Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-03T03:24:09.109Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Trouble with Class

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 January 2013

James G. Carrier*
Affiliation:
Oxford Brookes University, Indiana University and Max-Planck-Institute of Social Anthropology [[email protected]].
Get access

Abstract

This article considers aspects of the use of class in sociology and anthropology since the period around 1970, when Neo-Marxism became important in the social sciences, and is concerned primarily with Marxist and Weberian uses of the concept. It considers changes in the use of class in terms of two dimensions. One is the degree to which class is placed in a more macroscopic or more microscopic frame. The other is the degree to which class is defined in more objectivist terms or relies more on the way that the people being studied use the term. It is argued that since around 1970 writing on class has tended to become more microscopic and subjectivist. This tendency is related to changes within the two disciplines and within society more generally. The article closes with a consideration of some of the costs of this changing scholarly orientation to class.

Type
Research Articles
Copyright
Copyright © A.E.S. 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alexander, Jeffrey, 1982. Positivism, Presuppositions, and Current Controversies (London, Routledge & Kegan Paul).Google Scholar
Althusser, Louis and Balibar, Étienne, 1970. Reading Capital (London, New Left Books).Google Scholar
Archer, Melanie and Blau, Judith R., 1993. “Class Formation in Nineteenth-Century America: The Case of the Middle Class”, Annual Review of Sociology, 19, pp. 17-41.Google Scholar
Baran, Paul, 1957. The Political Economy of Growth (New York, Monthly Review Press).Google Scholar
Baudrillard, Jean, 1981. For a Critique of the Political Economy of the Sign (St Louis, Telos Press).Google Scholar
Bechhofer, Frank and Elliott, Brian, eds., 1981. The Petite Bourgeoisie (London, Macmillan).Google Scholar
Berle, Adolf and Means, Gardiner, 1932. The Modern Corporation and Private Property (New York, Harcourt, Brace, World).Google Scholar
Blau, Peter M. and Duncan, Otis Dudley, 1967. The American Occupational Structure (New York, Wiley).Google Scholar
Bottero, Wendy, 2004. “Class Identities and the Identity of Class”, Sociology, 38 (5), pp. 985-1003.Google Scholar
Bottomore, T.B., ed., 1963. Karl Marx: Early Writings (London, Watts).Google Scholar
Bottomore, T.B., 1979. “Marxism and Sociology”, in Bottomore, T.B. and Nisbet, Robert, eds., A History of Sociological Analysis (London, Heinmann, pp. 118-148).Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre, 1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre, 1984. Distinction (London, Routledge & Kegan Paul).Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre and Passeron, Jean-Claude, 1977. Reproduction in Education, Society, and Culture (London, Sage).Google Scholar
Bowles, Samuel and Gintis, Herbert, 1976. Schooling in Capitalist America (New York, Basic Books).Google Scholar
Buchowski, Michal, 2008. “The Enigma of a New Middle Class: The Case Study of Entrepreneurs in Poland”, in Schröder, I.W. and Vonderau, A., eds., Changing Economies and Changing Identities in Eastern Europe (Münster, LIT Verlag, pp. 47-74).Google Scholar
Burawoy, Michael, 1982. Manufacturing Consent (Chicago, University of Chicago Press).Google Scholar
Byrne, David, 2005. “Class, Culture and Identity: A Reflection on Absences Against Presences”, Sociology, 39 (5), pp. 807-816.Google Scholar
Camic, Charles and Gross, Neil, 1998. “Contemporary Developments in Sociological Theory: Current Projects and Conditions of Possibility”, Annual Review of Sociology, 24, pp. 453-476.Google Scholar
Carrier, James G., 1992. “Occidentalism: The World Turned Upside-Down”, American Ethnologist, 19 (2), pp. 195-212.Google Scholar
Carrier, James G. and Heyman, Josiah McC., 1997. “Consumption and Political Economy”, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 3 (2), pp. 355-373.Google Scholar
Crompton, Rosemary, 2008. “Forty Years of Sociology: Some Comments”, Sociology, 42 (6), pp. 218-227.Google Scholar
Crompton, RosemaryDevine, Fiona, Savage, Mike and Scott, John, eds., 2000. Renewing Class Analysis (Oxford, Blackwell and The Sociological Review).Google Scholar
