Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T13:12:20.021Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Limits to Financialization

Sociological Analyses of the Financial Crisis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 February 2012

Christoph Deutschmann*
Affiliation:
Universität von Tuebingen and Max-Planck Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung, Köln [[email protected]].
Get access

Abstract

In the discussion on the causes of the financial crisis three main lines of argument can be distinguished: The „regulatory failure“ argument, the theory of the cyclical instability of financial markets, and analyses of „financialization“. From a sociological point of view, the latter analyses deserve particular interest, as they consider the crisis in the context of the larger structural changes of mature capitalist societies that have developed since the last decades of the 20th century. The paper first provides an overview of the financialization literature, focussing of the interplay between the changes on the macro-, meso- and micro levels of society that led to the present dominance of the financial services sector over the economy. Moreover, the historical analyses of Arrighi and Silver are considered. The second part of the paper offers a theoretical reconceptualization of the empirical findings in the framework of a multilevel model of capitalist dynamics. The model shows how a prosperous capitalist economy like the Western one in the second half of the 20th century can be transformed into a financialized economy due to its own internal dynamics. From a sociological perspective, financialization can thus be understood as a hegemonial regime of financial investors over entrepreneurs.

Résumé

Dans le débat sur les causes de la crise financière, on peut isoler trois argumentaires : le déficit de régulation, la théorie de l’instabilité cyclique des marchés financiers, et l’analyse de la « financialisation » elle-même. Pour le sociologue, cette dernière ligne mérite un intérêt particulier parce qu’elle place la crise dans le contexte plus large de changements structurels intervenus dans les sociétés capitalistes avancées à la fin du XXe siècle. Notre étude s’ouvre avec une vue d’ensemble de la littérature sur la financialisation en fustigeant les changements aux trois niveaux : micro, meso et macro dont les interrelations ont conduit à la domination des services financiers sur toute l’économie. Référence est faite aux travaux historiques de Arrighi et Silver. La seconde partie présente à partir des données empiriques une recomposition théorique. Le modèle, à plusieurs niveaux, montre comment une économie capitaliste prospère comme celle de l’Occident dans la seconde moitié du XXe siècle peut se transformer en une économie financialisée du fait de ses dynamiques internes. Du point de vue sociologique, on parlera d’hégémonie des investisseurs vis-à-vis des entrepreneurs.

Zusammenfassung

In der Diskussion über die Ursachen der Finanzkrise lassen sich drei Argumentationslinien unterscheiden: Die These des „Regulationsversagens“, die Theorie zyklischer Instabilität der Finanzmärkte und Analysen der „Finanzialisierung“. Aus soziologischer Sicht erscheinen die zuletzt genannten Ansätze besonders interessant, da sie die Krise im Kontext umfassender gesellschaftlicher Strukturveränderungen der entwickelten kapitalistischen Länder seit den letzten Jahrzehnten des 20. Jahrhunderts untersuchen. Der Beitrag gibt zunächst einen Überblick über die Literatur zum „Finanzialisierungs“ansatz; dabei stehen die Veränderungen auf den gesellschaftlichen Makro- Meso- und Mikroebenen und deren Wechselwirkungen im Mittelpunkt, die die gegenwärtige Hegemonie des Finanzsektors herbeigeführt haben. Ergänzend werden die historischen Untersuchungen von Arrighi und Silver herangezogen. Gestützt auf neuere Ansätze in der Wirtschaftssoziologie wird anschließend eine theoretische Konzeptualisierung der Befunde der „Finanzialisierungs“literatur in Form eines Mehrebenen-Modells kapitalistischer Dynamik vorgeschlagen. Das Modell zeigt, wie eine prosperierende kapitalistische Wirtschaft, wie sie in den entwickelten westlichen Ländern in der 2. Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts vorherrschte, sich aufgrund ihrer eigenen Dynamik in eine „finanzialisierte“ Wirtschaft transformieren kann. „Finanzialisierung“ kann aus dieser Sicht als ein hegemoniales Regime von Rentierinteressen über die unternehmerischen Kräfte der Gesellschaft verstanden werden.

