Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T07:24:49.813Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Transborder Membership Politics in Germany and Korea

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 June 2011

Rogers Brubaker  and
Jaeeun Kim
Rogers Brubaker
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology, University of California, Los Angeles [[email protected]].
Jaeeun Kim
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology, University of California, Los Angeles [[email protected]].
Get access

Abstract

This paper examines changing German and Korean policies towards transborder coethnics (Germans in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, and Koreans in Japan and China) during the high Cold War and post-Cold War eras. The paper contributes to the emerging literature on transborder forms of membership and belonging by highlighting and explaining the selective, variable, contingent, contested, and revocable nature of states’ embrace of transborder coethnics. The explanation highlights the relationship of transborder populations to predecessor polities; changing geopolitical contexts and domestic political conjunctures; the constitutive, group-making – and group-unmaking – power of state categorization practices; and the enduring institutional legacies and unintended consequences of such practices.

Résumé

L’étude porte sur les changements de politique, pendant et après la guerre froide, de l’Allemagne et de la Corée à l’endroit de membres de leur communauté ethnique, retenus, pour les Allemands en Europe de l'Est et en URSS, pour la Corée, en Chine et au Japon. L’article met en évidence le caractère sélectif, variable, contingent, contesté et révocable que présente la revendication d’un état vis-à-vis de ses « coethniques ». L’explication met au premier plan les relations des minorités transfrontalières avec les régimes politiques précédents, les changements géopolitiques, la conjoncture intérieure, la constitution, ou non, de catégories par le pouvoir d’état et, enfin, le poids des legs institutionnels et des conséquences inattendues de toutes ces pratiques.

Zusammenfassung

Dieser Aufsatz untersucht die sich wandelnden Politiken gegenüber koethnischen Minderheiten jenseits von Staatsgrenzen (Deutsche in Osteuropa und der ehemaligen Sowjet-Union sowie Koreaner in Japan und China) während der Hochzeit des kalten Krieges sowie in der Epoche danach. Der Aufsatz trägt zur sich entwickelnden Diskussion über grenzüberschreitende Formen von Mitgliedschaft und Zugehörigkeit bei, indem er die selektive, variable, kontingente, umstrittene, und wiederrufbare Art und Weise heraushebt, in der Staaten koethnische Minderheiten jenseits ihrer Grenzen miteinbeziehen. Dies geschieht in Abhängigkeit der Beziehungen zwischen Vorgängerstaaten und diesen Minderheiten; sich verändernden geopolitischen Kontexten und binnenpolitischen Umständen; der konstitutiven, gruppenbildenden – und gruppenauflösenden—Macht staatlicher Kategorisierungspraktiken; dem dauerhaften institutionellen Erbe und den nicht-intendierten Folgen solcher Praktiken.

