Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T07:23:09.926Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Clinical Implications Of Cognitive Impairment and Allostatic Load in Bipolar Disorder

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 April 2012

E. Vieta ,
D. Popovic ,
A.R. Rosa ,
B. Solé ,
I. Grande ,
B.N. Frey ,
A. Martinez-Aran ,
J. Sanchez-Moreno ,
V. Balanzá-Martínez  and
R. Tabarés-Seisdedos
...Show all authors
E. Vieta*
Affiliation:
Bipolar Disorders Program, Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, University Clinic Hospital of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Villarroel 170, 08036Barcelona, Spain
D. Popovic
Affiliation:
Bipolar Disorders Program, Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, University Clinic Hospital of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Villarroel 170, 08036Barcelona, Spain Department of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Biotechnology, University of Pisa, Ospedale Santa Chiara, Via Roma 67, 56100Pisa, Italy
A.R. Rosa
Affiliation:
Bipolar Disorders Program, Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, University Clinic Hospital of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Villarroel 170, 08036Barcelona, Spain Bipolar Disorders Program and INCT for Translational Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, UFRGS, Ramiro Barcelos, 2350 CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
B. Solé
Affiliation:
Bipolar Disorders Program, Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, University Clinic Hospital of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Villarroel 170, 08036Barcelona, Spain
I. Grande
Affiliation:
Bipolar Disorders Program, Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, University Clinic Hospital of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Villarroel 170, 08036Barcelona, Spain
B.N. Frey
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 2B4 and Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
A. Martinez-Aran
Affiliation:
Bipolar Disorders Program, Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, University Clinic Hospital of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Villarroel 170, 08036Barcelona, Spain
J. Sanchez-Moreno
Affiliation:
Bipolar Disorders Program, Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, University Clinic Hospital of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Villarroel 170, 08036Barcelona, Spain
V. Balanzá-Martínez
Affiliation:
Teaching Unit of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, CIBERSAM, Blasco-Ibáñez 17, 46010Valencia, Spain
R. Tabarés-Seisdedos
Affiliation:
Teaching Unit of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, CIBERSAM, Blasco-Ibáñez 17, 46010Valencia, Spain
F. Kapczinski
Affiliation:
Bipolar Disorders Program and INCT for Translational Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, UFRGS, Ramiro Barcelos, 2350 CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
*
⁎Corresponding author. Tel.: +34 93 2275401; fax: +34 932275795. E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected] (E. Vieta).
Get access

Abstract

Background

Allostatic load (AL) relates to the neural and bodily “wear and tear” that emerge in the context of chronic stress. This paper aims to provide clinicians with a comprehensive overview of the role of AL in patophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD) and its practical implications.

Methods

PubMed searches were conducted on English-language articles published from 1970 to June 2011 using the search terms allostatic load, oxidative stress, staging, and bipolar disorder cross-referenced with cognitive impairment, comorbidity, mediators, prevention.

Results

Progressive neural and physical dysfunction consequent to mood episodes in BD can be construed as a cumulative state of AL. The concept of AL can help to reconcile cognitive impairment and increased rates of clinical comorbidities that occur over the course of cumulative BD episodes.

Conclusions

Data on transduction of psychosocial stress into the neurobiology of mood episodes converges to the concept of AL. Mood episodes prevention would not only alleviate emotional suffering, but also arrest the cycle of AL, cognitive decline, physical morbidities and, eventually, related mortality. These objectives can be achieved by focusing on effective prophylaxis from the first stages of the disorder, providing mood-stabilizing agents and standardized psychoeducation and, potentially, addressing cognitive deficits by the means of specific medication and neuropsychological interventions.

