¹ The expression “community of law” was popularised by the first Commission President, Walter Hallstein, in 1962, and later picked up by the European Court of Justice (ECJ) in its seminal case C-294/83 Les Verts v Parliament [EU:C:1988:94].

² M Cappelletti, M Seccombe and JHH Weiler, Integration through Law: Europe and the American Federal Experience (Berlin, De Gruyter 1986) p 3, constitutes the centre of gravity of these scholarly debates, albeit under the assumption that integration is fundamentally a political process and that law is but one of the many instruments used to achieve it.

³ P Leino-Sandberg, The Politics of Legal Expertise in EU Policy-Making (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press 2021) p 14.

⁴ ibid, 5.

⁵ ibid.

⁶ ibid, 6.

⁷ ibid, 124.

⁸ ibid, 3

⁹ P Pescatore, “Les objectifs de la Communauté européenne comme principes d’interprétation dans la jurisprudence de la Cour de Justice” in Miscellanea W.J. Ganshof van der Meersch, vol. 2 (Brussels, Bruylant 1972) p 325.

¹⁰ P Leino-Sandberg, “New Generation EU: A Constitutional Change without Constitutional Change” (Reconnect, 13 January 2021) <https://reconnect-europe.eu/blog/new-generation-eu-a-constitutional-change-without-constitutional-change/> (last accessed 1 April 2022).

¹¹ Leino-Sandberg, supra, note 3, 291.

¹² ibid, 9.

¹³ ibid, 297.

¹⁴ ibid, 246.

¹⁵ ibid, 193.

¹⁶ ibid, 42.