horne and Östberg morningness-eveningness questionnaire: a reduced scale. Pers Individ Dif 1991;12:241–253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adan, A., Archer, S.N., Hidalgo, M.P., Di Milia, L., Natale, V., Randler, C.. Circadian typology: a comprehensive review. Chronobiol Int 2012;29:1153–1175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amschler, D.H., McKenzie, J.F.. Elementary students’ sleep habits and teacher observations of sleep-related problems. J Sch Health 2005;75:50–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andrade, M.M.M., Benedito-Silva, A.A., Menna-Barreto, L.. Correlations between morningness-eveningness character, sleep habits and temperature rhythm in adolescent. Braz J Med Biol Res 1992;25:835–839.Google Scholar
Beaton, D., Richards, R.R.. Assessing the reliability and responsiveness of 5 shoulder questionnaires. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 1998;7:565–572.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bei, B., Allen, N.B., Nicholas, C.L., Dudgeon, P., Murray, G., Trinder, J.. Actigraphy-assessed sleep during school and vacation periods: a naturalistic study of restricted and extended sleep opportunities in adolescents. J Sleep Res 2014;23:107–117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borisenkov, M.F., Kosova, A.L., Kasyanova, O.N.. Impact of perinatal photoperiod on the chronotype of 11- to 18-year-olds in Northern European Russia. Chronobiol Int 2012;29:305–310.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruni, O., Russo, P.M., Ferri, R., Novelli, L., Galli, F., Guidetti, V.. Relationships between headache and sleep in a non-clinical population of children and adolescents. Sleep Med 2008;9:542–548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caci, H., Adan, A., Bohle, P., Natale, V., Pornpitakpan, C., Tilley, A.J.. Transcultural properties of the Composite Scale of Morningness: the relevance of the “morning affect” factor. Chronobiol Int 2005;22:523–540.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caci, H., Deschaux, O., Adan, A., Natale, V.. Comparing three morningness scales: age and gender effects, structure and cutoff criteria. Sleep Med 2009;10:240–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cain, N., Gradisar, M.. Electronic media use and sleep in school-aged children and adolescents: a review. Sleep Med Rev 2010;11:735–742.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carskadon, M.A., Acebo, C.. Relationship of a morningness/eveningness scale to sleep patterns in preadolescents. Sleep Res 1992;21:367.Google Scholar
Carskadon, M.A., Seifer, R., Acebo, C.. Reliability of six scales in a sleep questionnaire for adolescents. Sleep Res 1991;20:421.Google Scholar
Carskadon, M.A., Vieira, C., Acebo, C.. Association between puberty and delayed phase preference. Sleep 1993;16:258–262.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cavallera, G.M., Giudici, S.. Morningness and eveningness personality: a survey in literature from 1995 up till 2006. Pers Individ Dif 2008;44:3–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chung, K.F., Cheung, M.M.. Sleep-wake patterns and sleep disturbance among Hong Kong Chinese adolescents. Sleep 2008;31:185–194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Collado Mateo, M.J.C., Diaz-Morales, J.F., Escribano, C., Prieto, P.D., Randler, C.. Morningness-eveningness and sleep habits among adolescents: age and gender differences. Psicothema 2012;24:410–415.Google ScholarPubMed
Collado-Mateo, M.J.C., Diaz-Morales, J.F., Escribano, C., Delgado, P.. Morningness-eveningness and anxiety trait among adolescents. An Psicol 2013;29:90–93 [In Spanish].Google Scholar
Di Milia, L., Adan, A., Natale, V., Randler, C.. Reviewing the psychometric properties of contemporary circadian typology measures. Chronobiol Int 2013;30:1261–1271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diaz-Morales, J.F., Escribano, C.. Predicting school achievement: the role of inductive reasoning, sleep length and morningness-eveningness. Pers Individ Differ 2013;55:106–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diaz-Morales, J.F., Escribano, C.. Circadian Preference and Thinking Styles: Implications for School Achievement. Chronobiol Int 2013;30:1231–1239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diaz-Morales, J.F., Randler, C.. Morningness-Eveningness Among German and Spanish Adolescents 12-18 Years. Eur Psychol 2008;13:214–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diaz-Morales, J.F., Sorroche, M.G.. Morningness-eveningness in adolescents. Span J Psychol 2008;11:201–206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diaz-Morales, J.F., de Leon, C.D., Sorroche, M.G.. Validity of the morningness-eveningness scale for children among Spanish adolescents. Chronobiol Int 2007;24:435–447.