Type
Research Articles
Copyright
Copyright © A.E.S. 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Afheld, Horst, 2003. Wirtschaft, die arm macht. Vom Sozialstaat zur gespaltenen Gesellschaft (München, Kunstmann).Google Scholar
Aldrich, Howard, 2004. “Entrepreneurship” in Swedberg, Richard and Smelser, Neil, eds., Handbook of Economic Sociology (Princeton, Princeton University Press, pp. 451-477).Google Scholar
Arrighi, Giovanni and Silver, Beverly J., 1999. Chaos and Governance in the Modern World System (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press).Google Scholar
Beckert, Jens, 2002. Beyond the Market. The Social Foundations of Economic Efficiency (Princeton, Princeton University Press).Google Scholar
Beckert, Jens, 2003. “Economic Sociology and Embeddedness. How Shall We Conceptualize Economic Action?”, Journal of Economic Issues, 37, pp. 796-787.Google Scholar
Beckert, Jens, 2011. Imagines Futures. Fictionality in Economic Action, MPIfG Discussion Paper 11/8 (Max-Planck-Institute for the Study of Societies, Köln).Google Scholar
Beckert, Jens and Lutter, Mark, 2008. “Wer spielt Lotto? Umverteilungswirkungen und sozialstrukturelle Inzidenz staatlicher Lotteriemärkte”, Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, 60 (2), pp. 233-264.Google Scholar
Beyer, Jürgen, 2006. Pfadabhängigkeit. Über institutionelle Kontinuität, anfällige Stabilität und institutionellen Wandel (Frankfurt/M, Campus).Google Scholar
Beyer, Jürgen and Hassel, Anke, 2003. “Die Folgen von Konvergenz. Der Einfluß der Internationalisierung auf die Wertschöpfungsketten in großen Unternehmen” in Beyer, Jürgen, ed., Vom Zukunfts- zum Auslaufmodell? Die deutsche Wirtschaftsordnung im Wandel (Wiesbaden, Westdeutscher Verlag, pp. 155-184).Google Scholar
Binswanger, Matthias, 1996. “Money Creation, Profits and Growth: Monetary Aspects of Economic Evolution” in Helmstaedter, Ernst, ed., Behavioral Norms, Technological Progress and Economic Dynamics (Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, pp. 413-447).Google Scholar
Birenheide, Almut, Fischer, Michael and Legnaro, Aldo, 2005. Kapitalismus für alle. Aktien, Freiheit und Kontrolle (Münster, Westfälisches Dampfboot).Google Scholar
Blackburn, Robin, 2002. Banking on Death. Or, Investing in Life: The History and Future of Pensions (London, Blackburn).Google Scholar
Blossfeld, Hans-Peter, Klijzing, Erik, Mills, Melinda and Kurz, Karin, 2005. Globalisation, Uncertainity and Youth in Society (London, Routledge).Google Scholar
Breen, Richard, 2004. Social Mobility in Europe (Oxford, Oxford University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brixy, Udo, Hundt, Christian, Sternberg, Rolf and Vorderwülbecke, Arne, 2011. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Unterneh-mensgründungen im weltweiten Vergleich. Länderbericht Deutschland 2010 (Nürnberg/Hannover, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung/Institut für Wirtschafts- und Kulturgeographie, Leibniz Universität Hannover).Google Scholar
Bucks, Brian K., Kennickell, Arthur B. and Moore, Kevin B., 2009. “Changes in US Family Finances from 2004 to 2007: Evidence from the Survey of Consumer Finances”, Federal Reserve Bulletin, A 1-A 56, www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/bulletin/default.htmGoogle Scholar
Bude, Heinz, 2008. “Die Ausgeschlossenen. Das Ende vom Traum einer gerechten Gesellschaft”, Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, München.Google Scholar
Burt, Ronald S., 2000. “The Network Entrepreneur” in Swedberg, Richard ed., Entrepreneurship. The Social Science View (Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 281-307).Google Scholar
Byrne, David, 2005. Social Exclusion (New York, Open University Press, Second edition).Google Scholar
