Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T05:16:04.046Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Research on mental disorders and their care in immigrant populations: a review of publications from Germany, Italy and the UK

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 April 2020

Dirk Claassen ,
Micol Ascoli ,
Tzeggai Berhe  and
Stefan Priebe
Dirk Claassen*
Affiliation:
Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry, Queen Mary (University of London), Newham Centre for Mental Health, Glen Road, Plaistow, LondonE13 8SP, UK
Micol Ascoli
Affiliation:
Italian Institute of Transcultural Mental Health, Rome, Italy
Tzeggai Berhe
Affiliation:
Psychiatrische Klinik, Universität Ulm, Bezirkskrankenhaus Günzburg, Germany
Stefan Priebe
Affiliation:
Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry, Queen Mary (University of London), Newham Centre for Mental Health, Glen Road, Plaistow, LondonE13 8SP, UK
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail address:[email protected]. (D. Claassen).
Get access

Abstract

Objective

The review aims to identify the extent and nature of research on mental disorders and their care in immigrant populations in three major European countries with high levels of immigration, i.e. Germany, Italy, United Kingdom (UK).

Methods

Peer-reviewed publications on the subject from the three countries between 1996 and 2004 were analyzed. The research questions addressed, the methods used, and the results obtained were assessed.

Results

Thirteen papers reporting empirical studies were found from Germany, four from Italy and 95 from the UK. Studies addressed a range of research questions and most frequently assessed rates of service utilization in different immigrant groups. The most consistent finding is a higher rate of hospital admissions for Afro-Caribbean patients in the UK. Many studies had serious methodological shortcomings with low sample sizes and unspecified inclusion criteria.

Discussion

Despite large scale immigration in each of the three studied countries, the numbers of relevant research publications vary greatly with a relatively high level of empirical research in the UK. Possible reasons for this are a generally stronger culture of mental health service research and a higher number of researchers who are themselves from immigrant backgrounds in the UK.

Conclusion

Overall the evidence base to guide the development of mental health services for immigrant populations appears limited. Future research requires appropriate funding, should be of sufficient methodological quality and may benefit from collaboration across Europe.

