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Comparación entre los autoinformes y las medidas biológicas del consumo de alcohol, tabaco y drogas en enfermos psiquiátricos hospitalizados
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 April 2008
Resumen
Antecedentes.
Preguntar a los enfermos psiquiátricos hospitalizados sobre su consumo de drogas no suele dar resultados fiables, en particular, cuando existe consumo de alcohol y de estupefacientes. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue comparar los autoinformes espontáneos sobre consumo de drogas en enfermos psiquiátricos hospitalizados con las medidas biológicas del mismo. Un objetivo secundario fue determinar qué factores personales se asociaban con el consumo de tabaco, alcohol y drogas indicado por estas medidas biológicas.
Métodos.
El consumo de sustancias se investigó realizando medidas biológicas [cotinina, cannabis, opiáceos, cocaína, anfetaminas y barbitúricos en orina; transferrina deficiente en carbohidratos (TDC) y gamma-glutamil transferasa (GGT) en sangre] en 486 enfermos psiquiátricos ingresados consecutivamente, un día después de su hospitalización. Se registraron los autoinformes de los pacientes sobre consume de alcohol, tabaco y drogas. También se registraron los datos socio-profesionales y familiares.
Resultados.
Los resultados demuestran que hay una correlación baja entre las medidas biológicas y la autodescripción del consume de alcohol y drogas. El 52% de los pacientes describieron un consumo de drogas inferior a la realidad (kappa = 0,47). Los pacientes con esquizofrenia y trastornos de personalidad tenían más probabilidades de revelar su consumo de drogas que los pacientes con dependencia del alcohol y trastornos del ánimo. El 56% de los pacientes describieron un consumo de alcohol inferior a la realidad, evaluado por TDC (kappa = 0,2) y el 37% describieron un consumo inferior a la realidad usando la medida de TDC + GGT como indicador. El tabaquismo se describió adecuadamente. En el estudio observamos una correlación negativa fuerte entre el consumo de cannabis y la edad, una correlación fuerte entre el tabaco y el consumo de cannabis y correlaciones entre el consumo de tabaco, cannabis y alcohol.
Conclusión.
Este estudio es el primero que comparó los autoinformes y las medidas biológicas de alcohol, tabaco y consumos de drogas en una muestra numerosa de enfermos hospitalizados que padecen varios tipos de enfermedades psiquiátricas, teniendo en cuenta las comparaciones diagnósticas cruzadas.
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- Copyright © European Psychiatric Association 2008
References
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