Keywords

CitizenshipMembershipNationalismTransnationalismGermanyKoreaCitoyennetéAppartenanceNationalismeTransnationalismAllemagneCoréeStaatsbürgerschaftZugehörigkeitNationalismusTransnationalismusDeutschlandKorea
Type
Research Articles
Information
European Journal of Sociology / Archives Européennes de Sociologie , Volume 52 , Issue 1 , April 2011 , pp. 21 - 75
Copyright
Copyright © A.E.S. 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahonen, Pertti, 2003. After the Expulsion: West Germany and Eastern Europe 1945-1990 (Oxford, Oxford University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bade, Klaus J, 1994. “Einführung”, pp. 9-74 in Bade, , ed., Ausländer, Aussiedler, Asyl in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Bonn, Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung).Google Scholar
Barry, Kim, 2006. “Home and Away: The Construction of Citizenship in an Emigration Context”, Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series, Working Paper N° 06-13, New YorkUniversity School of Law.Google Scholar
Bartlett, Robert, 1993. The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change 950-1350 (Princeton, Princeton University Press).Google Scholar
Bauböck, Rainer, 2003. “Towards a Political Theory of Migrant Transnationalism”, International Migration Review, 37(3), pp. 700-723.Google Scholar
Bosniak, Linda, 2000. “Multiple Nationality and the Postnational Transformation of Citizenship”, Virginia Journal of International Law, 42, pp. 979-1004.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre, 1991. Language and Symbolic Power (Cambridge, Harvard University Press).Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre, 1999. “Rethinking the State: Genesis and Structure of the Bureaucratic Field”, in Steinmetz, George, ed., State/Culture: State Formation After the Cultural Turn, translation Wacquant, Loic and Farage, Samar (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, pp. 53-75).Google Scholar
Brubaker, Rogers, 1990. “Frontier Theses: Exit, Voice, and Loyalty in East Germany”, Migration World, 18 (3/4), pp. 12-17.Google Scholar
Brubaker, Rogers, 1992. Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany (Cambridge, Harvard University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brubaker, Rogers, 1996. Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe (Cambridge/New York, Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brubaker, Rogers, 1998. “Migrations of Ethnic Unmixing in the ‘New Europe’”, International Migration Review, 32 (4), pp. 1047-1065.Google ScholarPubMed
Brubaker, Rogers, 2004. Ethnicity Without Groups (Cambridge, Harvard University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brubaker, Rogers, Feischmidt, Margit, Fox, Jon and Grancea, Liana, 2006. Nationalist Politics and Everyday Ethnicity in a Transylvanian Town (Princeton, Princeton University Press).Google Scholar
Bundesverwaltungsamt [Federal Administrative Office]. N.d. “Aussiedlerstatistik seit 1950”, table with data for 1950-2005 at: http://www.gifhorn.de/pics/medien/1_1222325613/Anlage_4_Aussiedlerstatistik_seit_1950.pdf (accessed 01/27/2011).Google Scholar
Chen, Edward I-te, 1984. “The Attempt to Integrate the Empire: Legal Perspectives”, in Myers, Ramon H. and Peattie, Mark R., eds., The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895-1945, 240-274 (Princeton, Princeton University Press).Google Scholar
Chung, Erin Aeran, 2009. “The Politics of Contingent Citizenship: Korean Political Engagement in Japan and the United States”, in Ryang, Sonia and Lie, John, eds., Diaspora without Homeland: Being Korean in Japan (Berkeley, University of California Press pp. 147-167).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clifford, James, 1994. “Diasporas”, Cultural Anthropology, 9 (3), pp. 302-338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook-Martin, David and Viladrich, Anahí, 2009. “The Problem with Similarity: Ethnic-Affinity Migrants in Spain”, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 35, pp. 151-170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delfs, Silke, 1993. “Heimatvertriebene, Aussiedler, Spätaussiedler”, Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, 48, pp. 3-11.Google Scholar
Duncan, John, 1998. “Proto-Nationalism in Premodern Korea”, in Lee, Sang-oak and Park, Duk-soo, eds., Perspectives on Korea (Sydney, Wild Peony Press, pp. 198-221).Google Scholar
Eriksen, Thomas A., 1993. Ethnicity and Nationalism: Anthropological Perspectives (London, Pluto Press).Google Scholar
Ertman, Thomas, 1997. Birth of the Leviathan: Building States and Regimes in Medieval and Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fahrmeir, Andreas, 2000. Citizens and Aliens: Foreigners and the Law in Britain and the German States, 1789-1870 (New York, Berghahn Books).Google Scholar
