Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T01:04:15.491Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Heads and Tails – Minds and Bodies: Reconsidering the Late Bronze Age Vestby Hoard in Light of Symbolist and Body Perspectives

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 January 2017

Julie Lund  and
Lene Melheim
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A pair of animal heads of the Faardal type is central in our reinterpretation of the Late Bronze Age Vestby hoard from eastern Norway. After a period of use and circulation, the heads were mounted on bodies belonging to a different animal species. We argue that the making of the animal figurines and the other high-quality objects of the hoard can only be properly understood against the backdrop of Scandinavian Bronze Age cosmology. This line of thought extends to the presence of a tin bead necklace, which we interpret as a lunar calendar. By combining a ‘body perspective’ – including understandings of body techniques, operational sequences and the ‘sociality’ of objects – with a ‘symbolist perspective’ – including symbol systems, cosmology and intentionality – we put the head back onto the body, so to speak. We also scrutinize the premises for earlier interpretations of the objects' ‘life stories’ and reinterpret their trajectories. This influences the understanding of the act of hoarding, and finally leads to a discussion of how hoarding was also somehow related to the ‘birth’ of the artefacts.

Au centre de notre réinterprétation du dépôt de Vestby (Norvège orientale), datant de l'Âge du Bronze récent, se trouve une paire de têtes d'animaux du type Faardal. Après une période d'utilisation et de circulation, les têtes étaient montées sur des corps appartenant à une autre espèce animale. Nous avançons que la fabrication des figurines animales et les autres objets de haute qualité du dépôt ne peut être correctement comprise qu'avec comme toile de fond la cosmologie de l'Âge du Bronze scandinave. Cette ligne de pensée s'étend jusqu'à un collier en perles d'étain, lequel nous interprétons comme un calendrier lunaire. En combinant une ‘perspective corporelle’ – incluant des interprétations de techniques corporelles, de séquences opérationnelles et de la ‘socialité’ des objets – avec une perspective symboliste – incluant des systèmes symboliques, la cosmologie et l'intentionnalité – nous remettons pour ainsi dire la tête sur le corps. Nous recherchons également des interprétations antérieures des ‘biographies’ de ces objets et réinterprétons leurs trajectoires. Ceci influence la compréhension de l'acte de déposer, et mène enfin à une discussion sur comment les dépôts étaient, d'une certaine manière, associés à la ‘naissance’ des artefacts. Translation by Isabelle Gerges.

Zusammenfassung

Zusammenfassung

Ein Paar von Tierköpfen des Faardal-Typs steht im Zentrum unserer Reinterpretation des spätbronzezeitlichen Vestby-Hortes aus dem östlichen Norwegen. Nach einer Periode der Nutzung und der Zirkulation wurden sie an Körpern anderer Tierspezies angebracht. Wir gehen davon aus, dass die Herstellung der Tierstatuetten und der anderen hochqualitativen Objekte des Hortes nur adäquat vor dem Hintergrund der bronzezeitlichen Kosmologie Skandinaviens verstanden werden kann. Hierfür ist die Existenz eines Halsbandes von Zinnperlen, das wir als Mondkalender interpretieren, von großer Wichtigkeit. Durch die Kombination einer,, Körperperspektive“, die das Verständnis von Körpertechniken, operativer Sequenzen und der,, Sozialität“ von Objekten umfasst, mit einer,, symbolistischen Perspektive“, die Symbolsysteme, Kosmologie und Intentionalität einschließt, verbinden wir sozusagen den Kopf wieder mit dem Körper. Weiterhin hinterfragen wir die Prämissen früherer Interpretationen der,, Lebensgeschichten“ von Objekten und deuten diese Abläufe neu. Dies beeinflusst das Verständnis des Aktes der Hortung und führt letztlich zu einer Diskussion, wie die Hortung letztlich auch mit der,, Geburt“ des Artefakts verbunden war. Translation by Heiner Schwarzberg.

