Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-03T02:40:11.082Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Broken Bones and Broken Stones: Exploring Fragmentation in Middle and Late Bronze Age Settlement Contexts in Ireland

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 November 2017

Kerri Cleary
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article examines the evidence for fragmentation practices on Middle–Late Bronze Age (c. 1600–700 bc) settlement sites in Ireland by looking at two kinds of material: human remains, both burnt and non-burnt, and quern stones. It highlights evidence for the manipulation of non-burnt skulls through ‘de-facing’ and the potential retention of cranial and other fragments for ‘burial’ in settlements. It also explores the more difficult task of determining whether incomplete skeletal representation in cremated remains can be interpreted as deliberate fragmentation, and how the context of deposition must be considered. Human agency in relation to the fragmentation patterns of querns is also examined to understand whether the act of breaking these objects was intentional or unintended and if depositing them was symbolic or simply fortuitous. By discussing this evidence, I hope to contribute to the argument that the funerary and settlement spheres in later prehistoric Ireland were becoming increasingly intertwined.

Les données concernant les pratiques de fragmentation sur les sites d'habitat de l’âge du Bronze moyen et récent (environ 1600–700 av. J.-C.) en Irlande sont à la base d'une étude dédiée à deux types de vestiges matériels : les restes d'ossements humains (calcinés ou non) et les pierres à moudre, particulièrement les meules. Cette étude met en relief des indices sur la manipulation de crânes non-brûlés par mutilation (« défigurement ») et la possibilité que certaines parties du crâne et autres éléments du corps aient été conservés pour « enterrement » dans les habitats. On considèrera également la tâche plus difficile qui consiste à établir si les éléments incomplets de squelettes incinérés résultent d'actes de fragmentation intentionnels ou non ainsi que les façons d'examiner le contexte des actes de dépôt. Le facteur humain dans les exemples de fragmentation des pierres meulières fait l'objet d'un examen visant à déterminer si la brisure de ces objets était voulue ou non, et si leur dépôt était symbolique ou fortuit. Le but de cette discussion est de contribuer à une prise de conscience du fait que les domaines funéraires et domestiques s'entremêlaient de plus en plus étroitement vers la fin de l’époque préhistorique en Irlande. Translation by Madeleine Hummler

In diesem Artikel werden die Hinweise auf die Fragmentierungsbräuche in mittel- und spätbronzezeitlichen (ca. 1600–700 v.Chr.) Siedlungen in Irland untersucht. Dies wird hier anhand zwei verschiedener Fundtypen analysiert: menschliche Überreste (verbrannt und nicht verbrannt) und Mahlsteine, besonders Reibesteine. Diese Untersuchung stellt heraus, dass unverbrannte Schädel durch Verunstaltung manipuliert worden sind und dass möglicherweise Schädelteile und andere Körperteile für „Bestattung” auf Siedlungen behalten worden sind. Die schwierigere Aufgabe, zu bestimmen, ob man die unvollständigen Skelettreste von Leichenbränden als absichtliche Fragmentierung deuten kann und welche Umstände zur Deponierung dieser Fragmente geführt haben, werden auch angesprochen. Die Untersuchung der menschlichen Wirkung auf die Gliederung der Fragmentierung von Mahlsteinen hat zum Ziel, zu verstehen, ob der Bruch von diesen Gegenständen absichtlich oder nicht war und ob die Deponierung symbolisch oder zufällig war. Diese Diskussion wird hoffentlich zur Anerkennung, dass die Grab- und Siedlungsbereiche während der späten Urgeschichte in Irland immer enger zusammenruckten, beitragen. Translation by Madeleine Hummler

Keywords

