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Depressive symptoms in adolescence: The role of perceived parental support, psychological control, and proactive control in interaction with 5-HTTLPR

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 March 2020

E. Van Assche ,
T. Moons ,
K. Van Leeuwen ,
H. Colpin ,
K. Verschueren ,
W. Van Den Noortgate ,
L. Goossens  and
S. Claes
E. Van Assche*
Affiliation:
GRASP-Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
T. Moons
Affiliation:
GRASP-Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium OPZ Geel, Dr. Sanodreef 4, Geel, Belgium
K. Van Leeuwen
Affiliation:
Department of Parenting and Special Education, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
H. Colpin
Affiliation:
Department of School Psychology and Child and Adolescent Development, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
K. Verschueren
Affiliation:
Department of School Psychology and Child and Adolescent Development, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
W. Van Den Noortgate
Affiliation:
Department of Methodology of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
L. Goossens
Affiliation:
Department of School Psychology and Child and Adolescent Development, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
S. Claes
Affiliation:
GRASP-Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
*
* Corresponding author. at: Kapucijnenvoer 33g, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.E-mail address:[email protected](E. Van Assche).
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Abstract

Background

Parenting dimensions are associated with depressive symptoms in adolescents. We investigated the role of perceived parenting dimensions and gene-environment interactions between these perceived parenting dimensions and five well-known variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs): 5-HTTLPR, STin2, DAT1, DRD4, and MAO-A, in depressive symptoms.

Methods

From a non-clinical sample of 1111 Belgian adolescents (mean age: 13.79 years, SD = .94; 51% boys), 1103 adolescents consented for genetic research. Five VNTRs were analyzed using DNA from saliva samples. Perceived parenting dimensions (i.e., support, proactive control, psychological control, punishment, and harsh punishment) were examined using self-report scales completed by adolescents and their parents. Depressive symptoms were investigated using the CES-D self-report scale. Statistical analyses were performed in R using linear regression.

Results

Parental support, as perceived by the adolescent, was negatively associated with depressive symptoms (CES-D) and psychological control was positively associated with these symptoms. The only interaction effect withstanding correction for multiple testing was observed for 5-HTTLPR and the difference in proactive control as perceived by adolescents in comparison to parents. Short-allele carriers showed more depressive symptoms when there was a higher discrepancy in proactive control as perceived by adolescents versus parents.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that perceived parenting dimensions are associated with depressive symptoms, as measured by the CES-D. We only found modest evidence for 5-HTTLPR as a moderator in the association between the difference in perception of proactive control (adolescents vs. parents) and depressive symptoms.

Keywords

Depressive symptomsParentingAdolescenceG × E5-HTTLPR
Type
Original article
Information
European Psychiatry , Volume 35 , May 2016 , pp. 55 - 63
Copyright
Copyright © European Psychiatry 2016

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