Campbell, John L., 2010. “Neoliberalism in Crisis: Regulatory Roots of the U.S. Financial Meltdown” in Lounsbury, Michael and Hirsch, Paul M., eds., Markets on Trial. The Economic Sociology of the US Financial Crisis (Bingley, Emerald, Part B, pp. 65-102).Google Scholar
Carruthers, Bruce G., 2010. “Knowledge and Liquidity: Institutional and Cognitive Foundations of the Subprime Crisis” in Lounsbury, Michael and Hirsch, Paul M., eds., Markets on Trial: The Economic Sociology of the US Financial Crisis, (Bingley, Emerald, Part A, pp. 157-182).Google Scholar
Cassidy, John, 2009. How Markets Fail. The Logic of Economic Calamities (New York, Farrar, Straus and Giroux).Google Scholar
Coleman, James, 1990. Foundations of Social Theory (Cambridge, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press).Google Scholar
Corsino, Louis and Soto, Maricella 2005. “Socializing the Ethnic Market: A Frame Analysis”, in Keister, Lisa A., ed., Entrepreneurship (Oxford, Elsevier, pp. 233-256).Google Scholar
Crotty, James, 2005. “The Neoliberal Paradox. The Impact of Destructive Product Market Competition and ‘Modern’ Financial Markets on Nonfinancial Corporation’s Performance in the Neoliberal Era”, in Epstein, Gerald A., ed., Financialization and the World Economy (Cheltenham, Elgar, pp. 77-110).Google Scholar
Deutsches Aktien-Institut 2011. DAI Factbook.Google Scholar
Davis, Gerald F., 2009. Managed by the Markets. How Finance Reshaped America (Oxford, Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Davis, Gerald F., 2010. “After the Ownership Society: Another World is Possible”, in Lounsbury, Michael and Hirsch, Paul M., eds., Markets on Trial: The Economic Sociology of the US Financial Crisis (Bingley, Emerald, Part B, pp. 331-358).Google Scholar
Davis, Gerald F. and Mizruchi, Mark S., 2009. “The Money Center Cannot Hold: Commercial Banks in the US System of Corporate Governance”, Administrative Quarterly, 44, pp. 215-239CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Bondt, Werner, 2005. “The Values and Beliefs of European Investors”, in Knorr-Cetina, Karin and Preda, Alex, eds., The Sociology of Financial Markets (Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 163-186).Google Scholar
Deutschmann, Christoph, 2008. Kapitalistische Dynamik. Eine gesellschaftstheoretische Perspektive (Wiesbaden, VS).Google Scholar
Deutschmann, Christoph, 2009. “Soziologie kapitalistischer Dynamik”, MPIfG Working Paper 09/5 (Max-Planck-Institute for the Study of Societies, Köln).Google Scholar
Deutschmann, Christoph, 2010. “Paradoxes of Social Rise. The Expansion of Middle Classes and the Financial Crisis”, Journal of Social Science Education, 9 (1), pp. 20-31.Google Scholar
Deutschmann, Christoph, 2011. “A Pragmatist Theory of Capitalism”, Socio-Economic Review, 9 (1), pp. 83-106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dewey, John, 1938. Logic. The Theory of Inquiry (New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston).Google Scholar
Dobbin, Frank and Zorn, Dirk, 2005. “Corporate Malfeasance and the Myth of Shareholder Value”, Political Power and Social Theory, 17, pp. 179-198.Google Scholar
Dobbin, Frank and Jung, Jiwook, 2010. “The Misapplication of Mr. Michael Jensen: How Agency Theory brought down the Economy and Why it Might Again” in Lounsbury, Michael and Hirsch, Paul M., eds., Markets on Trial: The Economic Sociology of the US Financial Crisis (Bingley, Emerald, Part B, pp. 29-64).Google Scholar
Dopfer, Kurt, 2006. “The Origins of Meso-Economics. Schumpeter’s Legacy”, papers on Economics and Evolution, ed. by the Evolutionary Economics Group, Max-Planck-Institute of Economics, Jena.Google Scholar
Dosi, Giovanni, 1983. “Technological Paradigms and Technological Trajectories. The Determinants and Directions of Technological Change and the Transformation of the Economy”, in Freeman, Christopher, ed., Long Waves in the World Economy (London, Pinter, pp. 78-101).Google Scholar