Keywords

Bipolar disorderManiaDepressionCognitive impairmentProphylaxisAllostatic load
Type
Review
Information
European Psychiatry , Volume 28 , Issue 1 , January 2013 , pp. 21 - 29
Copyright
Copyright © European Psychiatric Association 2013

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Almeida, R.D.Manadas, B.J.Melo, C.V.Gomes, J.R.Mendes, C.S.Graos, M.M.Neuroprotection by BDNF against glutamate-induced apoptotic cell death is mediated by ERK and PI3-kinase pathways. Cell Death Differ 2005;12(10):1329–1343.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Altshuler, L.L.Ventura, J.van Gorp, W.G.Green, M.F.Theberge, D.C.Mintz, J.Neurocognitive function in clinically stable men with bipolar I disorder or schizophrenia and normal control subjects. Biol Psychiatry 2004;56(8):560–569.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Altshuler, L.L.Bearden, C.E.Green, M.F.van, G.W.Mintz, J.A relationship between neurocognitive impairment and functional impairment in bipolar disorder: a pilot study. Psychiatry Res 2008;157(1–3):289–293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andreazza, A.C.Cassini, C.Rosa, A.R.Leite, M.C.de Almeida, L.M.Nardin, P.C.Serum S100B and antioxidant enzymes in bipolar patients. J Psychiatr Res 2007;41(6):523–529.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andreazza, A.C.Frey, B.N.Erdtmann, B.Salvador, M.Rombaldi, F.Santin, A.DNA damage in bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res 2007;153(1):27–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andreazza, A.C.Kauer-Sant’anna, M.Frey, B.N.Stertz, L.Zanotto, C.Ribeiro, L.Effects of mood stabilizers on DNA damage in an animal model of mania. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2008;33(6):516–524.Google Scholar
Antila, M.Tuulio-Henriksson, A.Kieseppa, T.Eerola, M.Partonen, T.Lonnqvist, J.Cognitive functioning in patients with familial bipolar I disorder and their unaffected relatives. Psychol Med 2007;37(5):679–687.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Balanza-Martinez, V.Tabares-Seisdedos, R.Selva-Vera, G.Martinez-Aran, A.Torrent, C.Salazar-Fraile, J.Persistent cognitive dysfunctions in bipolar I disorder and schizophrenic patients: a 3-year follow-up study. Psychother Psychosom 2005;74(2):113–119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Balanza-Martinez, V.Rubio, C.Selva-Vera, G.Martinez-Aran, A.Sanchez-Moreno, J.Salazar-Fraile, J.Neurocognitive endophenotypes (endophenocognitypes) from studies of relatives of bipolar disorder subjects: a systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2008;32(8):1426–1438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bearden, C.E.Hoffman, K.M.Cannon, T.D.The neuropsychology and neuroanatomy of bipolar affective disorder: a critical review. Bipolar Disord 2001;3(3):106–150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bearden, C.E.Thompson, P.M.Dutton, R.A.Frey, B.N.Peluso, M.A.Nicoletti, M.Three-dimensional mapping of hippocampal anatomy in unmedicated and lithium-treated patients with bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008;33(6):1229–1238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bell, E.C.Willson, M.C.Wilman, A.H.Dave, S.Silverstone, P.H.Differential effects of chronic lithium and valproate on brain activation in healthy volunteers. Hum Psychopharmacol 2005;20(6):415–424.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benabarre, A.Vieta, E.Martinez-Aran, A.Garcia-Garcia, M.Martin, F.Lomena, F.Neuropsychological disturbances and cerebral blood flow in bipolar disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2005;39(4):227–234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benes, F.M.Walsh, J.Bhattacharyya, S.Sheth, A.Berretta, S.DNA fragmentation decreased in schizophrenia but not bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003;60(4):359–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berk, M.Conus, P.Lucas, N.Hallam, K.Malhi, G.S.Dodd, S.Setting the stage: from prodrome to treatment resistance in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2007;9(7):671–678.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berk, M.Hallam, K.Lucas, N.Hasty, M.McNeil, C.A.Conus, P.Early intervention in bipolar disorders: opportunities and pitfalls. Med J Aust S11;187(7 Suppl–):S14.Google Scholar
Berk, M.Brnabic, A.Dodd, S.Kelin, K.Tohen, M.Malhi, G.S.Does stage of illness impact treatment response in bipolar disorder?. Empirical treatment data and their implication for the staging model and early intervention. Bipolar Disord. 2011;13(1):87–98.Google ScholarPubMed
Blumberg, H.P.Fredericks, C.Wang, F.Kalmar, J.H.Spencer, L.Papademetris, X.Preliminary evidence for persistent abnormalities in amygdala volumes in adolescents and young adults with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2005;7(6):570–576.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bora, E.Vahip, S.Akdeniz, F.Gonul, A.S.Eryavuz, A.Ogut, M.The effect of previous psychotic mood episodes on cognitive impairment in euthymic bipolar patients. Bipolar Disord 2007;9(5):468–477.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bosetti, F.Weerasinghe, G.R.Rosenberger, T.A.Rapoport, S.I.Valproic acid down-regulates the conversion of arachidonic acid to eicosanoids via cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in rat brain. J Neurochem 2003;85(3):690–696.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, S.M.Henning, S.Wellman, C.L.Mild, short-term stress alters dendritic morphology in rat medial prefrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex 2005;15(11):1714–1722.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burdick, K.E.Endick, C.J.Goldberg, J.F.Assessing cognitive deficits in bipolar disorder: Are self-reports valid?. Psychiatry Res 2005;103(1):43–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burdick, K.E.Goldberg, J.F.Harrow, M.Faull, R.N.Malhotra, A.K.Neurocognition as a stable endophenotype in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis 2006;194(4):255–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burdick, K.E.Braga, R.J.Goldberg, J.F.Malhotra, A.K.Cognitive dysfunction in bipolar disorder: future place of pharmacotherapy. CNS Drugs 2007;21(12):971–981.