(1) de Tocqueville, A., Écrits et discours politiques, in O.C. t. III, II, p. 290.Google Scholar

(2) Op. cit. in O.C. t. III, I, pp. 443–553.

(3) Chaudhuri, Nirad C., Clive of India (Bombay, Jaico Press, 1977).Google Scholar

(4) As for myself, I hate these absolute in systems which make all events of history depend upon a series of great primary causes which are tied together into a fateful chain and which suppress, as it were, men from the history of mankind. I find them narrow when they claim to be grand and false Souvenirs, II, 1, in O.C. t. XII, p. 84.

(5) See his sketch of seven hundred years of French history in which he has managed to treat both themes simultaneously in two pages, in Democracy in America, Author's introduction, pp.3–6.

(6) Democracy in America, Author's introduction, p. 6.

(7) A. de Tocqueville, O.C. t. IX, letters, no. 48, 66, 72.

(8) Ibid. t. IX, p 280.

(9) Ibid. t. III, I.

(10) Ibid.Voyages en Sicile et aux États- Unis in O.C. V, I, p. 258.

(11) A great many texts can be quoted here, from Aurobindo and M.K. Gandhi to Rajagopalachari, J.P. Narayan and many others. See also Pantham, Th. and Deutsch, K. (eds), Political Thought in Modern India (Delhi 1986).Google Scholar

(12) Cf. Bernard, J.A., L'Inde, le pouvoir et la puissance (Paris, Fayard, 1985), ch. 1, III, XI.Google Scholar

(13) In A. Appadorai, Documents on Political Thought in Modern India (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1976), vol. III, p. 320

(14) Op. cit. p. 324.

(15) Ibid. p. 342.

(16) Democracy in America, I, part I, ch. v, pp. 78–88.

(17) de Tocqueville, A., L'Ancien Régime et la Révolution, in O.C. t. II, I, pp. 107–127.Google Scholar

(18) Democracy in America, I, part I, VIII, pp. 144–148.

(19) Ibid. p. 150.

(20) Ibid. pp. 153–154.

(21) Ibid. II, part III, 1, p. 535.

(22) de Tocqueville, A., L'Ancien Régime et la Révolution, in O.C. t. II, I, 2nd Book, ch. ix, pp. 147–158.Google Scholar

(23) ‘The more the nobility ceases to be an aristocracy, the more it seems to close itself into a caste’, in O.C. t. III, I, p. 151.

(24) de Tocqueville, A., Écrits et discours politiques, in O.C. t. III, I, p. 447 and passim.Google Scholar

(25) We refer to such leaders as the Kerala guru, Shree Narayana Guru (1856–1928) and the Mahatma Gandhi.

(26) For instance Dr. Ambedkar.

(27) This circular process has been much in evidence in developed countries such as France, the U.S., etc.

(28) Gopal, Sarvepalli, Jawaharlal Nehru a biography, vol. III, p. 284. (New-Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1984).Google Scholar

(29) Appadorai, op. cit. II, p. 331.

(30) See Pantham, Thomas and Deutsch, Kenneth L. (eds), Political Thought in Modern India (New Delhi, Sage Publications, 1986), pp. 274–296.Google Scholar

(31) Ibid. p. 286.

(32) Ibid. p. 296.

(33) Views close to ours are expressed in the respective contributions of Veena Das and J.D. Sethi, in Singh, Amrit (ed.), Punjab in Indian Politics (New Delhi, Ajanta Publications, 1985).Google Scholar

(34) Democracy in America, Author's introduction, p. 11.

(35) Gandhi, M.K., An Autobiography (Harmondsworth, Penguin Books, 1982—1st edition 1927), p. 453.Google Scholar

(36) Ashgar Ali Engineer, Roots of communalism, in Seminar no. 322, pp. 19–24.

(37) Geertz, Clifford (ed.), Old Societies and New States (London, Collier & Macmillan, 1963), pp. 57–104.Google Scholar

(38) Democracy in America, II, part IV, ch. II to IV.

(39) L'Ancien Régime et la Révolution, in O.C. t. II, Book III, IV, p. 217.