Duménil, Gerard and Lévy, Dominique, 2005. “Costs and Benefits of Neoliberalism. A Class Analysis”, in Epstein, Gerald A., ed., Financialization and the World Economy (Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, pp. 17-45).Google Scholar
Epstein, Gerald A., ed., 2005a. Financialization and the World Economy (Cheltenham, Edward Elgar).Google Scholar
Epstein, Gerald A., ed., 2005b. “Introduction: Financialization and the World Economy”, in Epstein, Gerald A., ed., Financialization and the World Economy (Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, pp. 3-17).Google Scholar
Epstein, Gerald A. and Jayadev, Arjun, 2005. “The Rise of Rentier Incomes in OECD Countries” in Epstein, Gerald A., ed., Financialization and the World Economy, (Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, pp. 46-74).Google Scholar
Esser, Hartmut, 1993. Soziologie. Allgemeine Grundlagen (Frankfurt/M, Campus).Google Scholar
Esser, Hartmut, 1999. Soziologie. Spezielle Grundlagen, Bd. 1: Situationslogik und Handeln (Frankfurt/M, Campus).Google Scholar
Eurostat, 2011. Eurostat, Annual National Accounts, Aggregates and Employment (nama_nace06_c).Google Scholar
FinancialCrisisInquiryCommission, 2010. The Financial Crisis Inquiry Report. Final Report of the National Commission on the Causes of the Financial and Economic Crisis in the United States, Official Government Edition.Google Scholar
Fligstein, Neil J. 1990. The Transformation of Corporate Control (Cambridge, Harvard University Press).Google Scholar
Fligstein, Neil J., 2001. “Social Skill and the Theory of Fields”, Sociological Theory, 19, pp. 105-125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fligstein, Neil J., 2008. “The Finance Conception of the Firm”, in Erturk, Ismail, Froud, Julie, Sukhdev, Johal, Leaver, Adam and Williams, Karel, eds., Financialization at Work (London, Routledge, pp. 307-318).Google Scholar
Fligstein, Neil J. and Goldstein, Adam, 2010. “Anatomy of the Mortgage Securitization Crisis”, in Lounsbury, Michael and Hirsch, Paul M., eds., Markets on Trial. The Economic Sociology of the US Financial Crisis (Bingley, Emerald, part A, pp. 29-70).Google Scholar
Frank, Thomas, 2000. One Market Under God (New York, Doubleday).Google Scholar
Freeman, Chris and Louca, Francisco, 2002. As Time Goes By. From the Industrial Revolution to the Information Revolution (Oxford, Oxford University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freye, Saskia, 2009. Führungswechsel. Die Wirtschaftselite und das Ende der Deutschland AG (Frankfurt/M, Campus).Google Scholar
Froud, Julie, Haslam, Colin, Sukhdev, Johal and Williams, Karel, 2000. “Shareholder Value and Financialization: Consultancy Promises, Management Moves”, Economy and Society, 29, pp. 80-110.Google Scholar
Froud, Julie, Sukhdev, Johal, Leaver, Adam and Williams, Karel, 2006. Financialization and Strategy. Narrative and Numbers (London, Routledge).Google Scholar
Garud, Raghu and Karnoe, Peter, eds., 2001. Path Dependence and Creation (New York, Mahwah).Google Scholar
Genschel, Philipp and Schwarz, Peter, 2011. “Tax competition: a literature review”, Socio-Economic Review, 9 (2), pp. 339-370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldthorpe, John H., Lockwood, David, Bechhofer, Frank and Platt, Jennifer, 1968. The Affluent Worker. Industrial Attitudes and Behaviour (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Granovetter, Mark, 2005. “The Economic Sociology of Firms and Entrepreneurs” in Wedbwerg, S Richard, ed., New Developments in Economic Sociology (Cheltenham, Elgar, Vol. II, pp. 160-197).Google Scholar
Harmes, Adam, 2001. “Mass Investment Culture”, New Left Review, 9, pp.103-124.Google Scholar
Harrington, Brooke, 2008. Pop Finance. Investment Clubs and the New Investor Populism (Princeton, Princeton University Press).Google Scholar