Faist, Thomas, 2000. “Transnationalization in International Migration: Implications for the Study of Citizenship and Culture”, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 23 (2), pp. 189-222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faulenbach, Bernd, 2002. “Die Vertreibung der Deutschen aus den Gebieten jenseits von Oder und Neiße”, Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte (B 51-52).Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, David, 2006. “Rethinking Emigrant Citizenship”, New York University Law Review, 81 (1), pp. 90-116.Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, David, 2009. A Nation of Emigrants: How Mexico Manages Its Migration (Berkeley, University of California Press).Google Scholar
Fox, Jon E., 2003. “National Identities on the Move: Transylvanian Hungarian Labor Migrants in Hungary”, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 29 (3), pp. 449-466.Google Scholar
Fox, Jonathan A., 2005. “Unpacking ‘Transnational Citizenship’”, Annual Review of Political Science, 8, pp. 171-201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frantzioch, Marion, 1987. Die Vertriebenen: Hemmnisse, Antriebskräfte und Wege ihrer Integration in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Berlin, Dietrich Reimer).Google Scholar
Fuglerud, Oivind, 1999. Life on the Outside: The Tamil Diaspora and Long Distance Nationalism (London, Pluto).Google Scholar
Fujitani, Takashi, White, Geoffrey and Yoneyama, Lisa, eds., 2001. Perilous Memories: The Asia Pacific War(s) (Durham, Duke University Press).Google Scholar
Glaeser, Andreas, 2000. Divided in Unity: Identity, Germany, and the Berlin Police (Chicago, University of Chicago Press).Google Scholar
Glick Schiller, Nina, 2005. “Transborder Citizenship: An Outcome of Legal Pluralism within Transnational Social Fields”, in von Benda-Beckmann, Franz, von Benda-Beckmann, Keebet and Griffths, Anne, eds., Mobile People, Mobile Law: Expanding Legal Relations in a Contracting World, (Burlington, Ashgate Publishing Company, pp. 27-49).Google Scholar
Grawert, Rolf, 1973. Staat und Staatsangehörigkeit (Berlin, Duncker & Humbolt).Google Scholar
Grosser, Thomas, 1993. “Das Assimilationskonzept der amerikanischen Flüchtlingspolitik in der US-Zone nach 1945”, in Grosser, Christiane, Grosser, Thomas, Muller, Rita and Schraut, Sylvia, eds., Flüchtlingsfrage - Das Zeitproblem: Amerikanishe Besatzungspolitik, deutsche Verwaltung und die Flüchtlinge in Württemberg-Baden 1945-1949 (Mannheim, Institut für Landeskunde und Regionalforschung der Universität Mannheim, pp. 11-54).Google Scholar
Hacking, Ian, 1991. “How Should We Do the History of Statistics?” in Burchell, Graham, Gordon, Colin and Miller, Peter, eds., The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality (Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, pp. 181-196).Google Scholar
Herbert, Ulrich 1985. Fremdarbeiter: Politik und Praxis des “Ausländer-Einsatzes” in der Kriegswirtschaft des Dritten Reiches (Berlin, J.H.W. Dietz).Google Scholar
Hogwood, Patricia, 2000. “Citizenship Controversies in Germany: The Twin Legacy of Völkisch Nationalism and the Alleinvertretungsanspruch”, German Politics, 9 (3), pp. 125-144.Google Scholar
Hwang, Kyung Moon, 2004. “Citizenship, Social Equality, and Government Reform: Changes in the Household Registration System in Korea, 1894-1910”, Modern Asian Studies, 38 (2), pp. 355-387.Google Scholar
Itzigsohn, José, 2000. “Immigration and the Boundaries of Citizenship: The Institutions of Immigrants’ Political Transnationalism”, International Migration Review, 34 (4), pp. 1126-1154.Google Scholar
Joppke, Christian, 2005. Selecting by Origin: Ethnic Migration in the Liberal State (Cambridge, Harvard University Press).Google Scholar
Joppke, Christian and Rosenhek, Zeev, 2002. “Contesting Ethnic Immigration: Germany and Israel Compared”, Archives Européennes de Sociologie, 43 (3), pp. 301-335Google Scholar
Kang, Etsuko Hae-Jin, 1997. Diplomacy and Ideology in Japanese-Korean Relations: From the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century (New York, St. Martin’s Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kántor, Zoltán, Majtényi, Balázs, Ieda, Osamu, Vizi, Balázs and Halász, Iván, eds., 2004. The Hungarian Status Law: Nation Building and/or Minority Protection (Sapporo, Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University).Google Scholar
Kim, Bumsoo, 2006. “From Exclusion to Inclusion?: The Legal Treatment of ‘Foreigners’ in Contemporary Japan”, Immigrants & Minorities, 24 (1) pp. 51-73.Google Scholar
Kim, Doo-Sub, 1998. “Korean Emigration to Manchuria and Japan, and the Repatriation Movements after the Liberation in 1945”, The Journal of Social Science Studies, 17, pp. 441-470.Google Scholar
