Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T00:35:44.413Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The BDI-II factor structure in pregnancy and postpartum: Two or three factors?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 April 2020

Sandra Carvalho Bos ,
Ana Telma Pereira ,
Mariana Marques ,
Berta Maia ,
Maria João Soares ,
José Valente ,
Ana Gomes ,
António Macedo  and
Maria Helena Azevedo
Sandra Carvalho Bos*
Affiliation:
Institute of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
Ana Telma Pereira
Affiliation:
Institute of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
Mariana Marques
Affiliation:
Institute of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
Berta Maia
Affiliation:
Institute of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
Maria João Soares
Affiliation:
Institute of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
José Valente
Affiliation:
Institute of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
Ana Gomes*
Affiliation:
Department of Educational Sciences, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
António Macedo
Affiliation:
Institute of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
Maria Helena Azevedo
Affiliation:
Institute of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
*
*Corresponding author. Tel.: +351 239 857700; fax: +351 239 823170. E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Carvalho Bos).
*Corresponding author. Tel.: +351 239 857700; fax: +351 239 823170. E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Carvalho Bos).
Get access

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the factor structure of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) in pregnancy and postpartum. Women were asked to fill in the BDI-II in their last trimester of pregnancy and at 3 months after delivery. A total of 331 pregnant women, with a mean age of 29.7 years (SD = 4.6), and 354 mothers, aged 30.6 years (SD = 4.6 years), answered the BDI-II. The first group was mainly nulliparas (65.6%) and the second group was mostly primiparas (57.4%). Factor analyses with principal components solution and varimax rotation were performed. Based on the scree test of Cattell a 2-factor solution and a 3-factor solution were explored. The 2-factor solution was identical in pregnancy and postpartum. Items loading in the Cognitive–Affective factor and in the Somatic–Anxiety factor were almost the same, though the Cognitive–Affective factor explained more of the BDI-II total variance in pregnancy, whereas in postpartum both factors explained similar total variances. The 3-factor solution of the BDI-II in pregnancy and postpartum slightly diverged. Besides the Cognitive–Affective and the Somatic–Anxiety factors, a third factor, Fatigue, was obtained in pregnancy while Guilt was the third factor identified in postpartum. This study reveals that the BDI-II 3-factor solution might be more appropriate to assess depressive symptoms in pregnancy and postpartum.

Keywords

Psychometric and assessments in psychiatryBDI-II factor analysesPregnancyPostpartum
Type
Original article
Information
European Psychiatry , Volume 24 , Issue 5 , June 2009 , pp. 334 - 340
Copyright
Copyright © Elsevier Masson SAS 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

1

Tel.: +351 234 370628; fax: +351 234 370640.