Keywords

MigrationImmigrant groupsMental disordersMental health careHealth service research
Type
Review
Information
European Psychiatry , Volume 20 , Issue 8 , December 2005 , pp. 540 - 549
Copyright
Copyright © Elsevier SAS 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abdul-Hamid, WStansfeld, SWykes, TThe homeless clients of a community psychiatric nursing service in inner London: 1. Demographic characteristics and presenting problems. Int J Soc Psychiatr 1998;44(3):157–163.10.1177/002076409804400301CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aspinall, PJSuicide amongst Irish migrants in Britain: a review of the identity and integration hypothesis. Int J. Soc. Psychiatry 2002;48(4):290–304.10.1177/002076402128783325CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Audini, BLelliott, PAge, gender and ethnicity of those detained under Part II of the Mental Health Act 1983. Br J. Psychiatry 2002;180(3):222–226.10.1192/bjp.180.3.222CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bauer, MPsychiatric disorders and their treatment in immigrants—2 case reports. Psychiatr Prax. 1996;23(4):194–196.Google ScholarPubMed
Begum, MChild abuse: a universal 'diagnostic' category? The implication of culture in definition and assessment. Int J Soc Psychiatr 1996;42(4):287–304.Google Scholar
Bhugra, DLeff, JMallett, RDer, GCorridon, BRudge, SIncidence and outcome of schizophrenia in Whites, African–Caribbeans and Asians in London. Psychol Me 1997;27:791–798.10.1017/S0033291797005369CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhugra, DSetting up psychiatric services: cross cultural issues in planning and delivery. Int J. Soc. Psychiatry 1997;43(1):16–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhugra, DBaldwin, DSDesai, MJacob, KSAttempted suicide in London, II: Inter-group comparisons. Psychol Me 1999;29:1131–1139.10.1017/S0033291799008922CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhugra, DBaldwin, DSDesai, MAttempted suicide in London, I: rates across ethnic communities. Psychol Med. 1999;29:1125–1130.10.1017/S0033291799008910CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhugra, DCorridan, BRudge, SLeff, JMallett, RSocial factors and first onset schizophrenia among Asians and Whites. Int J Soc Psychiatry 1999;45(3):162–170.10.1177/002076409904500303CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhugra, DHilwig, MMallett, RCorridon, BLeff, JNeehall, Jet al.Factors in the onset of schizophrenia: acomparison between London and Trinidad samples. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2000;101:135–141.10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.90049.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhugra, DMigration and schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scan 2000;102:68–73.10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.00015.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhugra, DIdeas of distorted ethnic identity in 43 cases of psychosis. Int J. Soc. Psychiatry 2001;47(1):1–7.10.1177/002076400104700101CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhugra, DAcculturation, cultural identity and mental health. Bhugra, DCochrane, RPsychiatry in multiethnic Britai London: Royal College of Psychiatrists; 2001. 112–136.Google Scholar
Bhugra, DThompson, NSingh, JFellow-Smith, EInception rates of deliberate self-harm among adolescents in West London. Int J Soc Psychiatr 2003;49(4):247–250.10.1177/0020764003494002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhugra, DMigration and mental health. Acta Psychiatr Scan 2004;109:243–258.10.1046/j.0001-690X.2003.00246.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhugra, DHarding, CLippett, RPathways into care and satisfaction with primary care for black patients in south London. J Ment Healt 2004;13(2):171–183.10.1080/09638230410001669309CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhui, KBrown, PHardie, TWatson, JPParrott, JAfrican–Caribbean men remanded to Brixton Prison. Psychiatric and forensic characteristics and outcome of final court appearance. Br J Psychiatr 1998;172(4):337–344.10.1192/bjp.172.4.337CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhui, KBhugra, DGoldberg, DCross-cultural validity of the Amritsar Depression Inventory and the General Health Questionnaire amongst English and Punjabi primary care attenders. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemio 2000;35(6):248–254.10.1007/s001270050235CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhui, KBhugra, DGoldberg, DDunn, GDesai, MCultural influences on the prevalence of common mental disorder, general practitioners' assessments and help-seeking among Punjabi and English people visiting their general practitioner. Psychol Med. 2001;31:815–825.10.1017/S0033291701003853CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhui, KBhugra, DExplanatory models for mental distress. Br J Psychiatr 2002;181(7):6–7.10.1192/bjp.181.1.6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhui, KStansfeld, SHull, SPriebe, SMole, FFeder, GEthnic variations in pathways to and use of specialist mental health services in the UK: Systematic review. Br J. Psychiatry 2003;182(2):105–116.10.1192/bjp.182.2.105CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhui, KSashidharan, SPShould there be separate psychiatric services for ethnic minority groups?. Br J Psychiatr 