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diaz-Morales, J.F., Prieto, P.D., Escribano, C., Collado Mateo, M.J.C., Randler, C.. Sleep beliefs and chronotype among adolescents: the effect of a sleep education program. Biol Rhythm Res 2012;43:397–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diaz-Morales, J.F., Escribano, C., Jankowski, K., Vollmer, C., Randler, C.. Evening adolescents: the role of family relationships and pubertal development. J Adolesc 2014;37:425–432.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Escribano, C., Diaz-Morales, J.F.. Daily fluctuations in attention at school considering starting time and chronotype: an exploratory study. Chronobiol Int 2014;31:761–769.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Escribano, C., Diaz-Morales, J.F., Delgado, P., Collado-Mateo, M.J.C.. Morningness/eveningness and school performance among Spanish adolescents: further evidence. Learn Individ Differ 2012;22:409–413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gau, S.F., Soong, W.T.. The transition of sleep-wake patterns in early adolescence. Sleep 2003;26:449–454.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gau, S.F., Shang, C.-Y., Merikangas, K.R., Chiu, Y.N., Soong, W.-T., Cheng, A.T.. Association between Morningness-Eveningness and Behavioral/Emotional Problems among Adolescents. J Biol Rhythms 2007;22:268–274.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giannotti, F., Cortesi, F., Sebastiani, T., Ottaviano, S.. Circadian preference, sleep and daytime behaviour in adolescence. J Sleep Res 2002;11:191–199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horne, J., Östberg, O.. A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms. Int J Chronobiol 1976;4:97–110.Google ScholarPubMed
Hur, Y.M.. Stability of genetic influence on morningness-eveningness: a cross-sectional examination of South Korean twins from preadolescence to young adulthood. J Sleep Res 2007;16:17–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ishihara, K., Honma, Y., Miyake, S.. Investigation of the children's version of the morningness-eveningness questionnaire with primary and junior high school pupils in Japan. Percept Motor Skill 1990;71:1353–1354.Google Scholar
Jankowski, K.S.. Composite Scale of Morningness: psychometric properties, validity with Munich ChronoType Questionnaire and age/sex differences in Poland. Eur Psychiatry 2015;30:166–171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kerkhof, G.A.. Inter-individual differences in the human circadian system: a review. Biol Psychol 1985;20:83–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, S., Dueker, G.L., Hasher, L., Goldstein, D.. Children's time of day preference: age, gender and ethnic differences. Pers Individ Differ 2002;33:1083–1090.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koscec, A., Radosevic-Vidacek, B., Bakotic, M.. Morningness–eveningness and sleep patterns of adolescents attending school in two rotating shifts. Chronobiol Int 2014;31:52–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liberati, A., Altman, D.G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P.C., Ioannidis, J.P.A., et al.The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. Plos Med 2009;6:e1000100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Natale, V., Bruni, O.. Confronto fra tre questionari per la valutazione della tipologia circadiana in adolescenza. Testing Psicometria Metodologia 2000;7:33–44 [In Italian].Google Scholar
Natale, V., Cicogna, P.C.. Morningness-eveningness dimension: is it really a continuum?. Pers Indiv Differ 2002;32:809–816.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Negriff, S., Dorn, L.D.. Morningness/eveningness and menstrual symptoms in adolescent females. J Psychosomat Res 2009;67:169–172.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Negriff, S., Dorn, L.D., Pabst, S.R., Susman, E.J.. Morningness/eveningness, pubertal timing, and substance use in adolescent girls. Psychiatry Res 2011;185:408–413.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nunnally, J.C.Psychometric Theory, 2nd ed., New York: McGraw-Hill; 1978.Google Scholar