References

American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, DSM-IV 4th ed.Washington, DC: APA; 1994.Google Scholar
Azevedo, M.H., Soares, M.J., Coelho, I., Dourado, A., Valente, J., Macedo, A.et al.Using consensus OPCRIT diagnoses. Br J Psychiatry 1999;175:154–157.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Azevedo, M.H.P., Valente, J., Macedo, A., Dourado, A., Coelho, I., Pato, M.et al.Versão portuguesa da “entrevista diagnóstica para estudos genéticos”. Psiq Clín 1993;14:213–217.Google Scholar
Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., Brown, G.K.BDI-II manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation; 1996.Google Scholar
Beck, A.T., Ward, C.H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., Erbaugh, J.An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1961;142(5):559–563.Google Scholar
Beck, C.T.Predictors of postpartum depression – an update. Nurs Res 2001;5:275–284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett, H.A., Einarson, A., Taddio, A., Koren, G., Einarson, T.R.Depression during pregnancy: overview of clinical factors. Clin Drug Investig 2004;24(3):157–179.Google ScholarPubMed
Brockington, I.F.Motherhood and mental health Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1996Google Scholar
Buist, A., Ross, L.E., Steiner, M.Anxiety and mood disorders in pregnancy and the post-partum periodCastle, D.J., Kulkarni, J., Abel, K.M.Mood and anxiety disorders in women Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2006. 163–184.Google Scholar
Coelho, R., Martins, A., Barros, H.Clinical profiles relating gender and depressive symptoms among adolescents ascertain by the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Eur Psychiatry 2002;17:222–226.Google Scholar
Cohen, J.A power primer. Psychol Bull 1992;112:155–159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeVellis, F.R.Scale development. Theory and applications London: Sage Publications; 1991.Google Scholar
Evans, J., Heron, J., Francomb, H., Oke, S., Golding, J.Cohort study of depressed mood during pregnancy and after childbirth. BMJ 2001;323:257–260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, S.B., Salkind, N.J., Akey, T.M.Using SPSS for Windows: analysing and understanding data 2nd edNew Jersey: Prentice Hall; 1999.Google Scholar
Halbreich, U.Prevalence of mood symptoms and depression during pregnancy: implications for clinical practice and research. CNS Spectr 2004;9:177–184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huffman, L.C., Lamour, M., Bryan, Y.E., Pederson, F.A.Depressive symptomatology during pregnancy and the postpartum period: is the Beck Depression Inventory applicable?. J Reprod Infant Psychol 1990;8:87–97.Google Scholar
Johanson, R., Chapman, G., Murray, D., Johnson, I., Cox, J.The North Staffordshire Maternity Hospital prospective study of pregnancy-associated depression. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2000;21:93–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaelber, C.T., Moul, D.E., Farmer, M.E.Epidemiology of depressionBeckham, E.E., Leber, W.R.Handbook of depression NewYork: Guilford Press; 1995. 3–35.Google Scholar
Mahmud, W., Awang, A., Herman, I., Mohamed, M.Analysis of the psychometric properties of the Malay version of Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) among postpartum women in Kedah, North West of Peninsular Malaysia. Malaysian J Med Sci 2004;11(2):19–25.Google Scholar
Martins, A., Coelho, R., Ramos, E., Barros, H.Administração do BDI-II a adolescentes portugueses: resultados preliminares. Rev Port Psicossom 2000;2(1):123–132.Google Scholar
McGuffin, P., Farmer, A., Harvey, I.A polydiagnostic application of operational criteria in studies of psychotic illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48:764–770.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nurnberger, J.L., Blehar, M.C., Kaufmann, C.A., York-Cooler, C., Simpson, S.G., Harkavy-Friedman, J.et al.Diagnostic interview for genetic studies: rationale, unique features and training. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51:849–859.Google ScholarPubMed
O'Hara, M.W., Swain, A.M.Rates and risk of postpartum depression—a meta analysis. Int Rev Psychiatry 1996;8:37–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riecher-Rössler, A., Rohde, A.Diagnostic classification of perinatal mood disordersRiecher-Rössler, A., Steiner, M.Perinatal stress, mood and anxiety disorders: from bench to bedside Basel: Karger; 2005 6–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson, E., Celasun, N., Stewart, D.E.Risk factor for postpartum depressionStewart, D.E., Robertson, E., Dennis, C.L., Wallington, T.Postpartum depression: literature review of risk factors and interventions Toronto: University Health Network; 2003.Google Scholar
Salamero, M., Marcos, T., Gutiérrez, F., Rebull, E.Factorial study of the BDI in pregnant women. Psychol Med 1994;24:1031–1035.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steer, R.A., Ball, R., Ranieri, W.F., Beck, A.T.Dimensions of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in clinical depressed outpatients. J Clin Psychol 1999;55:117–128.3.0.CO;2-A>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steer, R.A., Kumar, G., Ranieri, W.F., Beck, A.T.Use of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with adolescent psychiatric outpatients. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 1998;20(2):127–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Storch, E.A., Roberti, J.W., Roth, D.A.Factor structure, concurrent validity and internal consistency of the Beck Depression Inventory – second edition in a sample of college students. Depress Anxiety 2004;19:187–189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward, L.Comparison of factor structure models for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Psychol Assess 2006;18(1):81–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whisman, M.A., Perez, J.E., Ramel, W.Factor structure of the Beck Depression Inventory – second edition (BDI-II) in a student sample. J Clin Psychol 2000;56(4):545–551.3.0.CO;2-U>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Health Organization – WHO The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders. Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines Geneva: World Health Organization; 1992.Google Scholar
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.