2003;182(1):10–12.10.1192/bjp.182.1.10CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhui, KMohamud, SWarfa, NCraig, TJStansfeld, SCultural adaptation of mental health measures: improving the quality of clinical practice and research. Br J. Psychiatry 2003;183(3):184–186.10.1192/bjp.183.3.184CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhui, KBhugra, DGoldberg, DSauer, JTylee, AAssessing the prevalence of depression in Punjabi and English primary care attenders: the role of culture, physical illness and somatic symptoms. Transcult Psychiatr 2004;41(3):307–322.10.1177/1363461504045642CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhui, KBhugra, DGoldberg, DCausal explanations of distress and general practitioners' assessments of common mental disorder among Punjabi and English attendees. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemio 2000;37(1):38–45.10.1007/s127-002-8212-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bose, RPsychiatry and the popular conception of possession among the Bangladeshis in London. Int J Soc Psychiatr 1997;43(1):1–15.10.1177/002076409704300101CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bracken, PJGreenslade, LGriffin, BSmyth, MMental health and ethnicity: an Irish dimension. Br J Psychiatr 1998;172(2):103–105.10.1192/bjp.172.2.103CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brugha, TJenkins, RBebbington, PMeltzer, HLewis, GFarrell, MRisk factors and the prevalence of neurosis and psychosis in ethnic groups in Great Britain. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemio 2004;39(12):939–946.10.1007/s00127-004-0830-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brune, MHaasen, CKrausz, MYagdiran, OBustos, EEisenman, DBelief systems as coping factors for traumatized refugees: a pilot study. Eur Psychiatr 2002;17(8):451–458.10.1016/S0924-9338(02)00708-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burnett, RMallett, RBhugra, DHutchinson, GDer, GThe first contact of patients with schizophrenia with psychiatric services: social factors and pathways to care in a multi-ethnic population. Psychol Me 1999;29:475–483.10.1017/S0033291798008125CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Callan, ALittlewood, RPatient satisfaction: ethnic origin or explanatory model?. Int J Soc Psychiatr 1998;44(1):1–11.10.1177/002076409804400101CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cantor-Grave, EPetersen, CBMcNeil, TFMortensen, PBMigration as a risk factor for schizophrenia: a Danish population-based cohort study Br J Psychiatr 2003;182(2):117–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carta, MGCoppo, PReda, MAHardy, MCCarpiniello, BDepression and social change. From transcultural psychiatry to a constructivist model. Rivista Sperimentale de Freniatri 2001;10(1):46–58.Google ScholarPubMed
Chakraborky, AMcKenzie, KDoes racial discrimination cause mental illness?. Br J Psychiatr 2002;180:475–477.10.1192/bjp.180.6.475CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coid, JKahtan, NGault, SJarman, BEthnic differences in admissions to secure forensic psychiatry services. Br J Psychiatr 2000;177(3):241–247.10.1192/bjp.177.3.241CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coid, JPetruckevitch, ABebbington, PBrugha, TBhugra, DJenkins, Ret al.Ethnic differences in prisoners: 2: risk factors and psychiatric service use. Br J Psychiatr 2002;181(6):481–487.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coid, JPetruckevitch, ABebbington, PBrugha, TBhugra, DJenkins, Ret al.Ethnic differences in prisoners: 1: criminality and psychiatric morbidity. Br J Psychiatr 2002;181(6):473–480.10.1192/bjp.181.6.473CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coll, XImportance of acknowledging racial and cultural differences. Psychiatr Bul 1998;22:370–372.10.1192/pb.22.6.370CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Commander, MJMental health care for Asian, black and white patients with non-affective psychoses: pathways to the psychiatric hospital, in-patient and after-care. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemio 1999;34(9):484–491.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Commander, MJPsychiatric morbidity in people born in Ireland. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemio 1999;34(11):565–569.10.1007/s001270050176CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Commander, MJOdell, SMSurtees, PGSashidharan, SPCharacteristics of patients and patterns of psychiatric service use in ethnic minorities. Int J Soc Psychiatr 2003;49(3):216–224.10.1177/00207640030493007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Commander, MJOdell, SMSurtees, PGSashidharan, SPCare pathways for south Asian and white people with depressive and anxiety disorders in the community. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemio 2004;39(4):259–264.Google Scholar
Cowan, CThe mental health of Chinese people in Britain: an update on current literature. J Ment Healt 2001;10(5):501–511.10.1080/09638230120041263CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Creed, FWinterbottom, MTomenson, BBritt, RAnand, ISWander, GSet al.Preliminary study of non-psychotic disorders in people from the Indian subcontinent living in the UK and India. Acta Psychiatr Scan 1999;99(4):257–260.10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb07222.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dein, SSati, SThe use of traditional healing in South Asian psychiatric patients in the UK: interaction between professional and folk psychiatries. Transcult Psychiatr 2001;38(2):243–257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Del Puente, GSpensieri, SRiflessioni ethnopsichiatriche nell'osservazione di un delirio mistico. Rivista Sperimentale Freniatri 1999;123(2):148–154.Google Scholar