Kim, Jaeeun, 2009. “The Making and Unmaking of a ‘Transborder Nation’: South Korea during and after the Cold War”, Theory and Society, 38 (2), pp. 133-164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, Jaeeun, 2011. “Establishing Identity: Documents, Performance, and Biometric Information in Immigration Proceedings”, Forthcoming in Law and Social Inquiry, August.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, Jaeeun, forthcoming. “Colonial Migration and Transborder Membership Politics in Twentieth Century Korea”, Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, UCLA (expected completion 2011).Google Scholar
Kim, Seonmin, 2007. “Ginseng and Border Trespassing Between Qing China and Chosŏn Kore”, Late Imperial China, 28 (1), pp. 33-61.Google Scholar
King, Charles and Melvin, Neil J., eds., 1998. Nations Abroad: Diaspora Politics and International Relations in the Former Soviet Union (Boulder, Westview Press).Google Scholar
Kohn, Hans, 1944. The Idea of Nationalism: A Study in Its Origins and Background (New York, Collier Books).Google Scholar
Korte, Tobias, 2005. “Deutsche aus dem Osten: Zuwanderung und Eingliederung von Vertriebenen und Aussiedlern/Spätaussiedlern im Vergleich”, Dissertation, University of Osnabrück. http://elib.ub.uni-osnabrueck.de/publications/diss/E-Diss498_thesis.pdf.Google Scholar
Levitt, Peggy and de la Dehesa, Rafael, 2003. “Transnational Migration and the Redefinition of the State: Variations and Explanations”, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 26 (4), pp. 587-611.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levy, Daniel, 1999. “Remembering the Nation: Ethnic Germans and the Transformation of National Identity in the Federal Republic of Germany”, Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Columbia University.Google Scholar
Levy, Daniel and Weiss, Yfaat, eds., 2002. Challenging Ethnic Citizenship: German and Israeli Perspectives on Immigration (New York, Berghahn Books).Google Scholar
Lewis, James B., 2003. Frontier Contact between Choson Korea and Tokugawa Japan (London, RoutledgeCurzon).Google Scholar
Lie, John, 2008. Zainichi (Koreans in Japan): Diasporic Nationalism and Postcolonial Identity (Berkeley, University of California Press).Google Scholar
Liesner, Ernst, 1988. Aussiedler: die Voraussetzungen fur die Anerkennung als Vertriebener: Arbeitshandbuch für Behörden, Gerichte und Verbände (Herford, Maximilian-Verlag).Google Scholar
Loveman, Mara, 2005. “The Modern State and the Primitive Accumulation of Symbolic Power”, American Journal of Sociology, 110 (6), pp. 1651-1683.Google Scholar
Mann, Michael, 1993. The Sources of Social Power, Vol II: The Rise of Classes and Nation-States, 1760-1914 (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moeller, Robert G., 2001. War Stories: The Search for a Usable Past in the Federal Republic of Germany (Berkeley, University of California Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris-Suzuki, Tessa, 2007. Exodus to North Korea: Shadows from Japan’s Cold War (Maryland, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers).Google Scholar
Ong, Aihwa and Nonini, Donald, eds. 1997. Ungrounded Empires: The Cultural Politics of Modern Chinese Transnationalism (New York, Routledge).Google Scholar
Østergaard-Nielsen, Eva, 2003. “The Politics of Migrants’ Transnational Political Practice”, International Migration Review, 37 (3), pp. 760-786.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Otto, Karl A., 1990. “Aussiedler und Aussiedler-Politik im Spannungsfeld von Menschenrechten und Kaltem Krieg”, in Otto, Karl A., ed., Westwärts - Heimwärts? Aussiedlerpolitik zwischen “Deutschtümelei” und “Verfassungsauftrag” (Bielefeld, AJZ, pp. 11-68).Google Scholar
Park, Alyssa, 2009. “Borderland Beyond: Korean Migrants and the Creation of Modern Boundary between Korea and Russia, 1860-1937”. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of History, Columbia University.Google Scholar
Park, Hyun Ok, 2005. Two Dreams in One Bed: Empire, Social Life, and the Origins of the North Korean Revolution in Manchuria (Durham/ London, Duke University Press).Google Scholar
Park, Jung-sun and Chang, Paul Y., 2005. “Contention in the Construction of a Global Korean Community: The Case of the Overseas Korean Act”, Journal of Korean Studies, 10 (1), pp. 1-27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rabkov, Irina, 2006. “Aussiedler in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Migrationserfahrungen und Kriminalitätsrisiken von Ethnischen Migranten im Kontext der Bundesdeutschen Zuwanderungspolitik”, Freiburg Universität Freiburg.Google Scholar
Rouse, Roger, 1991. “Mexican Migration and the Social Space of Postmodernism”, Diaspora 1 (1), pp. 8-23.Google Scholar
Ryang, Sonia, 1997. North Koreans in Japan: Language, Ideology, and Identity (Boulder, Westview Press).Google Scholar
Schmid, Andre, 2002. Korea between Empires: 1895-1919 (New York, Columbia University Press).Google Scholar
Schraut, Sylvia, 1994. “Zwischen Assimilationsdiktat und Fürsorgeverpflichtung. Die amerikanische Besatzungsmacht und die Flüchtlinge”, in Beer, Mathias, ed., Zur Integration der Flüchtlinge und Vertriebenen im deutschen Südwesten nach 1945. Bestandsaufnahme und Perspektiven der Forschung, (Sigmaringen, Jan Thorbecke. pp. 77-93).Google Scholar