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cannon, T.D.Rosso, I.M.Levels of analysis in etiological research on schizophrenia. Dev Psychopathol 2002;14(3):653–666.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carney, C.P.Jones, L.E.Medical comorbidity in women and men with bipolar disorders: a population-based controlled study. Psychosom Med 2006;68(5):684–691.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caspi, A.Moffitt, T.E.Gene-environment interactions in psychiatry: joining forces with neuroscience. Nat Rev Neurosci 2006;7(7):583–590.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Castilla-Puentes, R.Multiple episodes in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder: comorbidity, hospitalization, and treatment (data from a cohort of 8,129 patients of a national managed care database). Int J Psychiatry Med. 2008;38(1):61–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, L.Iversen, S.D.Goodwin, G.M.Sustained attention deficit in bipolar disorder. Br J Psychiatry 2002;180:313–319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, L.Sarna, A.Goodwin, G.M.Impairment of executive function but not memory in first-degree relatives of patients with bipolar I disorder and in euthymic patients with unipolar depression. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162(10):1980–1982.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colom, F.Vieta, E.Reinares, M.Martinez-Aran, A.Torrent, C.Goikolea, J.M.Psychoeducation efficacy in bipolar disorders: beyond compliance enhancement. J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64(9):1101–1105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Colom, F.Reinares, M.Pacchiarotti, I.Popovic, D.Mazzarini, L.Martinez-Aran, A.Has number of previous episodes any effect on response to group psychoeducation in bipolar patients?. A 5-year follow-up post hoc analysis. Acta Neuropsichiatrica 2010;22(2):50–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cunha, A.B.Frey, B.N.Andreazza, A.C.Goi, J.D.Rosa, A.R.Goncalves, C.A.Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor is decreased in bipolar disorder during depressive and manic episodes. Neurosci Lett 2006;398(3):215–219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Czeh, B.Simon, M.Schmelting, B.Hiemke, C.Fuchs, E.Astroglial plasticity in the hippocampus is affected by chronic psychosocial stress and concomitant fluoxetine treatment. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006;31(8):1616–1626.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daban, C.Martinez-Aran, A.Torrent, C.Tabares-Seisdedos, R.Balanza-Martinez, V.Salazar-Fraile, J.Specificity of cognitive deficits in bipolar disorder versus schizophrenia. A systematic review. Psychother Psychosom 2006;75(2):72–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dranovsky, A.Hen, R.Hippocampal neurogenesis: regulation by stress and antidepressants. Biol Psychiatry 2006;59(12):1136–1143.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duman, R.S.Monteggia, L.M.A neurotrophic model for stress-related mood disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2006;59(12):1116–1127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Engelsmann, F.Katz, J.Ghadirian, A.M.Schachter, D.Lithium and memory: a long-term follow-up study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1988;8(3):207–212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferrier, I.N.Stanton, B.R.Kelly, T.P.Scott, J.Neuropsychological function in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1999;175:246–251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferrier, I.N.Chowdhury, R.Thompson, J.M.Watson, S.Young, A.H.Neurocognitive function in unaffected first-degree relatives of patients with bipolar disorder: a preliminary report. Bipolar Disord 2004;6(4):319–322.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fleming, K.Green, M.F.Backward masking performance during and after manic episodes. J. Abnorm Psychol 1995;104(1):63–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fountoulakis, K.N.Vieta, E.Bouras, C.Notaridis, G.Giannakopoulos, P.Kaprinis, G.A systematic review of existing data on long-term lithium therapy: neuroprotective or neurotoxic?. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2008;11(2):269–287.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frey, B.N.Andreazza, A.C.Cereser, K.M.Martins, M.R.Valvassori, S.S.Reus, G.Z.Effects of mood stabilizers on hippocampus BDNF levels in an animal model of mania. Life Sci 2006;79(3):281–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gazalle, F.K.Frey, B.N.Hallal, P.C.Andreazza, A.C.Cunha, A.B.Santin, A.Mismatch between self-reported quality of life and functional assessment in acute mania: a matter of unawareness of illness?. J Affect Disord 2007;103(1–3):247–252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ghelardoni, S.Tomita, Y.A.Bell, J.M.Rapoport, S.I.Bosetti, F.Chronic carbamazepine selectively downregulates cytosolic phospholipase A2 expression and cyclooxygenase activity in rat brain. Biol Psychiatry 2004;56(4):248–254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glahn, D.C.Bearden, C.E.Niendam, T.A.Escamilla, M.A.The feasibility of neuropsychological endophenotypes in the search for genes associated with bipolar affective disorder. Bipolar Disord 2004;6(3):171–182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldstein, B.I.Kemp, D.E.Soczynska, J.K.McIntyre, R.S.Inflammation and the phenomenology, pathophysiology, comorbidity, and treatment of bipolar disorder: a systematic review of the literature. J Clin Psychiatry 2009;70(8):1078–1090.