Keywords

Scandinavian Bronze Agecraftsmanshipsymbolist perspectivebody perspectiveanimal figurinesmetallurgyobject biographieshoardingÂge du Bronze scandinaveconnaissance d'un métierperspective symbolisteperspective corporellefigurines animalesmétallurgiebiographies d'objetsdéposerSkandinavische BronzezeitHandwerksymbolistische Perspektivekörperliche PerspektiveTierfigurinenMetallurgieObjektbiographienHortung
Type
Articles
Information
European Journal of Archaeology , Volume 14 , Issue 3 , 2011 , pp. 441 - 464
Copyright
Copyright © 2011 Maney Publishing 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anfinset, N., 2000. Copper technology in contemporary western Nepal: a discussion of its form, function and context. In Olausson, D. and Vandkilde, H. (eds), Form, Function and Context: Material Culture Studies in Scandinavian Archaeology: 203–212. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell (Archaeologica Lundensia series 8, 31).Google Scholar
Apel, J. and Knutsson, K., 2006. Skilled production and social reproduction: an introduction to the subject. In Apel, J. and Knutsson, K. (eds), Skilled Production and Social Reproduction: Aspects of Traditional Stone-Tool Technologies. Proceedings of a Symposium in Uppsala, August 20—24, 2003: 25–33. Uppsala: Societas Archaeologica Upsaliensis (Stone Studies 2).Google Scholar
Appadurai, A., 1986. The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Barber, M., 2003. Bronze and the Bronze Age: Metalwork and Society in Britain c. 2500-800 BC. Stroud: Tempus Publishing.Google Scholar
Barndon, R., 2001. Masters of Metallurgy - Masters of Metaphors: Iron Working among the Fipa and the Pangwa of SW Tanzania. Bergen: Department of Archaeology, University of Bergen.Google Scholar
Barndon, R., 2004. A discussion of magic and medicines in East African iron working: actors and artefacts in technology. Norwegian Archaeological Review 37(1): 21–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergstøl, J., 2002. Iron technology and magic in Iron Age Norway. In Ottaway, B.S. and Wager, E.C. (eds), Metals and Society: Papers from a Session held at the European Association of Archaeologists Sixth Annual Meeting, Lisbon 2000: 77–82. Oxford: Archaeopress (British Archaeological Reports International Series 1061).Google Scholar
Bjørn, A., 1929. Vestbyfundet: et yngre bron-sealders votivfund fra Hadeland. Universitetets Oldsaksamlings Skrifter 2: 35–73.Google Scholar
Bjørn, A., 1933. Et dyrehode av bronse fra Gotland. Fornvännen 1933: 332–340.Google Scholar
BOURDIEU, P., 1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (Cambridge Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology 16).Google Scholar
Bradley, R., 1990. The Passage of Arms: An Archaeological Analysis of Prehistoric Hoards and Votive Deposits. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bradley, R., 2005. Ritual and Domestic Life in Prehistoric Europe. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Brück, J., 2001. Body metaphors and technologies of transformation in the English Middle and Late Bronze Age. In Brück, J. (ed.), Bronze Age Landscapes: Tradition and Transformation: 149–160. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Brück, J., 2005. Experiencing the past? The development of a phenomenological archaeology in British prehistory. Archaeological Dialogues 12(1): 45–72.Google Scholar
Brück, J., 2006a. Fragmentation, personhood and the social construction of technology in Middle and Late Bronze Age Britain. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 16(3): 297–315.Google Scholar
Brück, J., 2006b. Death, exchange and reproduction in the British Bronze Age. European Journal of Archaeology 9(1): 73–101.Google Scholar
Bründsted, J., 1958. Bronzealderen. Danmarks Oldtid. Bind 2 (2nd edition). Kobenhavn: Gyldendal.Google Scholar