Schwartz, Dieter, 1975. “Die Staatsangehörigkeit der Deutschen”, Dissertation, Marburg.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Michael, 1997. “Vertreibung und Vergangenheitspolitik”, Deutschland Archiv: Zeitschrift für das vereinigte Deutschland, 30 (2), pp. 177-195.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Michael, 2000. “’Vom Umsiedler zum Staatsbürger’: Totalitäres und Subversives in der Sprachpolitik der SBZ/DDR”, in Hoffman, Dierk, Krauss, Marita, and Schwartz, Michael, eds., Vertriebene in Deutschland: Interdisziplinäre Ergebnisse und Forschungsperspektiven (München, OldenbourgWissenschaftsverlag. pp. 135-166).Google Scholar
Scott, James C., 1998. Seeing like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven, Yale University Press).Google Scholar
Seol, Dong-Hoon and Skrentny, John, 2009. “Ethnic Return Migration and Hierarchical Nationhood: Korean Chinese Foreign Workers in South Korea”, Ethnicities, 9, pp. 147-174.Google Scholar
Seymour, Michel, Couture, Jocelyne and Nielsen, Kai, 1998. “Introduction: Questioning the Ethnic/Civic Dichotomy”, in Couture, Jocelyne, Nielsen, Kai and Seymour, Michel, eds., Rethinking Nationalism (Calgary, University of Calgary Press, pp. 1-61).Google Scholar
Shin, Gi-wook, 2006. Ethnic Nationalism in Korea (Stanford, Stanford University Press).Google Scholar
Smith, Michael P. and Guarnizo, Luis Eduardo, 1998. Transnationalism from Below (New Brunswick/London, Transaction Publishers).Google Scholar
Skrentny, John, Chan, Stephanie, Fox, Jon E. and Kim, Denis, 2007. “Defining Nations in Asia and Europe: A Comparative Analysis of Ethnic Return Migration Policy”, International Migration Review, 41 (4) pp. 793-825.Google Scholar
Starr, Paul, 1992. “Social Categories and Claims in the Liberal State”, in Douglas, Mary and Hull, David, eds., How Classification Works: Nelson Goodman among the Social Sciences (Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 154-179).Google Scholar
Stewart, Michael, 2003. “The Hungarian Status Law: A New European Form of Transnational Politics?”, Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies, 12 (1), pp. 67-102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suh, Dae-sook and Shultz, Edward J., eds., 1990. Koreans in China (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press).Google Scholar
Ther, Philipp, 1996. “The Integration of Expellees in Germany and Poland after World War II: A Historical Reassessment”, Slavic Review, 55 (4), pp. 959-967.Google Scholar
Ther, Philipp, 1998. Deutsche und polnische Vertriebene: Gesellschaft und Vertriebenenpolitik in SBZ/DDR und in Polen 1945-1956 (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht).Google Scholar
ThrÄnhardt, Dietrich, 2001. “Tainted Blood: The Ambivalence of Ethnic Migration in Israel, Japan, Korea, Germany and the United States”, German Policy Studies, 1, pp. 273-301Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles, 1975a. “Reflections on the History of European State-Making”, in Tilly, Charles, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, Princeton University Press, pp. 3-83).Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles, 1975b. “Western State-Making and Theories of Political Transformation”, in Tilly, Charles, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, Princeton University Press, pp. 601-638).Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles, 1990. Coercion, Capital, and European States: AD 990-1992 (Cambridge, Blackwell).Google Scholar
Torpey, John, 2000. The Invention of the Passport: Surveillance, Citizenship and the State (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Tsuda, Takeyuki, 2003. Strangers in the Ethnic Homeland: Japanese Brazilian Return Migration in Transnational Perspective (New York, Columbia University Press).Google Scholar
Vertovec, Steven, 2004. “Migrant Transnationalism and Modes of Transformation”, International Migration Review, 38 (3), pp. 970-1001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
von Koppenfels, Amanda K., 2001. “Politically Minded: The Case of Aussiedler as an Ideologically Defined Category”, in Hunger, Uwe, Meendermann, Karin, Santel, Bernhard, and Woyke, Wichard, eds., Migration in erklärten und “unerklärten” Einwanderungsländern. Analyse und Vergleich (Münster/Hamburg/London, Lit Verlag, pp. 89-120).Google Scholar
Waldinger, Roger and Fitzgerald, David, 2004. “Transnationalism in Question”, American Journal of Sociology, 109 (5), pp. 1177-1195.Google Scholar
Wang, Gungwu, 1981. Community and Nation: Essays on Southeast Asia and the Chinese (Singapore: Heinemann).Google Scholar
Wolff, Stefan, 2003. The German Question since 1919 (Westport, Greenwood Pubishing).Google Scholar
Yack, Bernard, 1996. “The Myth of the Civic Nation”, Critical Review, 10 (2), pp. 193-211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Korean language references