Davidoff, Leonore and Hall, Catherine, 1987. Family Fortunes (Chicago, University of Chicago Press).Google Scholar
Durrenberger, E. Paul and Erem, Suzan, 2005. Class Acts (Boulder, Paradigm Publishers).Google Scholar
Earle, Peter, 1989. The Making of the English Middle Class (Los Angeles, University of California Press).Google Scholar
Fantasia, Rick, 1995. “From Class Consciousness to Culture, Action, and Social Organization”, Annual Review of Sociology, 21, pp. 269-287.Google Scholar
Firth, Raymond, 1972. “The Sceptical Anthropologist? Social Anthropology and Marxist Views on Society”, Proceedings of the British Academy, 58, pp. 3-39.Google Scholar
Fox, Justin, 2009. Myth of the Rational Market (New York, Harper Business).Google Scholar
Frank, Andre Gunder, 1969. The Development of Underdevelopment (New York, Monthly Review Press).Google Scholar
Fraser, Mariam, 1999. “Classing Queer: Politics in Competition”, Theory, Culture & Society, 16 (2), pp. 107-131.Google Scholar
Fraser, Nancy, 2001. “Recognition without Ethics?”, Theory, Culture & Society, 18 (2-3), pp. 21-42.Google Scholar
Friedman, Jonathan, 2000. “Globalization, Class and Culture in Global Systems”, Journal of World-Systems Research, VI (3), pp. 636-656.Google Scholar
Friedman, Jonathan, 2004. “Champagne Liberals and ‘Classes dangereuses’: Class, Identity and Cultural Production in the Contemporary Global System”, Journal des Anthropologues, 96-97 (1), pp. 151-176.Google Scholar
Fukuyama, Francis, 1992. The End of History and the Last Man (New York, The Free Press).Google Scholar
Gabriel, Yiannis and Lang, Tim, 1995. The Unmanageable Consumer (London, Sage).Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford, 1973. The Interpretation of Cultures (New York, Basic Books).Google Scholar
Giddens, Anthony, 1984. The Constitution of Society (Cambridge, Polity).Google Scholar
Goldthorpe, John H., 1987. Social Mobility and Class Structure in Modern Britain, Second ed. (Oxford, Clarendon Press).Google Scholar
Goldthorpe, John H. and Jackson, Michelle, 2007. “Intergenerational Class Mobility in Contemporary Britain: Political Concerns and Empirical Findings”, British Journal of Sociology, 58 (4), pp. 525-546.Google Scholar
Gorz, André, 1980. Adieux au prolétariat (Paris, Editions Galilée).Google Scholar
Halle, David, 1984. America’s Working Man (Chicago, University of Chicago Press).Google Scholar
Harvey, David, 2005. A Brief History of Neoliberalism (New York, Oxford University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayek, Friedrich A., 1944. The Road to Serfdom (London, Routledge).Google Scholar
Heyman, Josiah McC., 2012. “Class Consciousness in a Complicated Setting: Race, Immigration Status, Nationality, and Class on the US-Mexico Border”, in Durrenberger, E. Paul, ed., The Anthropological Study of Class and Consciousness (Boulder, University Press of Colorado, pp. 223-248).Google Scholar
Kalb, Don, 1997. Expanding Class (Durham, Duke University Press).Google Scholar
Kalb, Don and Halmai, Gábor, eds., 2011. Headlines of Nation, Subtexts of Class (New York, Berghahn).Google Scholar
Kelley, Jonathan and Evans, M.D.R., 1995. “Class and Class Conflict in Six Western Nations”, American Sociological Review, 60 (2), pp. 157-178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kingston, Paul W., 1994. “Are There Classes in the United States?”, Annual Review of Stratification and Social Mobility, 13, pp. 3-41.Google Scholar
Lawler, Stephanie, 2005a. “Disgusted Subjects: The Making of Middle-Class Identities”, The Sociological Review, 53 (3), pp. 429-446.Google Scholar
Lawler, Stephanie, 2005b. “Introduction: Class, Culture and Identity”, Sociology, 39 (5), pp. 797-806.Google Scholar
Le Roux, Brigitte, Rouanet, Henry, Savage, Mike and Warde, Alan, 2008. “Class and Cultural Division in the UK”, Sociology, 42 (6), pp. 1049-1071.Google Scholar
Manza, Jeff and McCarthy, Michael A., 2011. “The Neo-Marxist Legacy in American Sociology”, Annual Review of Sociology, 37, pp. 155-183.Google Scholar
Meillassoux, Claude, 1981. Maidens, Meal and Money (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Milner, Murray, 1972. The Illusion of Equality (San Franciso, Jossey-Bass).Google Scholar
Mintz, Sidney W., 1985. Sweetness and Power (New York, Viking).Google Scholar
Mollona, Massimiliano, 2009. Made in Sheffield (Oxford, Berghahn).Google Scholar
Narotzky, Susana and Smith, Gavin, 2006. Immediate Struggles (Berkeley, University of California Press).Google Scholar