Eaton, WHarrison, GEthnic disadvantage and schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scan 2000;102:38–42.10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.00007.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Etzersdorfer, ESchafer, MBecker-Pfaff, JA modern Kaspar Hauser. Psychiatr Pra 2002;29(5):263–266.10.1055/s-2002-32707CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eurostat Eurostat unemployment statistics 2003. 2/2004. Eurostat. 2003Google Scholar
Eurostat 2002. Europäische Sozialstatistik Wanderung. Report Nr 3, 7-22. Eurostat. 2004Google Scholar
Favaro, AMaiorani, MColombo, GSantonastaso, PTraumatic experiences, posttraumatic stress disorder, and dissociative symptoms in a group of refugees from former Yugoslavia. J Nerv Ment Di 1999;187(5):306–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feinstein, AHolloway, FEvaluating the use of a psychiatric intensive care unit: is ethnicity a risk factor for admission?. Int J Soc Psychiatr 2002;48(1):38–46.10.1177/002076402128783073CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frighi, LMazzetti, MColosimo, FDonne immigrate e igiene mentale: indagine sui possibili fattori di rischio psicopatologico. Rivista Sperimentale Freniatri 1997;121(1):41–52.Google Scholar
Furnham, AThe role of conflict with parents in disordered eating among British Asian females. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemio 1999;34(9):498–505.10.1007/s001270050226CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Furnham, AAdam-Saib, SAbnormal eating attitudes and behaviours and perceived parental control: a study of white British and British-Asian school girls. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemio 2001;36(9):462–470.10.1007/s001270170025CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geraghty, RWarren, FEthnic diversity and equality of access to specialist therapeutic community treatment for severe personality disorder. Psychiatr Bul 2003;27(12):453–456.10.1192/pb.27.12.453CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goater, NKing, MCole, ELeavey, GJohnson-Sabine, EBlizard, Ret al.Ethnicity and outcome of psychosis. Br J Psychiatr 1999;175(1):34–42.10.1192/bjp.175.1.34CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gorst-Unsworth, CGoldenberg, EPsychological sequelae of torture and organised violence suffered by refugees from Iraq. Trauma related factors compared with social factors in exile. Br J Psychiatr 1998;172:90–94.10.1192/bjp.172.1.90CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gray, NSalib, EAsylum seekers: self-referrals to a large psychiatric hospital. Psychiatr Bul 1997;21:751–753.10.1192/pb.21.12.751CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenwood, NAd Hussain, FBurns, TRaphael, FAsian in-patient and carer views of mental health care. Asian views of mental health care. J Ment Healt 2000;9(4):397–409.10.1080/713680255CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffiths, PGossop, MWickenden, SDunworth, JHarris, KA transcultural pattern of drug use: qat (khat) in the UK. Br J Psychiatr 1997;170:281–284.10.1192/bjp.170.3.281CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grube, MEvaluation of a special project for treatment of psychiatrically ill Turkish migrants. Psychiatr Pra 2001;28(2):81–83.10.1055/s-2001-11580CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grube, MNonfatal suicidal acts in a group of psychiatric inpatients. Situation of Mediterranean immigrants. Nervenarz 2004;75(7):681–687.Google Scholar
Grube, MEthnic minorities and aggressive behaviour in psychiatric in-patients: an investigation using a “Matched-Pair” design. Psychiatr Pra 2004;31(1):11–15.Google ScholarPubMed
Gudjonsson, GHRabe-Hesketh, SSzmukler, GManagement of psychiatric in-patient violence: patient ethnicity and use of medication, restraint and seclusion. Br J Psychiatr 2004;184:258–262.10.1192/bjp.184.3.258CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haasen, CLambert, MYagdiran, OKrausz, MPsychiatric disorders among migrants in Germany: prevalence in a psychiatric clinic and implications for services and research. Eur Psychiatr 1997;12:305–310.10.1016/S0924-9338(97)84791-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haasen, CSardashti, HRelationship between depression and psychosocial stress among Iranian emigrants. Psychiatr Pra 2000;27(2):74–76.Google ScholarPubMed