Haseler, Stephen, 2000. The Super Rich. The Unjust New World of Global Capitalism (Houndmills, Basingstroke, Palgrave Macmillan).Google Scholar
Huffschmid, Jörg, 2002. Politische Ökonomie der Finanzmärkte, 2. Aufl. (Hamburg, VSA).Google Scholar
ICI, 2011. Investment Company Institute website (http://www.ici.org/).Google Scholar
Kanter, Rosabeth M., 2000. “When a Thousand Flowers Bloom: Structural, Collective, and Social Conditions for Innovation in Organization” in Swedberg, Richard, ed., Entrepreneurship. The Social Science View (Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 167-210).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keister, Lisa, 2000. Wealth in America. Trends in Wealth Inequality (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Kelley, Donna, Bosma, Niels and Amorós, José Ernesto, 2011. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2010 Global Report (Babson/Santiago, Babson college/Universidad del Desarrollo).Google Scholar
Kindleberger, Charles P. and Aliber, Robert Z., 2005. Manias, Panics and Crashes. A History of Financial Crises (Hoboken, Wiley, Fifth edition).Google Scholar
Krippner, Greta R., 2005. “The Financialization of the American Economy”, Socio-Economic Review, 3, pp. 173-208.Google Scholar
Krippner, Greta R., 2010. “The Political Economy of Financial Exuberance” in Launsbury, Michael and Hirsch, Paul M. eds., Markets on Trial: The Economic Sociology of the US Financial Crisis (Bingley, Emerald, Part B, pp. 141-176.)Google Scholar
Langley, Paul, 2008. Sub-Prime Mortgage Lending: A Cultural Economy”, Economy and Society, 37 (4), pp. 469-494.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lester, Richard K. and Piore, Michael J., 2004. Innovation – The Missing Dimension (Cambridge, Harvard University Press).Google Scholar
Link, Albert N. and Siegel, Donald S., 2007. Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Social Change (Oxford, Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Lippmann, Stephen, Davis, Amy and Aldrich, Howard E., 2005. “Entrepreneurship and Inequality” in Keister, Lisa A., ed., Entrepreneurship (Amsterdam, Elsevier, pp. 3-32).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lundvall, Bengt-Åke, ed., 1992. National Innovative System. Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning (London, Pinter).Google Scholar
Lutter, Mark, 2010. Märkte für Träume. Die Soziologie des Lotteriespiels (Frankfurt/M, Campus).Google Scholar
McCleary, Rachel M., 2007. “Salvation, Damnation and Economic Incentives”, Cambridge Journal of Contemporary Religion, 22 (1), pp. 49-74.Google Scholar
Merton, Robert K., 1965. Social Theory and Social Structure, 9. rev. and enl. edition (New York, Free Press).Google Scholar
Mills, C. Wright, 1957. The Power Elite (New York, Liberty Book Club).Google Scholar
Mizrachi, Beverly, 2005. “The henna Maker: A Moroccan Immigrant Woman Entrepreneur in an Ethic Revival” in Keister, Lisa A., ed., Entrepreneurship (Oxford, Elsevier, pp. 257-278).Google Scholar
Mizruchi, Mark S., 2010. “The American Corporate Elite and the Historical Roots of the Financial Crisis of 2008” in Lounsbury, Michael and Hirsch, Paul M., eds., Markets on Trial: The Economic Sociology of the US Financial Crisis (Bingley, Emerald, Part B, pp. 103-140).Google Scholar
Neugebauer, Gero, 2007. Politische Milieus in Deutschland. Die Studie der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (Bonn, Dietz).Google Scholar
North, Douglass C., 1990. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
OECD, 2005. Statistics Portal, Institutional Investors Statistics: www.oecd.orgGoogle Scholar
Orhangazi, Ozgür, 2008. “Financialization and Capital Accumulation in the Non-Financial Corporate Sector”, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 32 (6), pp. 863-886.Google Scholar