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, E.K.Raybould, R.MacGregor, S.Hyde, S.Young, A.H.O’Donovan, M.C.Genetic variation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in bipolar disorder: case-control study of over 3000 individuals from the UK. Br J Psychiatry 2006;188:21–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, M.J.Cahill, C.M.Malhi, G.S.The cognitive and neurophysiological basis of emotion dysregulation in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2007;103(1–3):29–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harkavy-Friedman, J.M.Keilp, J.G.Grunebaum, M.F.Sher, L.Printz, D.Burke, A.K.Are BPI and BPII suicide attempters distinct neuropsychologically?. J Affect Disord 2006;94(1–3):255–259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jay, T.M.Rocher, C.Hotte, M.Naudon, L.Gurden, H.Spedding, M.Plasticity at hippocampal to prefrontal cortex synapses is impaired by loss of dopamine and stress: importance for psychiatric diseases. Neurotox Res 2004;6(3):233–244.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Juster, R.P.McEwen, B.S.Lupien, S.J.Allostatic load biomarkers of chronic stress and impact on health and cognition. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2010;35(1):2–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kapczinski, F.Vieta, E.Andreazza, A.C.Frey, B.N.Gomes, F.A.Tramontina, J.Allostatic load in bipolar disorder: implications for pathophysiology and treatment. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2008;32(4):675–692.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kapczinski, F.Dias, V.V.Kauer-Sant’anna, M.Brietzke, E.Vazquez, G.H.Vieta, E.The potential use of biomarkers as an adjunctive tool for staging bipolar disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009;33(8):1366–1371.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kapczinski, F.Dal-Pizzol, F.Teixeira, A.L.Magalhaes, P.V.Kauer, S.M.Klamt, F.A systemic toxicity index developed to assess peripheral changes in mood episodes. Mol Psychiatry 2010;15(8):784–786.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karlamangla, A.S.Singer, B.H.McEwen, B.S.Rowe, J.W.Seeman, T.E.Allostatic load as a predictor of functional decline. MacArthur studies of successful aging. J Clin Epidemiol 2002;55(7):696–710.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karlamangla, A.S.Singer, B.H.Greendale, G.A.Seeman, T.E.Increase in epinephrine excretion is associated with cognitive decline in elderly men: MacArthur studies of successful aging. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2005;30(5):453–460.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karlamangla, A.S.Singer, B.H.Seeman, T.E.Reduction in allostatic load in older adults is associated with lower all-cause mortality risk: MacArthur studies of successful aging. Psychosom Med 2006;68(3):500–507.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kauer-Sant’anna, M.Kapczinski, F.Andreazza, A.C.Bond, D.J.Lam, R.W.Young, L.T.Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and inflammatory markers in patients with early- vs late-stage bipolar disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2009;12(4):447–458.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keefe, R.S.Fenton, W.S.How Should DSM-V Criteria for Schizophrenia Include Cognitive Impairment?. Schizophr Bull 2007;33(4):912–920.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessing, L.V.Andersen, P.K.The effect of episodes on recurrence in affective disorder: a case register study. J Affect Disord 1999;53(3):225–231.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessler, R.C.Merikangas, K.R.Wang, P.S.Prevalence, comorbidity, and service utilization for mood disorders in the United States at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2007;3:137–158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ketter, T.A.Houston, J.P.Adams, D.H.Risser, R.C.Meyers, A.L.Williamson, D.J.Differential efficacy of olanzapine and lithium in preventing manic or mixed recurrence in patients with bipolar I disorder based on number of previous manic or mixed episodes. J Clin Psychiatry 2006;67(1):95–101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khanzode, S.D.Dakhale, G.N.Khanzode, S.S.Saoji, A.Palasodkar, R.Oxidative damage and major depression: the potential antioxidant action of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors. Redox Rep 2003;8(6):365–370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, Y.K.Jung, H.G.Myint, A.M.Kim, H.Park, S.H.Imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2007;104(1–3):91–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koob, G.F.A role for brain stress systems in addiction. Neuron 2008;59(1):11–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kumar, C.T.Christodoulou, T.Vyas, N.S.Kyriakopoulos, M.Corrigall, R.Reichenberg, A.Deficits in visual sustained attention differentiate genetic liability and disease expression for Schizophrenia from Bipolar Disorder. Schizophr Res 2010;124(1–3):152–160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lidow, M.S.Goldman-Rakic, P.S.Differential regulation of D2 and D4 dopamine receptor mRNAs in the primate cerebral cortex vs neostriatum: effects of chronic treatment with typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;283(2):939–946.Google ScholarPubMed
Machado-Vieira, R.Dietrich, M.O.Leke, R.Cereser, V.H.Zanatto, V.Kapczinski, F.Decreased plasma brain derived neurotrophic factor levels in unmedicated bipolar patients during manic episode. Biol Psychiatry 2007;61(2):142–144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maj, M.The impact of lithium prophylaxis on the course of bipolar disorder: a review of the research evidence. Bipolar Disord 2000;2(2):93–101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malberg, J.E.Eisch, A.J.Nestler, E.J.Duman, R.S.Chronic antidepressant treatment increases neurogenesis in adult rat hippocampus. J Neurosci 2000;20(24):9104–9110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malhi, G.S.Ivanovski, B.Szekeres, V.Olley, A.Bipolar disorder: it's all in your mind?. The neuropsychological profile of a biological disorder. Can J Psychiatry 2004;49(12):813–819.Google ScholarPubMed