Haasen, CYagdiran, OMass, RDifferences between psychopathological evaluation in German and Turkish language of Turkish immigrants. Nervenarz 2000;71(11):901–905.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halpern, DNazroo, JThe ethnic density effect: results from a national community survey of England and Wales. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2000;46(1):34–46.10.1177/002076400004600105CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrison, GGlazebrook, CBrewin, JCanbrell, RDalkin, TIncreased incidence of psychotic disorders in migrants from the Carribean to the United Kingdom. Psychol Med 1997;27:799–806.10.1017/S0033291796004643CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, GAmin, SSingh, SPCroudace, TJones, POutcome of psychosis in people of African–Caribbean family origin. Population-based first-episode study. Br J Psychiatry 1999;175(1):43–49.10.1192/bjp.175.1.43CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrison, GEthnic minorities and the mental health act. Br J Psychiatry 2002;180(3):198–199.10.1192/bjp.180.3.198CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hassiotis, AClinical examples of cross-cultural work in a community learning diabilities service. Int J Soc Psychiatry 1996;42(4):318–327.10.1177/002076409604200406CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heise, TPfefferer-Wolf, HLeferink, KWulff, EHeinz, AHistory and prospects of transcultural psychiatry and psychotherapy. Nervenarz 2001;72(3):231–233.10.1007/s001150050744CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hickling, FWHutchinson, GRoast breadfruit psychosis: disturbed racial identification in African–Caribbeans. Psychiatr Bull 1998;(23):132–134.Google Scholar
Hilderink, HVan der Gaag, NVan Wissen, LJennisen, RRoman, ASalt, Jet al.Analysis and forecasting of international migration by major group The Hague, London: European Commission; 2002.Google Scholar
Hodes, MThree key issues for young refugees' mental health. Transcult Psychiat 2002; 39(2):196–213.10.1177/136346150203900206CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodes, MCreamer, JWoolley, JCultural meanings of ethnic categories. Psychiatr Bull 1998;22:20–24.10.1192/pb.22.1.20CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodes, MGoldberg, DThe treatment of refugees: service provision reflects Britain's ambivalence. Psychiatr Bul 2002 26(1):1–2.10.1192/pb.26.1.1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunt, IMRobinson, JBickley, HMeehan, JParsons, RMcCann, Ket al.Suicides in ethnic minorities within 12 months of contact with mental health services: national clinical survey. Br J Psychiat 2003;183(2):155–160.10.1192/bjp.183.2.155CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Husain, NCreed, FTomenson, BAdverse social circumstances and depression in people of Pakistani origin in the UK. Br J Psychiatry 1997;171:434–438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Husni, MCernovsky, ZZKoye, NHaggarty, JNightmares of refugees from Kurdistan. J Nerv Ment Dis 2001;189(8):557–558.10.1097/00005053-200108000-00010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Husni, MKoye, NCernovsky, ZKurdish refugees' view of politically motivated self-immolation. Transcult Psychiat 2002 39(3):367–375.10.1177/136346150203900305CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hussain, FCochrane, RDepression in South Asian women living in the UK: a review of the literature with implications for service provision. Transcult Psychiat 2004; 41(2):253–270.10.1177/1363461504043567CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hutchinson, GTakei, NSham, PHarvey, IMurray, RMFactor analysis of symptoms in schizophrenia: differences between White and Caribbean patients in Camberwell. Psychol Med 1999;29:607–612.10.1017/S0033291799008430CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hutchinson, GHaasen, CMigration and schizophrenia. The challenges for European Psychiatry and implications for the future. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2004;39:350–357.10.1007/s00127-004-0766-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacob, KSBhugra, DMann, AHThe validation of the 12-item General Health Questionaire among ethnic Indian women living in the UK. Psychol Med 1997;27:1215–1217.10.1017/S0033291796004436CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacob, KSEveritt, PBPatel, VWeich, SAraya, RThe comparison of latent variable models of non psychotic psychiatric morbidity in four culturally diverse populations. Psychol Med 1998;28:145–152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacob, KSBhugra, DMann, AHA randomised controlled trial of an educational intervention for depression among Asian women in primary care in the United Kingdom. Int J Soc Psychiatr 2002;48(2):139–148.10.1177/002076402128783190CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jarvis, ESchizophrenia in British immigrants: recent findings, issues and implications. Transcult Psychiat 2001 35(1):39–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johns, LCNazroo, JBebbington, PKuipers, LOccurrence of hallucinatory experiences in a community sample and ethnic variations. Br J Psychiatr 2002 180(2):174–178.10.1192/bjp.180.2.174CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kardels, BPerez, GPBeine, KHPsychogenic seizures: domain for a hoca?. Psychiatr Pra 2001;28(4):193–197.10.1055/s-2001-13598CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kent, PBhui, KCultural identity and mental health. Int J Soc Psychiatr 2003; 49(4):243–246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirov, GMurray, RMEthnic differences in the presentation of bipolar affective disorder. Eur Psychiat 1999;14(4):199–204.10.1016/S0924-9338(99)80742-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kivling-Boden, GThe relationship between post-traumatic symptoms and life in exile in a clinical group of refugees from the former Yugoslavia. Acta Psychiatr Scan 2002; 105(6):461–468.10.1034/j.1600-0447.2002.02247.