O’Sullivan, Mary A., 2000. Contests for Corporate Control. Corporate Governance and Economic Performance in the United States and Germany (Oxford, Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Pahl, Hanno, 2008. Das Geld in der modernen Wirtschaft. Marx und Luhmann im Vergleich (Frankfurt/M, Campus).Google Scholar
Peukert, Helge, 2010. Die große Finanzmarktkrise. Eine staatswissenschaftlich-finanzsoziologische Untersuchung (Marburg, Metropolis).Google Scholar
Phillips, Kevin, 2002. Wealth and Democracy. A Political History of the American Rich (New York Brodway Books).Google Scholar
Phillips, Kevin, 2006. American Theocracy. The Peril and Politics of Radical Religion, Oil, and Borrowed Money in the 21th Century (London, Penguin).Google Scholar
Portes, Alejandro and Zhou, Min, 1992. “Gaining the Upper Hand: Economic Mobility among Domestic and Immigrant Minorities”, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 15, pp. 491-522.Google Scholar
Reinhart, Carmen M. and Rogoff, Kenneth M., 2009. This Time is Different. Eight Centuries of Financial Folly (Princeton, Princeton University Press).Google Scholar
Sassen, Saskia, 2005. “The Embeddedness of Electronic Markets: The Case of Global Capital Markets” in Knorr-Cetina, Karin and Preda, Alex, eds., The Sociology of Financial Markets (Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 17-37).Google Scholar
Schimank, Uwe, 2011. “Against all Odds? The ‘Loyalit’ of Small Investors”, Socio Economic Review, 9 (1), pp. 107-135.Google Scholar
Schumpeter, Joseph A. 1991 [1947]. “Comments on a Plan for the Study of Entrepreneurship” in Swedberg, Richard, ed., The Economic and Sociology of Capitalism (Princeton, Princeton University Press pp. 406-428).Google Scholar
Shiller, Robert J., 2008. Subprime Solution: How Today’s Global Finance Crisis Happened and What to Do About It (National Bureau of Economic Research MacroMarkets LLC, Yale University).Google Scholar
Sorge, Arndt, 2011. “Financial Catastrophe and its Implications for Socioeconomics”, Socio Economic Review, 9 (1), pp. 169-186.Google Scholar
Stark, David, 2009. The Sense of Dissonance (Princeton, Princeton University Press).Google Scholar
Stichweh, Rudolf and Windolf, Paul, 2009. Inklusion und Exklusion. Analysen zur Sozialstruktur und sozialen Ungleichheit (Wiesbaden, VS).Google Scholar
Streeck, Wolfgang 2011. “Taking Capitalism Seriously: Towards an Institutionalist Approach to Contemporary Political Economy”, Socio Economic Review 9 (1), pp. 137-167.Google Scholar
Streeck, Wolfgang and Höpner, Martin, eds., 2003. Alle Macht dem Markt? Fallstudien zur Abwicklung der Deutschland AG (Frankfurt/M, Campus).Google Scholar
Sturken, Marita, Douglas, Thomas and Ball-Rokeach, Sandra, eds., 2004. Technological Visions: The Hopes and Fears that Shape New Technologies (Philadelphia, Temple University Press).Google Scholar
Swedberg, Richard, 2000. “The Social Science View of Entrepreneurship: Introduction and Practical Applications” in Swedberg, Richard, ed., Entrepreneurship. The Social Science View (Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 7-44).Google Scholar
Useem, Michael, 1993. “Shareholder Power and the Struggle for Corporate Control” in Swedberg, Richard ed., Explorations in Economic Sociology (New York, Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 308-334).Google Scholar
Voss, Günter and Pongratz, Hans J., 1998. “Der Arbeitskraftunternehmer. Eine neue Grundform der Ware Arbeitskraft?”, Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, 50, pp. 131-158).Google Scholar
Vogl, Joseph, 2010. Das Gespenst des Kapitals (Zürich, Diaphanes).Google Scholar
Windolf, Paul, 1994. “Die neuen Eigentümer. Eine Analyse des Marktes für Unternehmenskontrolle”, Zeitschrift für Soziologie, 23 (2), pp. 79-92).Google Scholar
Windolf, Paul, ed., 2005. “Finanzmarkt-Kapitalismus. Analysen zum Wandel von Produktionsregimen”, Sonderheft 45 der Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie (Wiesbaden, VS-Verlag).Google Scholar