Malhi, G.S.Ivanovski, B.Hadzi-Pavlovic, D.Mitchell, P.B.Vieta, E.Sachdev, P.Neuropsychological deficits and functional impairment in bipolar depression, hypomania and euthymia. Bipolar Disord 2007;9(1–2):114–125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maremmani, I.Perugi, G.Pacini, M.Akiskal, H.S.Toward a unitary perspective on the bipolar spectrum and substance abuse: opiate addiction as a paradigm. J Affect Disord 2006;93(1–3):1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maroun, M.Stress reverses plasticity in the pathway projecting from the ventromedial prefrontal cortex to the basolateral amygdala. Eur J Neurosci 2006;24(10):2917–2922.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martinez-Aran, A.Vieta, E.Colom, F.Reinares, M.Benabarre, A.Gasto, C.Cognitive dysfunctions in bipolar disorder: evidence of neuropsychological disturbances. Psychother Psychosom 2000;69(1):2–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martinez-Aran, A.Vieta, E.Colom, F.Torrent, C.Sanchez-Moreno, J.Reinares, M.Cognitive impairment in euthymic bipolar patients: implications for clinical and functional outcome. Bipolar Disord 2004;6(3):224–232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martinez-Aran, A.Vieta, E.Reinares, M.Colom, F.Torrent, C.Sanchez-Moreno, J.Cognitive function across manic or hypomanic, depressed, and euthymic states in bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2004;161(2):262–270.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martinez-Aran, A.Vieta, E.Colom, F.Torrent, C.Reinares, M.Goikolea, J.M.Do cognitive complaints in euthymic bipolar patients reflect objective cognitive impairment?. Psychother Psychosom 2005;74(5):295–302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martinez-Aran, A.Vieta, E.Torrent, C.Sanchez-Moreno, J.Goikolea, J.M.Salamero, M.Functional outcome in bipolar disorder: the role of clinical and cognitive factors. Bipolar Disord 2007;9(1–2):103–113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martinez-Aran, A.Torrent, C.Tabares-Seisdedos, R.Salamero, M.Daban, C.Balanza-Martinez, V.Neurocognitive impairment in bipolar patients with and without history of psychosis. J Clin Psychiatry 2008;69(2):233–239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McEwen, B.S.The neurobiology of stress: from serendipity to clinical relevance. Brain Res 2000;886(1–2):172–189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McEwen, B.S.Interacting mediators of allostasis and allostatic load: towards an understanding of resilience in aging. Metabolism 2003;52(10 Suppl 2):10–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McEwen, B.S.Mood disorders and allostatic load. Biol Psychiatry 2003;54(3):200–207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McEwen, B.S.Protection and damage from acute and chronic stress: allostasis and allostatic overload and relevance to the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004;1032:1–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McEwen, B.S.Stellar, E.Stress and the individual. Mechanisms leading to disease. Arch Intern Med 1993;153(18):2093–2101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McEwen, B.S.Wingfield, J.C.The concept of allostasis in biology and biomedicine. Horm Behav 2003;43(1):2–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGrath, J.Chapple, B.Wright, M.Working memory in schizophrenia and mania: correlation with symptoms during the acute and subacute phases. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2001;103(3):181–188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McIntyre, R.S.McCann, S.M.Kennedy, S.H.Antipsychotic metabolic effects: weight gain, diabetes mellitus, and lipid abnormalities. Can J Psychiatry 2001;46(3):273–281.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McIntyre, R.S.Soczynska, J.K.Beyer, J.L.Woldeyohannes, H.O.Law, C.W.Miranda, A.Medical comorbidity in bipolar disorder: re-prioritizing unmet needs. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2007;20(4):406–416.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McIntyre, R.S.Nguyen, H.T.Soczynska, J.K.Lourenco, M.T.Woldeyohannes, H.O.Konarski, J.Z.Medical and substance-related comorbidity in bipolar disorder: translational research and treatment opportunities. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2008;10(2):203–213.Google ScholarPubMed
McKay, A.P.Tarbuck, A.F.Shapleske, J.McKenna, P.J.Neuropsychological function in manic-depressive psychosis. Evidence for persistent deficits in patients with chronic, severe illness. Br J Psychiatry 1995;167(1):51–57.Google ScholarPubMed
Merikangas, K.R.Akiskal, H.S.Angst, J.Greenberg, P.E.Hirschfeld, R.M.Petukhova, M.Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorder in the national comorbidity survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007;64(5):543–552.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miklowitz, D.J.Adjunctive psychotherapy for bipolar disorder: state of the evidence. Am J Psychiatry 2008;165(11):1408–1419.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moghaddam, B.Jackson, M.Effect of stress on prefrontal cortex function. Neurotox Res 2004;6(1):73–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Monkul, E.S.Malhi, G.S.Soares, J.C.Anatomical MRI abnormalities in bipolar disorder: do they exist and do they progress?. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2005;39(4):222–226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muller, D.J.De L, V.Sicard, T.King, N.Strauss, J.Kennedy, J.L.Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene and rapid-cycling bipolar disorder: family-based association study. Br J Psychiatry 2006;189:317–323.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mur, M.Portella, M.J.Martinez-Aran, A.Pifarre, J.Vieta, E.Persistent neuropsychological deficit in euthymic bipolar patients: executive function as a core deficit. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68(7):1078–1086.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mur, M.Portella, M.J.Martinez-Aran, A.Pifarre, J.Vieta, E.Long-term stability of cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder: a 2-year follow-up study of lithium-treated euthymic bipolar patients. J Clin Psychiatry 2008;69(5):712–719.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nery-Fernandes, F.Quarantini, L.C.Galvao-De-Almeida, A.Rocha, M.V.Kapczinski, F.Miranda-Scippa, A.Lower rates of comorbidities in euthymic bipolar patients. World J Biol Psychiatry 2009;10(4 Pt 2):474–479.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newcomer, J.W.Medical risk in patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 2006;67(Suppl 9):25–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newcomer, J.W.Hennekens, C.H.Severe mental illness and risk of cardiovascular disease. JAMA 2007;298(15):1794–1796.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nocjar, C.Hammonds, M.D.Shim, S.S.Chronic lithium treatment magnifies learning in rats. Neuroscience 2007;150(4):774–788.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olley, A.Malhi, G.S.Mitchell, P.B.Batchelor, J.Lagopoulos, J.Austin, M.P.When Euthymia Is Just Not Good Enough: The Neuropsychology of Bipolar Disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 2005;193(5):323–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orre, K.Wennstrom, M.Tingstrom, A.Chronic lithium treatment decreases NG2 cell proliferation in rat dentate hilus, amygdala and corpus callosum. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009;33(3):503–510.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pacchiarotti, I.Di, M.S.Colom, F.Sanchez-Moreno, J.Vieta, E.Bipolar disorder preceded by substance abuse: a different phenotype with not so poor outcome?. World J Biol Psychiatry 2009;10(3):209–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pantazopoulos, H.Stone, D.Walsh, J.Benes, F.M.Differences in the cellular distribution of D1 receptor mRNA in the hippocampus of bipolars and schizophrenics. Synapse 2004;54(3):147–155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pavuluri, M.N.O’connor, M.M.Harral, E.M.Moss, M.Sweeney, J.A.Impact of Neurocognitive Function on Academic Difficulties in Pediatric Bipolar Disorder: A Clinical Translation. Biol Psychiatry 2006;60(9):951–956.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pavuluri, M.N.Schenkel, L.S.Aryal, S.Harral, E.M.Hill, S.K.Herbener, E.S.Neurocognitive function in unmedicated manic and medicated euthymic pediatric bipolar patients. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163(2):286–293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pfeifer, J.C.Welge, J.Strakowski, S.M.Adler, C.M.DelBello, M.P.Meta-analysis of amygdala volumes in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008;47:1289–1298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phillips, M.L.Vieta, E.Identifying functional neuroimaging biomarkers of bipolar disorder: toward DSM-V. Schizophr Bull 2007;33(4):893–904.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Post, R.M.Transduction of psychosocial stress into the neurobiology of recurrent affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1992;149(8):999–1010.Google ScholarPubMed
Post, R.M.Role of BDNF in bipolar and unipolar disorder: clinical and theoretical implications. J Psychiatr Res 2007;41(12):979–990.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Post, R.M.Kindling and sensitization as models for affective episode recurrence, cyclicity, and tolerance phenomena. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2007;31:858–873.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quraishi, S.Frangou, S.Neuropsychology of bipolar disorder: a review. J Affect Disord 2002;72(3):209–226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rao, J.S.Lee, H.J.Rapoport, S.I.Bazinet, R.P.Mode of action of mood stabilizers: is the arachidonic acid cascade a common target?. Mol Psychiatry 2008;13(6):585–596.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reichenberg, A.Weiser, M.Rabinowitz, J.Caspi, A.Schmeidler, J.Mark, M.A population-based cohort study of premorbid intellectual, language, and behavioral functioning in patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and nonpsychotic bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159(12):2027–2035.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reinares, M.Colom, F.Rosa, A.R.Bonnin, C.M.Franco, C.Sole, B.The impact of staging bipolar disorder on treatment outcome of family psychoeducation. J Affect Disord 2010;123(1–3):81–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robinson, L.J.Thompson, J.M.Gallagher, P.Goswami, U.Young, A.H.Ferrier, I.N.A meta-analysis of cognitive deficits in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2006;93(1–3):105–115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosa, A.R.Frey, B.N.Andreazza, A.C.Cereser, K.M.Cunha, A.B.Quevedo, J.Increased serum glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor immunocontent during manic and depressive episodes in individuals with bipolar disorder. Neurosci Lett 2006;407(2):146–150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rowe, M.K.Chuang, D.M.Lithium neuroprotection: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Expert Rev Mol Med 2004;6(21):1–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rucklidge, J.J.Impact of ADHD on the Neurocognitive Functioning of Adolescents with Bipolar Disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2006;60(9):921–928.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rybakowski, J.K.Borkowska, A.Czerski, P.M.Skibinska, M.Hauser, J.Polymorphism of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene and performance on a cognitive prefrontal test in bipolar patients. Bipolar Disord 2003;5(6):468–472.