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koffman, JFulop, NJPashley, DColeman, KEthnicity and use of acute psychiatric beds: 1-day survey in north and south Thames regions. Br J Psychiatr 1997;171(3):238–241.10.1192/bjp.171.3.238CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Künzler, NGarcia-Brand, ESchmauss, MMesser, TGerman language skills among foreign psychiatric patients: influence on voluntariness and duration of hospital treatment. Psychiatr Pra 2004; 31(Suppl 1):S21–S23.10.1055/s-2004-828421CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lamb, GAnfield, ASheeran, AAccess to a child mental health service: a comparison of Bangladeshi and non-Bangladeshi families. Psychiatr Bull 2002;26:15–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lambert, MHaasen, CHalilovic, HDifferential diagnosis of psychotic disorders in immigrants. Psychiatr Pra 1998;25(4):198–199.Google ScholarPubMed
Leavey, GClarke, GKing, MLittlewood, RHealth research on the Irish in Britain: invisible and excluded. Psychiatr Bull 1997;21:739–740.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leavey, GHollins, KKing, MBarnes, JPapadopoulos, CGrayson, KPsychological disorder amongst refugee and migrant schoolchildren in London. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2004;39(3):191–195.10.1007/s00127-004-0724-xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lie, BA 3-year follow-up study of psychosocial functioning and general symptoms in settled refugees. Acta Psychiatr Scan 2002;106(6):415–425.10.1034/j.1600-0447.2002.01436.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Littlewood, RYazar, JAgainst over-interpretation: the understanding of pain amongst Turkish and Kurdish speakers in London. Int J Soc Psychiatr 2001;47(2):20–33.Google Scholar
Livingston, GLeavey, GManela, MSembhi, SKatona, CMental health of migrant elders—the Islington study. Br J Psychiatr 2001;179(4):361–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lloyd, KRJacob, KSPatel, VLouis, LBhugra, DMann, AHThe development of the short explanatory model interview (SEMI) and its use among primary care attenders with common mental disorders. Psychol Med 1998;28:1231–1237.10.1017/S0033291798007065CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lo-Baido, RLa-Grutta, SBressi, CMauri, MTrombini, EThe Female Genital Mutilations (FGM): a clinical and psychopathological study on a group of immigrants in Sicily. Riv Psichiat 2004;39(4):229–237.Google Scholar
Loewenthal, KMGoldblatt, VLubitsch, GGorton, TBicknell, HFellowes, Det al.The costs and benefits of boundary maintenance: stress, religion and culture among Jews in Britain. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemio 1997;32(4):200–207.10.1007/BF00788239CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loewenthal, KMCinnirella, MBeliefs about the Efficacy of religious, medical and psychotherapeutic interventions for depression and schizophrenia among women from different cultural-religious groups in Great Britain. Transcult Psychiat 1999;36(4):491–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loewenthal, KMLee, MMacLeod, AKCook, SGoldblatt, VDrowning your sorrows? Attitudes towards alcohol in UK Jews and Protestants: a thematic analysis. Int J Soc Psychiat 2003;49(3):204–215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loewenthal, KMRogers, MBCulture-sensitive counselling, psychotherapy and support groups in the Orthodox-Jewish community: how they work and how they are experienced. Int J Soc Psychiat 2004;50(3):227–240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loewenthal, KMMacLeod, AKCook, SLee, MGoldblatt, VBeliefs about alcohol among UK Jews and Protestants: do they fit the alcohol-depression hypothesis?. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemio 2003;38(3):122–127.10.1007/s00127-003-0609-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maginn, SBoardman, APCraig, TKHaddad, MHeath, GStott, JThe detection of psychological problems by General Practitioners–influence of ethnicity and other demographic variables. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemio 2004;39(6):464–471.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mallett, RLeff, JBhugra, DTakei, NCorridan, BEthnicity, goal striving and schizophrenia: a case–control study of three ethnic groups in the United Kingdom. Int J Soc Psychiat 2004;50(4):331–344.10.1177/0020764004046072CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mallett, RLeff, JBhugra, DPang, DZhao, JHSocial environment, ethnicity and schizophrenia: a case–control study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemio 2002;37(7):329–335.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malta, VMollichella, LIl costrutto Emotivita Espressa (un'analisi transculturale). Minerva Psichiatr 2000;41(2):111–123.Google Scholar