Burström, M., 1990. Järnframställning och gravritual: en strukturalistisk tolkning av järnslagg i vikingatida graver i Gästrikland. Fornvännen 85: 261–271.Google Scholar
Chapman, J. and Gaydarska, B., 2007. Parts and Wholes: Fragmentation in Prehistoric Context. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Christensen, T., 1997. Hallen i Lejre. In Callmer, J. and Rosengren, E. (eds), ‘ gick Grendelattsöka dethöga huset’: Arkeologiska Källor tillAristokratiska Miljöer i Skandinavien under Yngre Järnalder. Rapport fran ett Seminarium i Falkenberg 16—17 November 1995: 47–54. Halmstad: Hallands Länsmuseer (Skrifter 9, GOTARC 9).Google Scholar
Dobres, M.-A., 2000. Technology and Social Agency: Outlining a Practice Framework for Archaeology. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Dobres, M.-A., 2006. Skilled production and social reproduction in prehistory and contemporary archaeology: a personal exegesis on dominant themes and their psychosocial influences. In Apel, J. and Knutsson, K. (eds), Skilled Production and Social Reproduction: Aspects of Traditional Stone-Tool Technologies. Proceedings of a Symposium in Uppsala, August 20-24, 2003: 25–33. Uppsala: Societas Archaeologica Upsaliensis (Stone Studies 2).Google Scholar
Eliade, M., 1978. The Forge and the Crucible: The Origins and Structures of Alchemy (trans. Corrin, S., 2nd edition). Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Eliade, M., 1987. The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion (trans. Trask, W. R., 3rd edition). London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.Google Scholar
Engedal, 0., 2004. Herrar over Elden: Pa Sporet av dei Fyrste Bronsestoyparane. Riss 1: 4–10.Google Scholar
Engedal, 0., 2009. Verdsbilete i smeltedigelen. In Gronnesby, G. and Henriksen, M. M. (eds), Foredrag fra det 10 Nordiske Bronsealdersymposiet i Trondheim 2006: 36–49. Trondheim: Tapir Akademisk forlag Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitetVitenskapsmuseet (Vitark 6).Google Scholar
Engedal, 0., 2010. The Bronze Age of Northwestern Scandinavia. Doctoral dissertation. Bergen: University of Bergen.Google Scholar
Fowler, C., 2001. Neolithic personhood and social relations in the British Neolithic with a study from Isle of Man. Journal of Material Culture 6(2): 137–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fowler, C., 2004. The Archaeology of Personhood: An Anthropological Approach. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Fredell, Ä., 2006. ‘Solhjorten’ fanns den? Fallstudium av ett galiciskt bildtema och dess relationer till identitet. In Barndon, R., Innselset, S. M., Kristoffersen, K.K. and Lodoen, T.K. (eds), Samfunn, Symboler og Identitet: Festskrift til Gro Mandt pa 70-Arsdagen: 121–133. Bergen: Universitetet i Bergen Arkeologiske Skrifter (UBAS Nordisk 3).Google Scholar
Fredell, Α., 2010. A mo(ve)ment in time? A comparative study of a rock-picture theme in Galicia and Bohuslän. In Fredell, Α., Kristiansen, K. and Criado Boado, F. (eds), Representations and Communications: Creating an Archaeological Matrix of Late Prehistoric Rock Art: 52–74. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Fredriksen, P.D., 2009a. Kvifor sprak karet? Keramisk handverk som strategiar for problemloysing innan ein termodynamisk filosofi i det s0rlege Afrika. In Lund, J. and Melheim, L. (eds), Handverk og Produksjon. Et M0te Mellom Ulike Perspektiver. 85–110. Oslo: Unipub Institutt for arkeologi, konservering og historiske studier (Oslo Archaeological Series 12).Google Scholar
Fredriksen, P.D., 2009b: Transformations in Clay: Material Knowledges, Thermodynamic Spaces and the Moloko Sequence of the Late Iron Age (AD 1300-1840) in Southern Africa. Doctoral dissertation. Bergen: University of Bergen.Google Scholar