The translations given here are those that are used in the publications themselves or in search engines

The translations given here are those that are used in the publications themselves or in search enginesGoogle Scholar
Chung, In Seop, 1999. “Content and Problem of the Coethnics Abroad Act”, Seoul International Law Journal, 6 (2), pp. 301-321.Google Scholar
Constitutional Court, 2001. “Ruling on the Act on the Immigration and Legal Status of Coethnics Abroad of 1999” (Case Number 99헌마494), November 29.Google Scholar
Doh, Jimi, 2003. “A Study on the Diversification of National Identity Formation in Koreans in Japan: Past and Present, and Change of Mindan.” Master’s Thesis, Department of International Relation, Seoul National University.Google Scholar
Hong, Gihye, 2000. “Gender Politics of Migration: Focused on the Marriage between Choseonjok Women and Korean Men.” Master’s Thesis, Department of Women’s Studies, Ewha University. Seoul.Google Scholar
Jiang, Xianying, 2005. “A Study on the discourse of the ‘Korean-Chinese’ in the Korean Newspaper.” Master’s Thesis, Department of Communication, Seoul National University.Google Scholar
Kim, Chang Seok, 2000. “A Study on Entry, Exit, and Residence Control of Ethnic Koreans in China.” Master’s Thesis, Department of Public Administration, Kangwon National University.Google Scholar
Kim, Gangil, 2000. “Empirical Survey on the Opinions of Yanbian Choseonjok Towards South and North Korea: Focused on the Change after the Establishment of Diplomacy between South Korea and China”, Peace Studies, 9, pp. 205-220.Google Scholar
Kim, Taegi, 2000. “Cooperation and Conflict between Mindan and the South Korean Government”, Asia-Pacific Regional Studies, 3 (1), pp. 60-97.Google Scholar
Korean Residents Union in Japan, 1976. The Thirty-Year History of Mindan, (Tokyo, Korean Residents Union in Japan).Google Scholar
Kwon, Bodue-rae, 2005. “The Rhetoric of ‘Brotherhood’ and the significance of ‘History’”, The Collection of Korean Literature Studies, 41, pp. 267-287.Google Scholar
Ota, Takako, 2004. “The Discourse Analysis about ‘the Overseas Korean Act’ on Korean Chinese”, The Journal of Korean-Japanese National Studies, 7, pp. 123-166.Google Scholar
Son, Chunil, 2001. A Study of the Land Relations of Koreans in Northeast China before Liberation (Jilin, Jilin Inmin Publishing Company, People's Republic of China).Google Scholar