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39 ACER Recommendations to the Commission as regards the records of wholesale energy market transactions, including orders to trade, and as regards the implementing acts according to Art 8 of Regulation (EU) No 1227/2011, Public Consultation Document, 21 June 2012.

40 ACER’s Annual Report on its Activities under Regulation (EU) No 1227/2011 on Wholesale Energy Market Integrity and Transparency (REMIT) in 2014, prepared by ACER, Market Monitoring Department September 2015.

41 European Parliament, EPRS, New rules for the Agency for the Co-operation of Energy Regulators (ACER), Briefing, EU Legislation in Progress, May 2018, p 7.

42 It should be noted that the public sector is also included into these figures because some energy firms and facilities are partially state-owned. However, in these cases, these actors still represent the interests of energy producers, and not of consumers or of the civil society at large.

43 Coen (2007), supra, note 16.

44 Culpepper, supra, note 4.