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rybakowski, J.K.Borkowska, A.Skibinska, M.Szczepankiewicz, A.Kapelski, P.Leszczynska-Rodziewicz, A.Prefrontal cognition in schizophrenia and bipolar illness in relation to Val66Met polymorphism of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2006;60(1):70–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rybakowski, J.K.Wykretowicz, A.Heymann-Szlachcinska, A.Wysocki, H.Impairment of endothelial function in unipolar and bipolar depression. Biol Psychiatry 2006;60(8):889–891.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rybakowski, J.K.Permoda-Osip, A.Borkowska, A.Response to prophylactic lithium in bipolar disorder may be associated with a preservation of executive cognitive functions. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2009;19(11):791–795.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saretzki, G.von Zglinicki, T.Replicative aging, telomeres, and oxidative stress. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002;959:24–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schloesser, R.J.Huang, J.Klein, P.S.Manji, H.K.Cellular plasticity cascades in the pathophysiology and treatment of bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008;33(1):110–133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schretlen, D.J.Cascella, N.G.Meyer, S.M.Kingery, L.R.Testa, S.M.Munro, C.A.Neuropsychological Functioning in Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2006;62(2):179–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schuepbach, D.Novick, D.Haro, J.M.Reed, C.Boeker, H.Noda, S.Determinants of voluntary vs involuntary admission in bipolar disorder and the impact of adherence. Pharmacopsychiatry 2008;41(1):29–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schulkin, J.Allostasis: a neural behavioral perspective. Horm Behav 2003;43(1):21–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scott, J.Paykel, E.Morriss, R.Bentall, R.Kinderman, P.Johnson, T.Cognitive-behavioural therapy for severe and recurrent bipolar disorders: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 2006;188:313–320.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seeman, T.E.Singer, B.H.Rowe, J.W.Horwitz, R.I.McEwen, B.S.Price of adaptation--allostatic load and its health consequences. MacArthur studies of successful aging. Arch Intern Med 1997;157(19):2259–2268.Google Scholar
Seeman, T.E.McEwen, B.S.Rowe, J.W.Singer, B.H.Allostatic load as a marker of cumulative biological risk: MacArthur studies of successful aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001;98(8):4770–4775.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seeman, T.E.Crimmins, E.Huang, M.H.Singer, B.Bucur, A.Gruenewald, T.Cumulative biological risk and socio-economic differences in mortality: MacArthur studies of successful aging. Soc Sci Med 2004;58(10):1985–1997.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Selva, G.Salazar, J.Balanza-Martinez, V.Martinez-Aran, A.Rubio, C.Daban, C.Bipolar I patients with and without a history of psychotic symptoms: do they differ in their cognitive functioning?. J Psychiatr Res 2007;41(3–4):265–272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shimizu, E.Hashimoto, K.Okamura, N.Koike, K.Komatsu, N.Kumakiri, C.Alterations of serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in depressed patients with or without antidepressants. Biol Psychiatry 2003;54(1):70–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simon, N.M.Smoller, J.W.McNamara, K.L.Maser, R.S.Zalta, A.K.Pollack, M.H.Telomere shortening and mood disorders: preliminary support for a chronic stress model of accelerated aging. Biol Psychiatry 2006;60(5):432–435.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singh, G.Driever, P.H.Sander, J.W.Cancer risk in people with epilepsy: the role of antiepileptic drugs. Brain 2005;128(Pt 1):7–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, D.J.Horn, N.Ramesar, R.Savitz, J.Bipolar disorder: emotional dysregulation and neuronal vulnerability. CNS Spectr. 2009;14(3):122–126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strakowski, S.M.Delbello, M.P.Zimmerman, M.E.Getz, G.E.Mills, N.P.Ret, J.Ventricular and periventricular structural volumes in first- versus multiple-episode bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159(11):1841–1847.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strakowski, S.M.Adler, C.M.Holland, S.K.Mills, N.P.Delbello, M.P.Eliassen, J.C.Abnormal FMRI brain activation in euthymic bipolar disorder patients during a counting stroop interference task. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162(9):1697–1705.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sun, A.Shanmugam, I.Song, J.Terranova, P.F.Thrasher, J.B.Li, B.Lithium suppresses cell proliferation by interrupting E2F-DNA interaction and subsequently reducing S-phase gene expression in prostate cancer. Prostate 2007;67(9):976–988.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swaab, D.F.Bao, A.M.Lucassen, P.J.The stress system in the human brain in depression and neurodegeneration. Ageing Res Rev 2005;4(2):141–194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swann, A.C.Bowden, C.L.Calabrese, J.R.Dilsaver, S.C.Morris, D.D.Mania: differential effects of previous depressive and manic episodes on response to treatment. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2000;101(6):444–451.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sylvia, L.G.Ametrano, R.M.Nierenberg, A.A.Exercise treatment for bipolar disorder: potential mechanisms of action mediated through increased neurogenesis and decreased allostatic load. Psychother Psychosom 2010;79(2):87–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Szoke, A.Schurhoff, F.Golmard, J.L.Alter, C.Roy, I.Meary, A.Familial resemblance for executive functions in families of schizophrenic and bipolar patients. Psychiatry Res 2006;144(2–3):131–138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tabares-Seisdedos, R.Rubenstein, J.L.Chromosome 8p as a potential hub for developmental neuropsychiatric disorders: implications for schizophrenia, autism and cancer. Mol Psychiatry 2009;14(6):563–589.