Gansum, T., 2004. Jernets f0dsel og d0dens stal: rituell bruk av bein. In Berggren, Α., Arvidsson, S. and Hallans, A.-M. (eds), Minne och Myt: Konsten att Skapa det Förflutna: 121–158. Lund: Nordic Academic Press (Vägar till Midgard 5).Google Scholar
Gansum, T. and Hansen, H.-J., 2004. Fra jern til stal. In Melheim, L., Hedeager, L. and Oma, K. (eds), Mellom Himmel og Jord: Foredrag fra et Seminar om Religionsarkeologi, Isegran 31 Januar —2 Februar 2002: 344–376. Oslo: Institutt for arkeologi, kunsthistorie og konservering (Oslo Arkeologiske Serie 2).Google Scholar
Glob, P.V., 1961. Kultbade fra Danmarks bronzealder. Kuml 1961: 9–18.Google Scholar
Glørstad, H., 2009. Α veve er a leve: handverket som forestillingssystem og kroppslig erfaring. In Lund, J. and Melheim, L. (eds), Handverk og Produksjon: Et Møte Mellom Ulike Perspektiver: 41–59. Oslo: Unipub Institutt for arkeologi, konservering og historiske studier (Oslo Archaeological Series 12).Google Scholar
Godelier, M., 1999. The Enigma of the Gift (trans. Scott, N.). Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Goldhahn, J., 1999. Sagaholm: Hällristningar och Gravritual. Umea : Umea universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och samiska studier: (Studia Archaeologica Universitatis Umensis 11Jönköpings Läns Museums Arkeologiska Rapportserie 41).Google Scholar
Goldhahn, J., 2007. Dödens Hand: En Essä om Brons-och Hällsmed. Rituelle Spesialister i Bronseog Jernalderen. Bind 1. Göteborg: Göteborg universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antikens kultur (Gotarc serie C. Arkeologiska Skrifter 65).Google Scholar
Goldhahn, J., 2009. Smeden som kosmolog och kosmograf: nagra tanker om bronsalderns hantverk och produktion. In Lund, J. and Melheim, L. (eds), Handverk og Produksjon: Et M0te Mellom Ulike Perspektiver: 163–196. Oslo: Unipub Institutt for arkeologi, konservering og historiske studier (Oslo Archaeological Series 12).Google Scholar
Gosden, C. and Marshall, Y., 1999. The cultural biography of things. World Archaeology 31(2): 169–178.Google Scholar
Grieg, S., 1926. Hadelands Eldste Bosetning-shistorie. Oslo: Jacob Dybwad (Skrifter Utgitt av det Norske Videnskapsakademi i Oslo 2, Historisk-filosofisk Klasse 19252).Google Scholar
Görman, M., 1987. Nordiskt och Keltiskt: Sydskandinavisk Religion under Yngre Bronsalder och Keltisk Järnalder. Lund: Lunds Universitet.Google Scholar
Hagen, A., 1954. Europeiske impulser i 0stnorsk bronsealder. Viking 18: 97–125.Google Scholar
Hed Jakobsson, A., 2003. Smältdeglars Härskare och Jerusalems Tillskyndare. Berättelser om Vikingatid och Tidig Medeltid. Stockholm: Stockholms Universitet (Stockholm Studies in Archaeology 25).Google Scholar
Hedeager, L., 2002. Scandinavian ‘central places’ in a cosmological setting. In Hardh, B. and Larsson, L. (eds), Central Places in the Migration and Merovingian Periods: 3–18. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell (Uppakrastudier 6).Google Scholar
Helmen, A., 1953. Hadeland: Bygdenes Historie (Bind 4). Oslo: Nationaltrykkeriet.Google Scholar
Helms, M., 1993. Craft and the Kingly Ideal: Art, Trade, and Power. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Hennum, G., 2002. Hadeland: En Vandring Gjennom 3000Ar. Oslo: Schibsted.Google Scholar
Herbert, E., 1984. Red Gold of Africa: Copper in Precolonial History and Culture. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Hjärthner-Holdar, E., 1993. Järnets och Järnmetallurgins Introduktion i Sverige. Uppsala: Societas Archaeologica Upsaliensis (Aun 16).Google Scholar
Haaland, R., 1985. Iron production, its sociocultural context and ecological implications. In Haaland, R. and Shinnie, P.L. (eds), African Iron Working: Ancient and Traditional: 50–72. Oslo: University Publishers.Google Scholar
Haaland, R., 1997. Emergence of sedentism: new ways of living, new ways of symbolizing. Antiquity 71: 374–384.Google Scholar