Oginska, H.. Can you feel the rhythm? A short questionnaire to describe two dimensions of chronotype. Pers Individ Differ 2011;50:1039–1043.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Önder, I., Beşoluk, S.. Adaptation of the morningness eveningness scale for children into Turkish. Biol Rhythm Res 2013;44:313–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Önder, I., Beşoluk, S., Horzum, M.B.. Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the Composite Scale of Morningness. Span J Psychol 2013;16:e67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pabst, S.R., Negriff, S., Dorn, L.D., Susman, E.J., Huang, B.. Depression and anxiety in adolescent females: the impact of sleep preference and body mass index. J Adolesc Health 2009;44:554–560.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pieters, S., Van Der Vorst, H., Burk, W.J., Wiers, R.W., Engels, R.C.M.E.. Puberty-dependent sleep regulation and alcohol use in early adolescents. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2010;34:1512–1518.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Preckel, F., Lipnevich, A.A., Boehme, K., Brandner, L., Georgi, K., Könen, T., et al.Morningness-eveningness and educational outcomes: the lark has an advantage over the owl at high school. Br J Educ Psychol 2013;83:114–134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prieto, P.D., Díaz-Morales, J.F., Scribing, C., Collado Mateo, M.J.C., Randler, C.. Morningness-Eveningness and health-related quality of life among adolescents. Span J Psychol 2012;15:613–623.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Randler, C.. Morningness-eveningness comparison in adolescents from different countries around the world. Chronobiol Int 2008;25:1017–1028.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Randler, C.. Differences in sleep and circadian preference between Eastern and Western German adolescents. Chronobiol Int 2008;25:565–575.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Randler, C.CSM. Composite Scale of Morningness? Deutsche Fassung. (PSYNDEX Tests-Nr. 9006790)] In: Leibniz-Zentrum für Psychologische Information und Dokumentation (ZPID) (Hrsg.), Elektronisches Testarchiv; 2008. Online im Internet, URL: http://www.zpid.de/index.php?wahl=products&uwahl=frei&uuwahl=testarchiveintro.Google Scholar
Randler, C.. Validation of the full and reduced Composite Scale of Morningness. Biol Rhythm Res 2009;40:413–423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Randler, C.. Association between morningness-eveningness and mental and physical health in adolescents. Psychol Health Med 2011;16:29–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Randler, C., Saliger, L.. Relationship between morningness-eveningness and temperament and character dimensions in adolescents. Pers Individ Differ 2011;50:148–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Randler, C., Schaal, S.. Morningness-eveningness, habitual sleep-wake variables and cortisol level. Biol Psychol 2010;85:14–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Randler, C., Bilger, S., Diaz-Morales, J.F.. Associations among Sleep, Chronotype, Parental Monitoring, and Pubertal Development among German Adolescents. J Psychol 2009;143:509–520.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Randler, C., Horzum, M.B., Vollmer, C.. Internet addiction and its relationship to chronotype and personality in a Turkish university student sample. Soc Sci Comput Rev 2014;32:484–495.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Randler, C., Vollmer, C., Besoluk, S., Onder, I., Horzum, M.B.. Age and gender differences in morningness-eveningness in Turkish adolescents and young adults. Biol Rhythm Res 2014;45:277–284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, R.D.The lark-owl (chronotype) indicator (LOCI). Sydney: Entelligent Testing Products; 1998.Google Scholar