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tabares-Seisdedos, R.Escamez, T.Martinez-Gimenez, J.A.Balanza, V.Salazar, J.Selva, G.Variations in genes regulating neuronal migration predict reduced prefrontal cognition in schizophrenia and bipolar subjects from mediterranean Spain: a preliminary study. Neuroscience 2006;139(4):1289–1300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tabares-Seisdedos, R.Balanza-Martinez, V.Sanchez-Moreno, J.Martinez-Aran, A.Salazar-Fraile, J.Selva-Vera, G.Neurocognitive and clinical predictors of functional outcome in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder at one-year follow-up. J Affect Disord 2008;109(3):286–299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor Tavares, J.V.Clark, L.Cannon, D.M.Erickson, K.Drevets, W.C.Sahakian, B.J.Distinct profiles of neurocognitive function in unmedicated unipolar depression and bipolar II depression. Biol Psychiatry 2007;62(8):917–924.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tiihonen, J.Haukka, J.Henriksson, M.Cannon, M.Kieseppa, T.Laaksonen, I.Premorbid intellectual functioning in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: results from a cohort study of male conscripts. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162(10):1904–1910.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Torrent, C.Martinez-Aran, A.Daban, C.Sanchez-Moreno, J.Comes, M.Goikolea, J.M.Cognitive impairment in bipolar II disorder. Br J Psychiatry 2006;189:254–259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Torrent, C.Martinez-Aran, A.Amann, B.Daban, C.Tabares-Seisdedos, R.Gonzalez-Pinto, A.Cognitive impairment in schizoaffective disorder: a comparison with non-psychotic bipolar and healthy subjects. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2007;116(6):453–460.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tramontina, J.Frey, B.N.Andreazza, A.C.Zandona, M.Santin, A.Kapczinski, F.Val66met polymorphism and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2007;12(3):230–231.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsai, S.Y.Chen, K.P.Yang, Y.Y.Chen, C.C.Lee, J.C.Singh, V.K.Activation of indices of cell-mediated immunity in bipolar mania. Biol Psychiatry 1999;45(8):989–994.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Gorp, W.G.Altshuler, L.Theberge, D.C.Wilkins, J.Dixon, W.Cognitive impairment in euthymic bipolar patients with and without prior alcohol dependence. A preliminary study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55(1):41–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vieta, E.Phillips, M.L.Deconstructing bipolar disorder: a critical review of its diagnostic validity and a proposal for DSM-V and ICD-11. Schizophr Bull 2007;33(4):886–892.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vieta, E.Rosa, A.R.Evolving trends in the long-term treatment of bipolar disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry 2007;8(1):4–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vieta, E.Martinez-De-Osaba, M.J.Colom, F.Martinez-Aran, A.Benabarre, A.Gasto, C.Enhanced corticotropin response to corticotropin-releasing hormone as a predictor of mania in euthymic bipolar patients. Psychol Med 1999;29(4):971–978.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vieta, E.Colom, F.Corbella, B.Martinez-Aran, A.Reinares, M.Benabarre, A.Clinical correlates of psychiatric comorbidity in bipolar I patients. Bipolar Disord 2001;3(5):253–258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vieta, E.Sanchez-Moreno, J.Lahuerta, J.Zaragoza, S.Subsyndromal depressive symptoms in patients with bipolar and unipolar disorder during clinical remission. J Affect Disord 2008;107(1–3):169–174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vogel, M.Pfeifer, S.Schaub, R.T.Grabe, H.J.Barnow, S.Freyberger, H.J.Decreased levels of dopamine D3 receptor mRNA in schizophrenic and bipolar patients. Neuropsychobiology 2004;50(4):305–310.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vyas, A.Mitra, R.Shankaranarayana Rao, B.S.Chattarji, S.Chronic stress induces contrasting patterns of dendritic remodeling in hippocampal and amygdaloid neurons. J Neurosci 2002;22(15):6810–6818.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vyas, A.Bernal, S.Chattarji, S.Effects of chronic stress on dendritic arborization in the central and extended amygdala. Brain Res 2003;965(1–2):290–294.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walz, J.C.Andreazza, A.C.Frey, B.N.Cacilhas, A.A.Cereser, K.M.Cunha, A.B.Serum neurotrophin-3 is increased during manic and depressive episodes in bipolar disorder. Neurosci Lett 2007;415(1):87–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watase, K.Gatchel, J.R.Sun, Y.Emamian, E.Atkinson, R.Richman, R.Lithium therapy improves neurological function and hippocampal dendritic arborization in a spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 mouse model. PLoS Med 2007;4(5):e182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wingo, A.P.Wingo, T.S.Harvey, P.D.Baldessarini, R.J.Effects of lithium on cognitive performance: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 2009;70(11):1588–1597.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zafir, A.Ara, A.Banu, N.Invivo antioxidant status: a putative target of antidepressant action. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009;33(2):220–228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zammit, S.Allebeck, P.David, A.S.Dalman, C.Hemmingsson, T.Lundberg, I.A longitudinal study of premorbid IQ Score and risk of developing schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, severe depression, and other nonaffective psychoses. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004;61(4):354–360.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.