Bronze Agesettlementfragmentationcremated bonenon-burnt bonequern stoneâge du Bronzehabitatfragmentationossements incinérésossements non-brûlésmeulesBronzezeitSiedlungFragmentierungLeichenbrandunverbrannte KnochenMahlsteine
Type
Discussion/Opinion Paper
Information
European Journal of Archaeology , Volume 21 , Issue 3 , August 2018 , pp. 336 - 360
Copyright
Copyright © European Association of Archaeologists 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Armit, I. & Ginn, V. 2007. Beyond the Grave: Human Remains from Domestic Contexts in Iron Age Atlantic Scotland. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 73: 113–34.Google Scholar
Arnoldussen, S. 2008. A Living Landscape: Bronze Age Settlement Sites in the Dutch River Area (c. 2000–800 bc). Leiden: Sidestone Press.Google Scholar
Barrett, J.C. 1989. Time and Tradition: The Rituals of Everyday Life. In: Nordström, H. & Knape, A., eds. Bronze Age Studies: Transactions of the British-Scandinavian Colloquium in Stockholm, May 10–11, 1985. Stockholm: Statens Historiska Museum, pp. 113–26.Google Scholar
Barrett, J.C. 1994. Fragments from Antiquity: An Archaeology of Social Life in Britain, 2900–1200 bc. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Becker, K. 2009. Iron Age Ireland: Finding an Invisible People. In: Cooney, G., Becker, K., Coles, J., Ryan, M. & Sievers, S., eds. Relics of Old Decency: Archaeological Studies in Later Prehistory. Dublin: Wordwell, pp. 353–61.Google Scholar
Becker, K. 2014. Token Explanations: Rathgall and the Interpretation of Cremation Deposits in Later Prehistoric Ireland. Archaeology Ireland, 28: 13–15.Google Scholar
Bonogofsky, M. ed. 2011. The Bioarchaeology of the Human Head: Decapitation, Decoration, and Deformation. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.Google Scholar
Booth, T.J., Chamberlain, A.T. & Parker Pearson, M. 2015. Mummification in Bronze Age Britain. Antiquity, 89: 1155–73.Google Scholar
Bradley, J. 1985/86. Excavations at Moynagh Lough 1984: Summary Report. Ríocht na Midhe, 7: 79–92.Google Scholar
Bradley, J. 1997. Archaeological Excavations at Moynagh Lough, Co. Meath 1995–96. Ríocht na Midhe, 9: 50–61.Google Scholar
Bradley, R. 2005. Ritual and Domestic Life in Prehistoric Europe. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Breen, T. & Kelleher, H. 1998. Archaeological Excavation: Bronze Age Remains, Arklow By-pass, Kilbride Td, Co. Wicklow 97E0324. Unpublished Report, Valerie J. Keeley Ltd.Google Scholar
Brindley, A.L. 2007. The Dating of Food Vessels & Urns in Ireland. Galway: Galway University Press.Google Scholar
Brittain, M. & Harris, O. 2010. Enchaining Arguments and Fragmenting Assumptions: Reconsidering the Fragmentation Debate in Archaeology. World Archaeology, 42: 581–94.Google Scholar
Brück, J. 1995. A Place for the Dead: The Role of Human Remains in Late Bronze Age Britain. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 61: 245–77.Google Scholar
Brück, J. 1999. Houses, Lifecycles and Deposition on Middle Bronze Age Settlements in Southern England. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 65: 145–66.Google Scholar
Brück, J. 2000. Settlement, Landscape and Social Identity: The Early–Middle Bronze Age Transition in Wessex, Sussex and the Thames Valley. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 19: 273–300.Google Scholar
Brück, J. 2001. Body Metaphors and Technologies of Transformation in the English Middle and Late Bronze Age. In: Brück, J., ed. Bronze Age Landscapes: Tradition and Transformation. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 149–60.Google Scholar
Brück, J. 2006. Death, Exchange and Reproduction in the British Bronze Age. European Journal of Archaeology, 9: 73–101.Google Scholar
Brudenell, M. & Cooper, A. 2008. Post-Middenism: Depositional Histories on Later Bronze Age Settlements at Broom, Bedfordshire. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 27: 15–36.Google Scholar
Buckley, L. 2005. Human Remains. In: Gowen, M., Néill, J. Ó & Phillips, M., eds. The Lisheen Mine Archaeological Project 1996–8. Bray: Wordwell/Margaret Gowen & Co., pp. 326–28.Google Scholar
