1 SPS Agreement, Article 3.1 in conjunction with Article 3.3.

2 SPS Agreement, Article 3.3 in conjunction with Articles 5.1 and 5.7.

3 For an example of how strict liability of food operators in the UK triggered private governance mechanisms, see Henson, Spencer & Humphrey, John, “Private Standards in Global Agri-Food Chains”, in Marx, Axel et. al. (eds.), Private Standards and Global Governance: Legal and Economic Perspective (Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, 2012), pp. 98 Google Scholar et sqq., at p. 105.

4 Fabrizio Cafaggi, “Transnational Governance by Contract: Private Regulation and Contractual Networks in Food Safety”, in Axel Marx, n. 1, pp. 195 et sqq., at p. 199.

5 Cafaggi, n. 4, at 199; Henson & Humphrey, n. 3, at 102.

6 Henson & Humphrey, n. 3, at p. 108.

7 Henson & Humphrey, n. 3, at 100, 107.

8 WTO, TRIPS Agreements, Art. 16.

9 Cafaggi, n. 4, at p. 202.

10 Henson & Humphrey, n. 3, at p. 100.

11 Henson & Humphrey, n. 3, at 109-110 ; Miet Maertens & Jo Swinnen, “Private Standards, Global Food Supply Chains and the Implications for Developing Countries”, in Axel Marx et.al., n. 3, pp. 153 et sqq..

12 Cafaggi, n. 4, at 201.

13 On IFA, see http://www.globalgap.org/uk_en/what-we-do/globalg.a.p.-certification/globalg.a.p./; on HPSS see http://www.globalgap.org/uk_en/what-we-do/globalg.a.p.-certification/harmonized-produce-safety/.

14 See IFA, n. 41.

15 Ibid.

16 http://www.globalgap.org/uk_en/who-we-are/governance/.

17 The EHI Retail Institute is a scientific research institute and German eingetragener Verein (registered association) with 700 members consisting of retailers, their industry associations, manufacturers and service suppliers from all sectors http://www.ehi.org/en/about-us/members/list-of-members.html.

18 http://www.globalgap.org/uk_en/who-we-are/history/.

19 Ibid.

20 Ibid.

21 Ibid.

22 GlobalG.A.P. Board Terms of Reference, available at http://www.globalgap.org/export/sites/default/.content/.galleries/documents/130128-GLOBALGAP_Board-ToR.pdf.

23 Ibid., Appendix 1.

24 http://www.globalgap.org/uk_en/who-we-are/governance/technical-committees/.

25 Ibid.

26 GlobalG.A.P. Board Terms of Reference, n. 22, Article 4.

27 http://www.globalgap.org/uk_en/who-we-are/governance/technical-committees/.

28 http://www.globalgap.org/uk_en/who-we-are/ntwgs/.

29 http://www.globalgap.org/cms/front_content.php?idcat=17.

30 Hachez, Nicholas & Wouters, Jan, “A Glimpse at the Democratic Legitimacy of Private Standards. Assessing the Public Accountability Gap of GlobalG.A.P.”, 14 Journal of International Economic Law(2011), pp.677 CrossRefGoogle Scholar et sqq.

31 General Regulations, Part I, Article 6.7, available at http://www.globalgap.org/export/sites/default/.content/.galleries/documents/130315_gg_gr_part_i_v4_0-2_en.pdf.

32 General Regulations, Part I, n. 103, Article 6.2,

33 Ibid, Article 6.3 in conjunction with Part III, Article 6.3.

34 Ibid, Article 6.4.

35 Ibid, Article 6.4.3.

36 Ibid, Article 6.5.

37 General Regulations, Part II, Article 1.7, available at http://www.globalgap.org/export/sites/default/.content/.galleries/documents/130315_gg_gr_part_ii_v4_0-2_en.pdf.

38 http://www.globalgap.org/uk_en/who-we-are/governance/integrity-surveillance-comm.

39 General Regulations, Part III, Article 8.1(b).

40 The principle that risk assessment has to be sufficiently specific in light of the scope of the measure and the actual risk and exposure that it seeks to target has been established in a long line of cases starting with EC-Hormones.

41 SPS Agreement, Article 2.3.

42 SPS Agreement, Article 6.1 and 6.2.

43 SPS Agreement, Annex C.1(a) and (e).