Mastrogianni, ABhugra, DGlobalization, cultural psychiatry and mental distress. Int J Soc Psychiat 2003;49(3):163–165.10.1177/00207640030493001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCabe, RPriebe, SExplanatory models of illness in schizophrenia: comparison of four ethnic groups. Br J Psychiatry 2004;185:25–30.10.1192/bjp.185.1.25CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCracken, CFBoneham, MACopeland, JRWilliams, KEWilson, KScott, Aet al.Prevalence of dementia and depression among elderly people in black and ethnic minorities. Br J Psychiat 1997;171(3):269–273.10.1192/bjp.171.3.269CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKenzie, KSamele, CVan Horn, ETattan, TVan Os, JComparison of the outcome and treatment of psychosis in people of Caribbean origin living in the UK and British Whites. Report from the UK 700 trial. Br J Psychiatry 2001;178:160–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKenzie, KJones, PLewis, SWilliams, MToone, BSham, Pet al.Lower prevalence of pre-morbid neurological illness in African–Caribbean than White psychotic patients in England. Psychol Me 2002;32(7):1285–1291.10.1017/S0033291702006190CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKenzie, KVan Os, JSamele, CVan Horn, ETattan, TMurray, RMSuicide and attempted suicide among people of Caribbean origin with psychosis living in the UK. Br J Psychiat 2003;183(1):40–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKenzie, KSerfaty, MCrawford, MSuicide in ethnic minority groups. Br J. Psychiat 2003;183(2):100–101.10.1192/bjp.183.2.100CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ming, WWEthnic culture, distress and clinical measurement: a CORE outcome comparison between the British Chinese and white Europeans. J Ment Heal 2001;10(3):301–315.Google Scholar
Möller, AReimann, SSpirituality and existential well-being as topics of research in medical psychology and psychiatry. Fortschr Neurol. Psychiat 2003;71(11):609–616.Google ScholarPubMed
Moodley, PBuilding a culturally capable workforce—an educational approach to delivering equitable mental health care. Psychiatr Bull. 2002;26:63–65.10.1192/pb.26.2.63CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, DNdegwa, DKanani, ARojas-Jaimes, CWebster, AMental health of refugees in inner-London. Psychiatr Bul 2002;26(6):222–224.10.1192/pb.26.6.222CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neeleman, JJones, PVan Os, JMurray, RMParasuicide in camberwell-ethnic differences. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemio 1996;31(5):284–287.10.1007/BF00787921CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neeleman, JVan, OSJEthical issues in European psychiatry. Eur Psychiatry 1996;11:1–6.10.1016/0924-9338(96)80451-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neeleman, JMak, VWessely, SSuicide by age, ethnic group, coroners' verdicts and country of birth. A 3-year survey in inner London. Br J. Psychiat 1997;171(5):463–467.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neeleman, JWessely, SEthnic minority suicide: a small area geographical study in south London. Psychol Med. 1999;29:429–436.10.1017/S003329179800806XCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nika, EBriken, PYagdiran, OGottwalz, EKrausz, MCurrent German laws for foreigners as a contributory factor in the treatment of a first-time acute schizophrenic episode. Psychiatr Pra 2000;27(7):357–358.Google ScholarPubMed
Odell, SMSurtees, PGWainwright, NWCommander, MJSashidharan, SPDeterminants of general practitioner recognition of psychological problems in a multi-ethnic inner-city health district. Br J Psychiat 1997;171(6):537–541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olajide, DCox, JMental health services for people from black and other ethnic minorities. Psychiatr Bul 21 1997 305CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oluwatayo, OGater, RThe role of engagement with services in compulsory admission of African/Caribbean patients. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemio 2004;39(9):739–743.10.1007/s00127-004-0794-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Papadopoulos, CLeavey, GVincent, CFactors influencing stigma: a comparison of Greek-Cypriot and English attitudes towards mental illness in north London. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemio 2002;37(9):430–434.10.1007/s00127-002-0560-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parkman, SDavies, SLeese, MPhelan, MThornicroft, GEthnic differences in satisfaction with mental health services among representative people with psychosis in south London: PRiSM study 4. Br J Psychiat 1997;171(3):260–264.10.1192/bjp.171.3.260CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Penka, SKrieg, SHunner, CHeinz, ADifferent explanatory models for addictive behavior in Turkish and German youths in Germany: significance for prevention and treatment. Nervenarz 74(7):2003 581–586.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Podschus, JKirsch, Jvan Heys, RWinzer, BAcute delusional psychosis and neuroleptic malignant syndrome after emigration of a Russian German patient. Psychiatr Pra 1997;24(3):147–149.Google ScholarPubMed