Caulfield, S., Byrne, G., Downes, M., Dunne, N., Warren, G., Rathbone, S. et al. 2009. Archaeological Excavations at Belderg Beg (E109) Stratigraphic Report. Dublin: UCD School of Archaeology/INSTAR: Neolithic and Bronze Age Landscapes of North Mayo.Google Scholar
Chapman, J. 2000. Fragmentation in Archaeology: People, Places and Broken Objects in the Prehistory of South Eastern Europe. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Chapman, J. & Gaydarska, B. 2007. Parts and Wholes: Fragmentation in Prehistoric Context. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Clark, L. 2010. Final Report on Archaeological Investigations at Site E2953, in the Townland of Belan, Co. Kildare. Unpublished Report, Headland Archaeology.Google Scholar
Clarke, L. & Carlin, N. 2009. From Focus to Locus: A Window upon the Development of a Funerary Landscape. In: Deevy, M.B. & Murphy, D., eds. Places Along the Way: First Findings on the M3. Dublin: National Roads Authority, pp. 1–20.Google Scholar
Clark, L. & Long, P. 2010. Archaeological Investigations at Site E2967, Prumplestown Lower, Co. Kildare. N9/N10 Phase 3, Kilcullen to Carlow. Final Excavation Report for Kildare County Council and National Roads Authority.Google Scholar
Cleary, K. 2006. Skeletons in the Closet: The Deposition of Human Remains on Irish Bronze Age Settlements. Journal of Irish Archaeology, 14: 23–42.Google Scholar
Cleary, K. 2007. Irish Bronze Age Settlements: Spatial Organisation and the Deposition of Material Culture (unpublished PhD dissertation, University College Cork).Google Scholar
Cleary, K. 2014. Human Bone as Material Culture of the Living: A Source of Identity in the Irish Middle–Late Bronze Age? In: Ginn, V., Enlander, E. & Crozier, R., eds. Exploring Prehistoric Identity in Europe: Our Construct or Theirs? Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 44–59.Google Scholar
Cleary, K. 2015. Archaeological Networks: Excavations on Six Gas Pipelines in County Cork. Cork: The Collins Press.Google Scholar
Cleary, R.M. 1995. Later Bronze Age Settlement and Prehistoric Burials, Lough Gur, Co. Limerick. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 95C: 1–92.Google Scholar
Collins, A.E.P. 1977. A Sand-dune Site at the White Rocks, County Antrim. Ulster Journal of Archaeology, 40: 21–26.Google Scholar
Cotter, E. 2006. Archaeological Excavation Report, 03E1058 Ballybrowney Lower 1, Co. Cork. TII Digital Heritage Collections. DOI: 10.7486/DRI.ws85pw53vGoogle Scholar
Cotter, E. 2013a. Ballybrowney Lower 1: Nucleated Settlement. In: Hanley, K. & Hurley, M.F., eds. Generations: The Archaeology of Five National Road Schemes in County Cork. Dublin: National Roads Authority, pp. 93–104.Google Scholar
Cotter, E. 2013b. Mitchelstown 1: Settlement (Three Houses). In: Hanley, K. & Hurley, M.F., eds. Generations: The Archaeology of Five National Road Schemes in County Cork. Dublin: National Roads Authority, pp. 110–13.Google Scholar
Danaher, E. 2007. Monumental Beginnings: The Archaeology of the N4 Sligo Inner Relief Road. Dublin: National Roads Authority.Google Scholar
Doody, M. 1987. Early Bronze Age Burials, Ballyveelish 3, Co. Tipperary. In: Cleary, R.M., Hurley, M.F. & Twohig, E.A., eds. Archaeological Excavations on the Cork–Dublin Gas Pipeline (1981–82). Cork: Department of Archaeology, University College Cork, pp. 10–21.Google Scholar
Doody, M. 2008. The Ballyhoura Hills Project (Discovery Programme Monograph 7). Bray: Wordwell.Google Scholar
Elder, S. 2009. Report on the Archaeological Excavation of Knocks 1, Co. Meath. Unpublished Report, Archaeological Consultancy Services Ltd.Google Scholar
Eogan, J. 2011. The Later Prehistory of the Lower Suir Valley (2400 bc–ad 400). In: Eogan, J. & Twohigh, E. Shee, eds. Cois tSiúire: Nine Thousand Years of Human Activity in the Lower Suir Valley. Dublin: National Roads Authority, pp. 253–83.Google Scholar
