* Among them, Rocker, Rudolph, Anarcho-Syndicalism ([London], Modern Publishers, 1938)Google Scholar.

(1) The German Ideology, Part I (New York, International Publishers, 1970), p. 42Google Scholar.

(2) A Contribution to the Critique of plitical Economy (New York, International Publishers, 1970), p. 20. Hereafter cited as A ContributionGoogle Scholar.

(3) Ibid.

(4) ‘[…] New superior relations of production never replace older ones before the material conditions for their existence have matured within the framework of the old society’. A Contribution, p. 21.

(5) Cf. Engels', 1890 letter to Bloch, J., Marx, and Engels, , in Selected Works (New York, International Publishers, 1968), p. 692.Google Scholar Engels wrote the letter to dispel the notion that he and Marx had a mechanical view of history in which economic factors were always and everywhere the only causally significant factors in history.

(6) A Contribution, p. 21.

(7) Cf. Capital I Part IV, I part VIII and III Chs. 20, 36, and 47, Pre-Capitalist Economic Formation. — Gendron, Bernard has persuasively argued in Marx, and the Technological Theory of History (Philosophical Forum), VI (1976), n° 4 that Marx's historical analyses of precapitalist societies, of the transition from feudalism to capitalism and the development of capitalism estabtors lish that the dialectic of forces and relations of production should not be read as Marx's general theory of historical development, but as applicable mainly to capitalism and then with qualificationsGoogle Scholar.

(8) A Contribution, pp. 21–22.

(9) Cf. The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, especially section VII, and The Civil War in France, Section III.

(10) This was a theme in Marx's political thinking as early as 1845. Cf. ‘On the Jewish Question’.

(11) Cf. Rudolph Rocker, op. cit. — The leading theorist of the Spanish Civil War anarchists, Rocker gives the clearest account of anarcho-syndicalism, the modern industrial expression of socialist or communist anarchism.

(12) The Civil War in France, in Marx, and Engels, , Selected Works (New York, International Publishers 1968), pp. 292–294Google Scholar.

(13) Every feature of the program is that of pure industrial anarchism with perhaps two exceptions. Many anarchists would see no legitimate role for a judiciary, Some anarchists would insist that participation in federal bodies and subordination to their policies be voluntary for local units, that local units have the right to withdraw, The same for individuals vis-à-vis local units. Such a right to withdraw is of very dubious value, in any case, in modern industrial society, where the possibility of local economic self-sufficiency is slight. Cf. Rocker, op. cit.

(14) Minus deductions for replacing and expanding the productive plant and for the costs of administration, social services and the support of those unable to work. Cf. Critique of the Gotha Programme, in Marx, and Engels, , Selected Works (New York, International Publishers, 1968)Google Scholar.

(15) Ibid. p. 323.

(16) Ibid. pp. 324–325.