Haaland, R., 2004. Technology, transformation and symbolism: ethnographic perspectives on European iron working. Norwegian Archaeological Review 37(1): 1–19.Google Scholar
Ingstad, A.S., 1961. Votivfunnene i nordisk bronsealder. Viking 25: 23–49.Google Scholar
Ingold, T., 2000. The Perception of the Environment: Essays in Livelihood, Dwelling and Skill. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Janzon, G., 1986. Stridsyxekultur och metallurgisk know-how. In Adamsen, C. and Ebbesen, K. (eds), Strids0ksetid i Sydskandinavien: Beretning fra et Symposium 28—30.X. 1985 i Vejle: 126–137. Kobenhavn: Forhistorisk Arkœologisk Institut Kobenhavns Universitet (Arkœologiske skrifter 1).Google Scholar
Janzon, G., 1988. Early nonferrous metallurgy in Sweden. In Maddin, R. (ed.), The Beginning of the Use of Metals and Alloys. Papers from the Second International Conference on the Beginning of the Use of Metals and Alloys, Zhengzhou, China, 21—26 October 1986: 104–117. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Google Scholar
Jensen, J., 1997. Fra Bronzetil Jernalder: En Kronologisk Unders0gelse. Kobenhavn: Det Kongelige Nordiske Oldskriftselskab.Google Scholar
Jensen, J., 2002. Danmarks Oldtid: Bronzealder 2000—500 f. Kr. Bind 2. Kobenhavn: Gyldendal.Google Scholar
Joy, J., 2009. Reinvigorating object biography: reproducing the drama of object lives. World Archaeology 41(4): 540–556.Google Scholar
Johansen, 0., 1981. Metallfunnene i 0stnorsk Bronsealder: Kulturtilknytninger og Forutsetninger for en Marginalekspansjon. Oslo: Universitetets Oldsaksamlings Skrifter (Ny rekke 4).Google Scholar
Jones, A., 1998. Where eagles dare: landscape, animals and the Neolithic of Orkney. Journal of Material Culture 3(3): 301–324.Google Scholar
J0RGEnsen, L., 2002. Kongsgard - kultsted - marked. Overvejelser omkring Tissokompleksets struktur og funktion. In Raud-vere, C., Andrén, A. and Jennbert, K. (eds), Plats och Praxis: Studier av Nordisk Förkristen Ritual: 215–286. Lund: Nordic Academic Press (Vägar till Midgard 2).Google Scholar
Kaliff, A., 1994. Skärvstenshögar och kremeringsplatser: exempel och experiment med utgangspunkt fran en utgrävning i Ringeby, Kvillinge sn., Östergötland. Tor 26: 35–55.Google Scholar
Kaliff, A., 1997. Grav och Kultplats: Eskatologiska Föreställningar undre Yngre Bronsalder och Aldre Järnalder i Östergötland. Uppsala: Department of Archaeology (Aun 24).Google Scholar
Kaliff, A., 1998. Grave structures and altars: archaeological traces of Bronze Age eschatological conceptions. European Journal of Archaeology 1(2): 177–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karsten, P., 1994. Att Kasta Yxan i Sjön: En Studie över Rituell Tradition och Förändring Utifran Skanska Neolitiska Offerfynd. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell International (Acta Archaeologica Lundensia series 8°, vol. 23).Google Scholar
Kaul, F., 1987. Sandagergard: a Late Bronze Age cultic building with rock engravings and menhirs from Northern Zealand, Denmark. Acta Archaeologica 56: 31–54.Google Scholar
Kaul, F., 1995. The Gundestrup cauldron reconsidered. Acta Archaeologica 66: 1–38.Google Scholar
Kaul, F., 1998. Ships on Bronzes: A Study in Bronze Age Religion and Iconography. Kobenhavn: Publications from the National Museum (Studies in Archaeology and History 3).Google Scholar
Kaul, F., 2004. Bronzealderens Religion: Studier af den Nordiske Bronzealders Ikonografi. Kobenhavn: Det Kongelige Nordiske Oldskriftselskab.Google Scholar
Kopytoff, I., 1986. The cultural biography of things: commoditization as process. In Appadurai, A. (ed.), The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective: 64–91. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
de Lange, E., 1918. Et vestlandsk depotfund fra yngre bronsealder. Oldtiden 7: 123–135.Google Scholar