Eriksson, E. 2005. Human Bones in the Bronze Age of Uppland. In: Artelius, T. & Svanberg, F., eds. Dealing with the Dead: Archaeological Perspectives on Prehistoric Scandinavian Burial Ritual. Stockholm: Swedish National Heritage Board, pp. 237–60.Google Scholar
Fokkens, H. & Arnoldussen, S. 2008. Towards New Models. In: Arnoldussen, S. & Fokkens, H., eds. Bronze Age Settlements in the Low Countries. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 1–16.Google Scholar
Fowler, C. 2004. The Archaeology of Personhood: An Anthropological Approach. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Fowler, C. 2008. Fractal Bodies in the Past and Present. In: Borić, D. & Robb, J., eds. Past Bodies: Body-Centered Research in Archaeology. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 47–57.Google Scholar
Garrido-Varas, C. & Intriago-Leiva, M. 2015. The Interpretation and Reconstruction of the Post-mortem Events in a Case of Scattered Burned Remains in Chile. In: Thompson, T., ed. The Archaeology of Cremation: Burned Human Remains in Funerary Studies. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 227–42.Google Scholar
Garrow, D. 2012. Odd Deposits and Average Practice: A Critical History of the Concept of Structured Deposition. Archaeological Dialogues, 19: 85–115.Google Scholar
Geber, J. 2009. The Human Remains. In: McQuade, M., Molloy, B. & Moriarty, C., eds. In the Shadow of the Galtees: Archaeological Excavations along the N8 Cashel to Mitchelstown Road Scheme. Dublin: National Roads Authority, pp. 209–40.Google Scholar
Ginn, V. 2014. Who Lives in a Roundhouse Like This? Going through the Keyhole on Bronze Age Domestic Identity. In: Ginn, V., Enlander, E. & Crozier, R., eds. Exploring Prehistoric Identity in Europe: Our Construct or Theirs? Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 72–84.Google Scholar
Ginn, V.R. 2016. Mapping Society: Settlement Structure in Later Bronze Age Ireland. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Grogan, E. 2004. Middle Bronze Age Burial Traditions in Ireland. In: Roche, H., Grogan, E., Bradley, J., Coles, J. & Raftery, B., eds. From Megaliths to Metal: Essays in Honour of George Eogan. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 61–71.Google Scholar
Grogan, E. & Roche, H. 2010. Clay and Fire: The Development and Distribution of Pottery Traditions in Prehistoric Ireland. In: Stanley, M., Danaher, E. & Eogan, J., eds. Creative Minds: Production, Manufacturing and Invention in Ancient Ireland. Dublin: National Roads Authority, pp. 27–45.Google Scholar
Hamon, C. 2006. Broyage et abrasion au Néolithique ancien. Caractérisation fonctionnelle de l'outillage en grès du Bassin parisien (BAR International Series 1551). Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Hanley, K. 2001. A Stratigraphic Report on the Archaeological Excavation at Site AR85/86 Knocksaggart, Co. Clare. Unpublished Report, Valerie J. Keeley Ltd.Google Scholar
Harvig, L. 2015. Past Cremation Practices from a Bioarchaeological Perspective: How New Methods and Techniques Revealed Conceptual Changes in Cremation Practice during the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age in Denmark. In: Thompson, T., ed. The Archaeology of Cremation: Burned Human Remains in Funerary Studies. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 43–61.Google Scholar
Hegarty, L. 2010. Archaeological Excavation Report, E2429 Ballynamona 2, Co. Cork. TII Digital Heritage Collections. DOI: 10.7486/DRI.d21844386Google Scholar
Heslop, D.H. 2008. Patterns of Quern Production, Acquisition and Deposition: A Corpus of Beehive Querns from Northern Yorkshire and Southern Durham (Yorkshire Archaeological Society Occasional Paper 5). Leeds: Yorkshire Archaeological Society.Google Scholar