Nichols, Theo and Beynon, Huw, 1977. Living with Capitalism (London, Routledge & Kegan Paul).Google Scholar
Ortner, Sherry, 1984. “Theory in Anthropology since the Sixties”, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 26 (1), pp. 126-166.Google Scholar
Pakulski, Jan and Waters, Malcolm, 1995. The Death of Class (London, Sage).Google Scholar
Parkin, Frank, 1979a. Marxism and Class Theory (London, Tavistock).Google Scholar
Parkin, Frank, 1979b. “Social Stratification”, in Bottomore, T.B. and Nisbet, Robert, eds., A History of Sociological Analysis (London, Heinmann, pp. 599-632).Google Scholar
Perry, Michael, 1994. The Brand Vehicle for Value in a Changing Marketplace. Advertising Association, President’s Lecture, 7 July, London.Google Scholar
Reay, Diane, 2008. “Psychosocial Aspects of White Middle-Class Identities: Desiring and Defending against the Class and Ethnic ‘Other’ in Urban Multi-Ethnic Schooling”, Sociology, 42 (6), pp. 1072-88.Google Scholar
Roberts, B.R., 1990. “Peasants and Proletarians”, Annual Review of Sociology, 16, pp. 353-77.Google Scholar
Robotham, Don, 2012. “Political Economy”, in Carrier, James G., ed., A Handbook of Economic Anthropology, Second Edition (Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, pp. 41-57).Google Scholar
Roseberry, William, 1988. “Political Economy”, Annual Review of Anthropology, 17, pp. 161-185.Google Scholar
Sahlins, Marshall, 1985. Islands of History (Chicago, University of Chicago Press).Google Scholar
Sahlins, Marshall, 1999. “Two or Three Things that I Know about Culture”, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 5 (3), pp. 399-421.Google Scholar
Said, Edward, 1978. Orientalism (Harmondsworth, Penguin).Google Scholar
Sallaz, Jeffrey J. and Zavisca, Jane, 2007. “Bourdieu in American Sociology, 1980-2004”, Annual Review of Sociology, 33, pp. 21-41.Google Scholar
Şaul, Mahir, 2012. “Africa South of the Sahara”, in Carrier, James G., ed., A Handbook of Economic Anthropology, Second Edition (Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, pp. 512-528).Google Scholar
Savage, Mike and Burrows, Roger, 2007. “The Coming Crisis of Empirical Sociology”, Sociology, 41 (5), pp. 885-899.Google Scholar
Sennett, Richard and Cobb, Jonathan, 1966. The Hidden Injuries of Class (New York, Free Press).Google Scholar
Skeggs, Bev, 2005. “The Making of Class and Gender through Visualizing Moral Subject Formation”, Sociology, 39 (5), pp. 965-982.Google Scholar
Smelser, Neil J. and Swedberg, Richard, eds., 2005. The Handbook of Economic Sociology, Revised ed. (Princeton, Princeton University Press).Google Scholar
Smith, Gavin, 1999. Confronting the Present (Oxford, Berg).Google Scholar
Smith, R.T., 1984. “Anthropology and the Concept of Social Class”, Annual Review of Anthropology, 13, pp. 467-94.Google Scholar
Sørenson, Aage B., 2000. “Toward a Sounder Basis for Class Analysis”, American Journal of Sociology, 105 (6), pp. 1523-1558.Google Scholar
Steinmetz, George and Wright, Erik Olin, 1989. “The Fall and Rise of the Petty Bourgeoisie: Changing Patterns of Self-Employment in the Post-War United States”, American Journal of Sociology, 94 (5), pp. 973-1018.Google Scholar
Thomas, Nicholas, 1991. Entangled Objects (Cambridge, Harvard University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, E.P., 1968. The Making of the English Working Class (Harmondsworth, Penguin).Google Scholar
Tosh, John, 2010. The Pursuit of History, Fifth ed. (Harlow, Longman).Google Scholar
Wacquant, Loïc, 2000. “Logics of Urban Polarization: The View from Belowin Crompton, Rosemary, Devine, Fiona, Savage, Mike and Scott, John, eds., Renewing Class Analysis (Oxford, Blackwell and The Sociological Review, pp. 107-19).Google Scholar
Wallerstein, Immanuel, 1974. The Modern World-System, Vol. I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York, Academic Press).Google Scholar
Weber, Max, 1946. “Class, Status, Party”, in Gerth, Hans and Mills, C. Wright, eds., From Max Weber (New York, Oxford University Press, pp. 180-195).Google Scholar
Weber, Max, 1958 [1904-1905]. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (New York, Charles Scribner’s Sons).Google Scholar
Willis, Paul, 1977. Learning to Labour (Aldershot, Gower).Google Scholar
Wright, Erik Olin, 2009. “Understanding Class: Towards an Integrated Analytical Approach”, New Left Review 60, (Nov-Dec), pp. 101-16.Google Scholar