Leroi-Gourhan, A., 1964. Technique et langage. Le geste et la parole. Tome 1. Paris.Google Scholar
Levy, J., 1982. Social and Religious Organization in Bronze Age Denmark: An Analysis of Ritual Hoard Finds. Oxford: British Archaeology Reports (International Series 124).Google Scholar
Lund, J., 2006. Vikingetidens vœrktojskister i landskab og mytologi. Fornvännen 5: 323–342.Google Scholar
Lund, J., 2008. Banks, borders and bodies of water in a Viking Age mentality. Journal of Wetland Archaeology 8(1): 53–72.Google Scholar
Lund, J., 2009. Asted og Vadested: Deponeringer, Genstandsbiografier og Rumlig Strukturering som Kilde til Vikingetidens Kognitive Landskaber. Oslo: Unipub (Acta Humaniora 389).Google Scholar
Lund, J., 2010. At the water's edge. In Carver, M., Semple, S. and Sanmark, A. (eds), Signals of Belief in Early England: AngloSaxon Paganism Revisited: 49–66. Oxford and Oakville: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Lund, J. and Melheim, L., 2009. Med hode og kropp: en nytolkning av Vestby-funnet i lys av symbolog kroppsperspektiver. In Lund, J. and Melheim, L. (eds), Handverk og Produksjon: Sosiale og Symbolske Roller eller Ubevisste Kroppsteknikker?: 11–40. Oslo: UnipubInstitutt for arkeologi, konservering og historiske studier (Oslo Archaeological Series 12).Google Scholar
Marstrander, S., 1967. Fra bronsealderens treskjœrerkunst. Viking 31: 5–46.Google Scholar
Marstrander, S., 1980. Zur Holzschnitzkunst im bronzezeitlichen Norwegen. Acta Archaeologica 50: 61–88.Google Scholar
Mauss, M., 1954. The Gift: Forms and Functions of Exchange in Archaic Societies (trans. Cunnison, I.). London: Cohen & West.Google Scholar
Mauss, M., 2004. Kroppsteknikkene. In Neumann, I.B. (ed.), Kropp og person: To Essays: 65–98. Oslo: Cappelen Akademisk Forlag (Cappelens Upopulœre Skrifter 46 Ny Rekke).Google Scholar
Melheim, L., 2006. Gjennom ild og vann: graver og depoter som kilde til kosmologi i bronsealderen i 0st-Norge. In Prescott, C. (ed), Myter og Religion i Bronsealderen: 13–194. Oslo: Institutt for arkeologi, kunsthistorie og konservering (Oslo Archaeological Series 5).Google Scholar
Melheim, L., 2008. Metallteknologi og metamorfose. Nicolay 104: 31–41.Google Scholar
Melheim, L., 2009. Kobberimport eller kobberproduksjon? In Grennesby, G. and Henriksen, M.M. (eds), Foredrag fra det 10 Nordiske Bronsealdersymposiet i Trondheim 2006: 10–35. Trondheim: Tapir Akademisk forlagNorges teknisk-naturviten-skapelige universitet. Vitenskapsmuseet (Vitark 6).Google Scholar
Melheim, L., in press. Reconsidering a periphery: scenarios of copper production in southern Norway. In Anfinset, N. and Wrigglesworth, M. (eds), Local Societies, Identities and Responses: The Bronze Age in Northern Europe. London: Equinox.Google Scholar
Mellar, H., 2004. Der geschmiedete Himmel: Die weite Welt im Herzen Europas vor 3600 Jahren. Sachsen-Anhalt: Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte.Google Scholar
Menghin, W., 2003. Goldene Kegelhüte: Manifestationen bronzezeitlicher Kalend-erwerke. In Springer, T. (ed.), Gold und Kult der Bronzezeit: 221–237. Nürnberg: Germanisches Nationalmuseum.Google Scholar
Merleau-Ponty, M., 1962. Phenomenology of Perception. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Merleau-Ponty, M., 1994. Kropp ens Fenomenologi (trans. Nake, B.). Oslo: Pax Forlag.Google Scholar
Motz, L., 1983. The Wise One of the Mountain: Form, Function and Significance of the Subterranean Smith. A Study in Folklore. Göppingen: Kümmerle Verlag (Göppinger Arbeiten zur Germanistik 379).Google Scholar
Müller, S., 1897. Vor Oldtid. K0benhavn: Det Nordiske Forlag.Google Scholar
Needham, S., 2001. When expediency broaches ritual intention: the flow of metal between systemic and buried domains. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 7(2): 275–298.Google Scholar