Hill, J.D. 1995. Ritual and Rubbish in the Iron Age of Wessex: A Study of the Formation of a Specific Archaeological Record (BAR British Series 242). Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Hull, G. 2007. 153. Cragbrien. In: Grogan, E., O'Donnell, L. & Johnston, P., eds. The Bronze Age Landscapes of the Pipeline to the West: An Integrated Archaeological and Environmental Assessment. Bray: Wordwell, pp. 202–03.Google Scholar
Jones, A. 2005. Lives in Fragments? Personhood and the European Neolithic. Journal of Social Archaeology, 5: 193–224.Google Scholar
Kehoe, H. & O'Hara, R. 2013. Ballyvergan West AR26: Settlement. In: Hanley, K. & Hurley, M.F., eds. Generations: The Archaeology of Five National Road Schemes in County Cork. Dublin: National Roads Authority, pp. 116–22.Google Scholar
Kiely, J. & Dunne, L. 2005. Recent Archaeological Excavations in the Tralee Area. In: Connolly, M., ed. Past Kingdoms: Recent Archaeological Research, Survey and Excavation in County Kerry. Tralee: The Heritage Council and Kerry County Council, pp. 40–64.Google Scholar
Larsson, A.M. & Nilsson Stutz, L. 2014. Reconcilable Differences: Cremation, Fragmentation, and Inhumation in Mesolithic and Neolithic Sweden. In: Kuijt, I., Quinn, C.P. & Cooney, G., eds. Transformation by Fire: The Archaeology of Cremation in Cultural Context. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, pp. 47–66.Google Scholar
Larsson, L. 2015. Fragmentation during the Neolithic: Transformation and Enchainment from a South Swedish Perspective. In: Brink, K., Hydén, S., Jennbert, K., Larsson, L. & Olausson, D., eds. Neolithic Diversities: Perspectives from a Conference in Lund, Sweden (Acta Archaeologica Lundensia Series in 8°, 65). Lund: Department of Archaeology, Lund University, pp. 233–40.Google Scholar
Lidström Holmberg, C. 1998. Prehistoric Grinding Tools as Methaphorical Traces of the Past. Current Swedish Archaeology, 6: 123–42.Google Scholar
Lynch, L. & O'Donnell, L. 2007. Cremation in the Bronze Age: Practice, Process and Belief. In: Grogan, E., O'Donnell, L. & Johnston, P., eds. The Bronze Age Landscapes of the Pipeline to the West: An Integrated Archaeological and Environmental Assessment. Bray: Wordwell, pp. 105–29.Google Scholar
McCabe, S. 2005. Archaeological Excavation Report, 03E0542 Area 1E, 2E, 1E ext Caltragh, Co. Sligo. TII Digital Heritage Collections. DOI: 10.7486/DRI.1r66xf90hGoogle Scholar
McGarry, T. 2008. Irish Late Prehistoric Burials (unpublished PhD dissertation, University College Dublin).Google Scholar
McKinley, J. 1994. Bone Fragment Size in British Cremation Burials and its Implications for Pyre Technology and Ritual. Journal of Archaeological Science, 21: 339–42.Google Scholar
McKinley, J. 1997. Bronze Age ‘Barrows’ and Funerary Rites and Rituals of Cremation. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 63: 129–45.Google Scholar
McKinley, J. 2006. Cremation…the Cheap Option? In: Gowland, R. & Knüsel, C., eds. Social Archaeology of Funerary Remains. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 81–88.Google Scholar
McQuade, M. 2009. Ballydrehid, Co. Tipperary. Two Structures. Site 185.5 (E2267). In: McQuade, M., Molloy, B. & Moriarty, C., eds. In the Shadow of the Galtees: Archaeological Excavations along the N8 Cashel to Mitchelstown Road Scheme. Dublin: National Roads Authority, pp. 51–57.Google Scholar
McQuillan, L. & Logue, P. 2008. Funerary Querns: Rethinking the Role of the Basin in Irish Passage Tombs. Ulster Journal of Archaeology, 67: 14–21.Google Scholar
Molloy, B. 2005. Final Report: Charlesland Residential Development, Charlesland, Co. Wicklow, Site D. Unpublished Report, Margaret Gowen & Co. Ltd.Google Scholar
Needham, S.P. & Spence, T. 1997. Refuse and the Formation of Middens. Antiquity, 71: 77–90.Google Scholar
Newman, C. 1993. Sleeping in Elysium. Archaeology Ireland, 7: 20–23.Google Scholar
Newman, C. 1995. Raffin Fort, Co. Meath: Neolithic and Bronze Age Activity. In: Grogan, E. & Mount, C., eds. Annus Archaeologiae. Dublin: Organisation of Irish Archaeologists, pp. 55–66.Google Scholar
Newman, C. 1997. Ballinderry Crannóg No. 2, Co. Offaly: The Later Bronze Age. Journal of Irish Archaeology, 8: 91–100.Google Scholar
