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2 “Utilizing Innovative Technologies and Other Conditions of Safe Use to Expand Access to Nonprescription Drugs,” FDA Hearing, March 22–23, 2012, available on the Internet at <http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/NewsEvents/ucm289290.htm> (last accessed on 31 October 2012). Woodcock, Janet, “Should There be More Flexibility in Our Concept of Non-Prescription Drugs?” Remarks at FDA Hearing on March 22–23, 2012, 3(4) SelfCare (2012), pp.75–77 Google Scholar, available on the Internet at <http://selfcarejournal.com/view.article.php?id=10079> (last accessed on 31 October 2012).

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7 Red Book, Thomson PDR, Montvale, NJ, 2003, pp.268 and 638. AWPs are the price that a pharmacy pays for pharmaceutical products. The typical markup from this price for Rx products is 162/3 percent.

8 Managed Care Online, http://www.mcareol.com.

9 WellPoint Health Networks, an insurer, fi led a Citizen's Petition with the FDA requesting that Claritin® be switched from Rx to OTC status. Robert Seidman (Chief Pharmacy Offi cer, WellPoint Health Networks), “Petition to Convert Claritin®, Allegra® and Zyrtec® to OTC Status,” presentation to the FDA Pulmonary and OTC Advisory Committee Meeting, May 11, 2001. <http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3737s_02_seidman.ppt> (last accessed on 31 October 2012).

10 Mickey Smith, “Rx-to-OTC Switches: Refl ections and Projections,” Drug Topics Archive, July 20, 1998, available on the Internet at <http://www.pdr.net/consumer/static.htm?path=content/journals/d/toc/1998d7b.htm> (last accessed on 31 October 2012).

11 Karen Snyder, “The State of the OTC Marketplace,” Drug Topics Archive, June 2, 1997, available on the Internet at <http://www.pdr.net/consumer/static.htm?path=content/journals/d/toc/1997d7b.htm> (last accessed on 31 October 2012).

12 Robert McCarthy, “OTCs: The Wild Card in Cost Effectiveness,” Business & Health, April 1, 1999, p. 33.

13 Medicaid plans vary by state. The rules governing the specific OTC products covered are determined at the state level.

14 The Medicare drug benefi ts are referred to as Medicare Part D.

15 Steven Pray, “OTC Products: Time Limits for Safe Use,” US Pharmacist, 1994, available on the Internet at <http://www.uspharmacist.com/NewLook/DisplayArticle.cfm?item_num=381> (last accessed on 31 October 2012).

16 Woodcock, p. 76.

17 “States Limit Cold Remedy Sales,” Wall Street Journal, August 24, 1998.

18 Cranston, Joseph and Yoast, Richard, “Abuse of Dextromethorphan”, 8 American Medical Association (1999), pp. 99–100.Google ScholarPubMed

19 Office of Applied Studies, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, TEDS – 1.30.99.

20 Office of Applied Studies, “Year-End 1998 Emergency Department Data from the Drug Abuse Warning Network,” Department of Health and Human Services, 1998, p. 23.

21 Year-End 1998 Emergency Department Data from the Drug Abuse Warning Network, p. 23.

22 Year-End 1998 Emergency Department Data from the Drug Abuse Warning Network, p. 23.

23 John Fischman, “Herbs and Prescriptions Can Make a Risky Mixture,” U.S. News and World Report, May 1, 2000, p. 64.

24 “Over-the-Counter Drugs: Safe if Used Wisely”, 2(6) National Policy and Resource Center on Women and Aging Letter (1998).

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29 Christopher Hollenbeak, p. 667.

30 Bae, p. 8.

31 Bae, p. 9.

32 Ryan and Yule, p. 238.