Roenneberg, T., Wirz-Justice, A., Merrow, M.Life between clocks: daily temporal patterns of human chronotype. J Biol Rhythms 2003;18:80–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roenneberg, T., Kuehnle, T., Pramstaller, P.P., Ricken, J., Havel, M., Guth, A., et al.A marker for the end of adolescence. Curr Biol 2004;14:R1038–R1039.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schlarb, A.A., Sopp, R., Ambiel, D., Grünwald, J.Chronotype-related differences in childhood and adolescent aggression and antisocial behavior – A review of the literature. Chronobiol Int 2014;31:1–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schmidt, S., Randler, C.Morningness-Eveningness and Eating Disorders in a Sample of Adolescent Girls. J Individ Differ 2010;31:38–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, A.M., Randler, C.Daytime sleepiness during transition into daylight saving time in adolescents: are owls higher at risk? Sleep Med 2009;10:1047–1050.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, C.S., Reilly, C., Midkiff, K.Evaluation of three circadian rhythm questionnaires with suggestions for an improved measure of morningness. J Appl Psych 1989;74:728–738.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, C.S., Folkard, S., Schmieder, R.A., Parra, L.F., Spelten, E., Almiral, H., et al.Multinational investigation of morning-evening orientation using a new measure of morningness. Pers Individ Dif 2002;32:949–968.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taillard, J., Philip, P., Chastang, J.-F., Bioulac, B.Validation of the Horne and Östberg morningness-eveningness questionnaire in a middle-aged population of French workers. J Biol Rhythms 2004;19:76–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tankova, I., Adan, A., Buela-Casal, G.Circadian typology and individual differences. A review. Pers Individ Dif 1994;16:671–684.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tonetti, L.Validity of the morningness-eveningness questionnaire for adolescents (MEQ-A). Sleep Hypn 2007;9:47–51.Google Scholar
Tonetti, L., Fabbri, M., Martoni, M., Natale, V.Uno strumento per la valutazione della tipologia circadiana in adolescenza. Testing Psicometria Metodologia 2006;13:25–38.Google Scholar
Tonetti, L., Fabbri, M., Natale, V.Sex difference in sleep-time preference and sleep need: a cross-sectional survey among Italian pre-adolescents, adolescents, and adults. Chronobiol Int 2008;25:745–759.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tonetti, L., Fabbri, M., Martoni, M., Natale, V.Circadian type and mood seasonality in adolescents. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2012;66:157–159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tonetti, L., Fabbri, M., Martoni, M., Natale, V.Circadian preference and perceived quality of the sleep/wake cycle in Italian high school students. Pers Individ Differ 2013;54:315–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torsvall, L., Åkerstedt, T.A diurnal type scale: construction, consistency and validation in shift work. Scand J Work Environ Health 1980;6:283–290.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tzischinsky, O., Shochat, T.Eveningness, sleep patterns, daytime functioning, and quality of life in Israeli adolescents. Chronobiol Int 2011;28:338–343.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Urbán, R., Magyaródi, T., Rigó, A.Morningness-eveningness, chronotypes and health-impairing behaviors in adolescents. Chronobiol Int 2011;28:238–247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vollmer, C., Randler, C.Circadian preferences and personality values: morning types prefer social values, evening types prefer individual values. Pers Individ Differ 2012;52:738–743.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vollmer, C., Randler, C., Di Milia, L.Further Evidence for the Influence of Photoperiod at Birth on Chronotype in a Sample of German Adolescents. Chronobiol Int 2012;29:1345–1351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vollmer, C., Pötsch, F., Randler, C.Morningness is associated with better gradings and higher attention in class. Learn Individ Differ 2013;27:167–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warner, S., Murray, G., Meyer, D.Holiday and school-term sleep patterns of Australian adolescents. J Adolesc 2008;31:595–608.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zavada, A., Gordijn, M.C.M., Beersma, D.G.M., Daan, S., Roenneberg, T.Comparison of the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire with the Horne-Östberg's morningness-eveningness score. Chronobiol Int 2005;22:267–278.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Tonetti et al. supplementary material

Table S1-S6

Download Tonetti et al. supplementary material(File)
File 148.5 KB
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.