Pourgourides, CA second exile: the mental health implications of detention of asylum-seekers in the UK. Psychiatr Bull 1997;21:673–674.10.1192/pb.21.11.673CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Priebe, SEsmaili, SLong-term mental sequelae of torture in Iran—who seeks treatment?. J Nerv Ment Di 1997;185(2):74–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rahman, ASuicidal feelings run high among mothers in refugee camps: a cross-sectional survey. Acta Psychiatr Scan 2003;108(5):392–393.10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00220.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rait, GMorley, MBurns, ABaldwin, RChew-Graham, CSt Leger, ASScreening for cognitive impairment in older African–Caribbeans. Psychol Med 2000;30:957–963.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raphael, FJRani, SBale, RDrummond, LMReligion, ethnicity and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int J Soc Psychiat 1996;42(1):38–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Razum, OZeeb, HSuicide mortality among Turks in Germany. Nervenarz 75112004 1092–1098.10.1007/s00115-003-1649-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reeves, SJSauer, JStewart, RGranger, AHoward, RJIncreased first-contact rates for very-late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis in African- and Caribbean-born elders. Br J Psychiat 2001;179(2):172–174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reiss, DAbnormal eating attitudes and behaviours in two ethnic groups from a female British urban population. Psychol Me 1996;26(2):289–299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sashidaran, SInstitutional racism in British Psychiatry. Psychiatr Bull 2001;25:244–247.10.1192/pb.25.7.244CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schepker, ROkur, HHelp in explaining to Turkish-speaking patients about the central affects of pharmaceuticals. Fact or fiction?. Nervenarz 1999;70(5):476–478.10.1007/s001150050465CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sharpley, MSEthnicity, class and schizotypy. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemio 1999;34(10):507–512.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sharpley, MSHutchinson, GMurray, RMMcKenzie, KUnderstanding the excess of psychosis among the African–Caribbean population in England: review of current hypotheses. Br J Psychiat 2001;178(40):S60–S68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siefen, GThe self-image of Greek, Greek-migrant and German adolescents. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemio 313–42000 241–247.Google Scholar
Silove, DSteel, ZMcGorry, PMohan, PTrauma exposure, postmigration stressors, and symptoms of anxiety, depression and posttraumatic stress in Tamil asylum seekers: comparison with refugees and immigrants. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1998;97:175–181.10.1111/j.1600-0447.1998.tb09984.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silove, DHow well do refugees adapt after resettlement in Western countries?. Acta Psychiatr Scan 2002;106(6):401–402.Google ScholarPubMed
Singh, SPEthnicity in psychiatric epidemiology: need for precision. Br J Psychiat 1997;171(4):305–308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singh, SPCaring for Sikh patients wearing a kirpan: cultural sensitivity and safety issues. Psychiatr Bul 2004;28(3):93–95.10.1192/pb.28.3.93CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stansfeld, SAHaines, MMHead, JABhui, KViner, RTaylor, SJet al.Ethnicity, social deprivation and psychological distress in adolescents: school-based epidemiological study in east London. Br J Psychiatry 2004;185:233–238.10.1192/bjp.185.3.233CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stewart, RPrince, MJMann, AHStroke, vascular risk factors and depression. Cross sectional study in a UK Caribbean born population. Br J Psychiatry 2001;178:23–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stewart, RRuss, CRichards, MBrayne, CLovestone, SDepression, APOE genotype and subjective memory impairment: a cross-sectional study in an African–Caribbean population. Psychol Med. 2001;31:431–440.10.1017/S0033291701003257CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suhail, KCochrane, RSeasonal changes in affective state in samples of Asian and white women. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemio 1997;32(3):149–157.Google ScholarPubMed
Summerfield, Dasylum-seekers, refugees and mental health services in the UK. Psychiatr Bul 2001;25(161):163Google Scholar
Summerfield, DWar, exile, moral knowledge and the limits of psychiatric understanding: a clinical case study of a Bosnian refugee in London. Int J Soc Psychiat 2003;49(4):264–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tabassum, RMacaskill, AAhmad, IAttitudes towards mental health in an urban Pakistani community in the United Kingdom. Int J Soc Psychiat 2000;46(3):170–181.10.1177/002076400004600303CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Takei, NPersaud, RWoodruff, PBrockington, IMurray, RMFirst episodes of psychosis in Afro-Caribbean and White people. An 18-year follow-up population-based study. Br J Psychiat 1998;172(2):147–153.10.1192/bjp.172.2.147CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tolmac, JHodes, MEthnic variation among adolescent psychiatric in-patients with psychotic disorders. Br J Psychiatry 2004;184:428–431.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turner, SBowie, CDunn, GShapo, LYule, WMental health of Kosovan refugees in the UK. Br J Psychiat 2003;182(5):444–448.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van, OSJCastle, DJTakei, NDer, GMurray, RMPsychotic illness in ethnic minorities: clarification from the 1991 census. Psychol Me 1996;26(1):203–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, RHunt, KPsychological distress among British South Asians. Psychol Med. 1997;27:1173–1181.10.1017/S0033291797005473CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.