Nielsen, A.-L., 1997. Pagan cultic and votive acts at Borg: an expression of the central significance of the farmestead in the Late Iron Age. In Andersson, H., Carelli, P. and Ersgard, L. (eds), Visions of the Past: Trends and Traditions in Swedish Medieval Archaeology: 373–392. Stockholm: Central Board of National Antiquities (Lund Studies in Medieval Archaeology 19, Riksantikvarieämbetet, Arkeologiska Undersökningar Skrifter 24).Google Scholar
Oldeberg, A., 1942. Metalteknik under Förhistorisk tid. Del I. Lund: Kommissionsverlag Otto Harrassowitz, Leipzig.Google Scholar
Oldeberg, A., 1943. Metalteknik under Förhistorisk tid. Del II. Lund: Kommissionsverlag Otto Harrassowitz, Leipzig.Google Scholar
0stigard, T., 2007. Transformat0ren: Ildens Mester i Jernalderen. Rituelle Spesialister i Bronseog Jernalderen. Bind 2. Göteborg: Göteborg universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antikens kultur (Gotarc serie C, Arkeologiska Skrifter 65).Google Scholar
Pedersen, U., 2009. Den ideelle og den reelle smed. In Lund, J. and Melheim, L. (eds), Handverk og Produksjon: Et M0te Mellom Ulike Perspektiver: 129–146. Oslo: Unipub Institutt for arkeologi, konservering og historiske studier (Oslo Archaeological Series 12).Google Scholar
Pedersen, U., 2010. I Smeltedigelen: Finsmedene i Vikingtidsbyen Kaupang. Doctoral dissertation. Oslo: Humanistiske Fakultet, Universitetet i Oslo.Google Scholar
Prescott, C., 2000. Symbolic metallurgy: assessing early metallurgic processes in a periphery. In Olausson, D. and Vandkilde, H. (eds), Form, Function and Context: Material Culture Studies in Scandinavian Archaeology: 213–225. Stockholm: Archaeologica Lundensia (series 8, grades 31).Google Scholar
Prescott, C., 2006. Copper production in Bronze Age Norway? In Glorstad, H., Skar, B. and Skre, D. (eds), Historien i Forhistorien: Festskrift til Einar 0stmo pa 60-Arsdagen: 183–190. Oslo: Kulturhistorisk Museum, Universitetet i Oslo (Skrifter 4).Google Scholar
Randsborg, K., 2010. Spirals! Calendars in the Bronze Age in Denmark. Adoranten 2009: 1–11.Google Scholar
Randsborg, K. and Christensen, K., 2006: Bronze Age Oak-Coffin Graves: Archaeology and Dendro-Dating. Kobenhavn: Blackwell Munksgaard (Publications Centre of World Archaeology 3, Acta Archaeologica supplementa 7, Acta Archaeologica vol. 77).Google Scholar
Rasmussen, T.H., 1996. Kroppens Filosof: Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Kobenhavn: Semiforlaget.Google Scholar
Rønne, O., 2003. Smeden i jernalderen: ildens hersker. Primitive Tider 5: 55–63.Google Scholar
Rosenqvist, A.M., 1954. Studier av bronseteknikken i Vestbyfunnet. Viking 18: 125–155.Google Scholar
Serning, I., 1984. Tidigt järn i Mellansverige. Gotländskt Arkiv 56: 39–52.Google Scholar
Thøgersen, U., 2004. Krop og Fœnomenologi: En Introduktion til Maurice Merleau-Pontys Filosofi. Ärhus: System Academic.Google Scholar
Thrane, H., 1975. Europœiske Forbindelser: Bidrag til Studiet af Fremmede Forbindelser i Danmarks Yngre Broncealder (Periode IV–V). Kobenhavn: Nationalmuseet.Google Scholar
Tin, M., 2009. Innsikt eller overblikk. Merleau-Pontys diskusjon av kroppen og den kartesianske erkjennelse. In Lund, J. and Melheim, L. (eds), Handverk og Produksjon: Et M0te Mellom Ulike Perspektiver. 61–83. Oslo: Unipub Institutt for arkeologi, konservering og historiske studier (Oslo Archaeological Series 12).Google Scholar
Weiner, A.B., 1992. Inalienable Possessions: The Paradox of Keeping-While-Giving. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Weiler, E., 1994. Innovationsmiljöer i Bronsalderns Sanhälle och Idevärld. Kring ny Teknologi och Begravningsritual i Västergötland. Umea: Arkeologiska institutionen, Umea Universitet (Studia Archaeologica Universitatis Umensis 5).Google Scholar
Worsaae, J.J.A., 1866. Om nogle mosefund fra Broncealderen. Aarb0ger for Nordisk Old-kyndighed og Historie 1866: 313–326.Google Scholar