Ní Lionáin, C. 2008. Final Excavation Report, Site of Hotel Development, Stamullin, Co. Meath. Unpublished Report, Arch-Tech Ltd.Google Scholar
Nowakowski, J.A. 2001. Leaving Home in the Cornish Bronze Age: Insights into Planned Abandonment Processes. In: Brück, J., ed. Bronze Age Landscapes: Tradition and Transformation. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 139–48.Google Scholar
O'Brien, W. 1999. Sacred Ground: Megalithic Tombs in Coastal South-West Ireland. Galway: Department of Archaeology, National University of Ireland.Google Scholar
Ó Donnabháin, B. 1988. Appendix 4: Report on the Osseous Remains from Sites on the Mitchelstown–Limerick and Bruff–Mallow Gas Pipelines. In: Gowen, M., ed. Three Irish Gas Pipelines: New Archaeological Evidence in Munster. Dublin: Wordwell, pp. 192–95.Google Scholar
O'Donoghue, J. 2011. Archaeological Excavation Report, E2423 Gortnahown 1, Co. Cork. TII Digital Heritage Collections. DOI: 10.7486/DRI.cn700k02gGoogle Scholar
O'Kelly, M.J. 1952. Excavation of a Cairn at Moneen, Co. Cork. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 54C: 121–59.Google Scholar
Ó Néill, J. 2005. Killoran 8. In: Gowen, M., Néill, J. Ó & Phillips, M., eds. The Lisheen Mine Archaeological Project 1996–8. Bray: Wordwell, pp. 288–92.Google Scholar
O'Neill Hencken, H. 1942. Ballinderry Crannóg No. 2. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 47C: 1–76Google Scholar
Pryor, F. 2001. The Flag Fen Basin: Archaeology and Environment of a Fenland Landscape. Swindon: English Heritage.Google Scholar
Quinnell, H. 2010. Prehistoric and Roman Stonework. In: Jones, A.M. & Taylor, S.R., eds. Scarcewater, Pennance, Cornwall: Archaeological Excavation of a Bronze Age and Roman Landscape (BAR British Series 516). Oxford: Archaeopress, pp. 113–30.Google Scholar
Raftery, J. 1960/61. A Bronze Age Tumulus at Corrower, Co. Mayo. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 61C: 79–93.Google Scholar
Russell, I. & Ginn, V. 2011. Adamstown 3: Bronze Age Settlement. In: Eogan, J. & E. Shee Twohig, , eds. Cois tSiúire – Nine Thousand Years of Human Activity in the Lower Suir Valley: Archaeological Excavations on the N25 Waterford City Bypass. Dublin: National Roads Authority, pp. 30–37.Google Scholar
Seager Thomas, M. 1999. Stone Finds in Context: A Contribution to the Study of Later Prehistoric Artefact Assemblages. Sussex Archaeological Collections, 137: 39–48.Google Scholar
Seaver, M. n.d. Draft Report on the Archaeological Excavation of an Archaeological Complex at Laughanstown townland, Co. Dublin. Unpublished Report, Valerie J. Keeley Ltd.Google Scholar
Skoglund, P. 1999. Diet, Cooking and Cosmology: Interpreting the Evidence of Bronze Age Plant Macrofossils. Current Swedish Archaeology, 7: 149–60.Google Scholar
Sofaer, J.A. 2006. The Body as Material Culture: A Theoretical Osteoarchaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, K. 2007. 1179: Inchagreenoge. In: Grogan, E., O'Donnell, L. & Johnston, P., eds. The Bronze Age Landscapes of the Pipeline to the West: An integrated Archaeological and Environmental Assessment. Bray: Wordwell, pp. 281–84.Google Scholar
Troy, C. 2015. Contextualising Cremations: Evidence from Prehistoric Burials. In: Bolger, T., Moloney, C. & Shiels, D., eds. A Journey Along the Carlow Corridor: The Archaeology of the M9 Carlow Bypass. Dublin: National Roads Authority, pp. 131–44.Google Scholar
Van Gijn, A. 2009. The Ideological Significance of Flint for Neolithic and Bronze Age Communities in the Rhine/Meuse Delta of the Netherlands. In: O'Connor, B., Cooney, G. & Chapman, J., eds. Materialitas: Working Stone, Carving Identity (Prehistoric Society Research Paper 5). Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 127–37.Google Scholar
Waddell, J. 2010. The Prehistoric Archaeology of Ireland (2nd ed). Dublin: Wordwell.Google Scholar
Watts, S. R. 2014. The Life and Death of Querns: The Deposition and Use-Contexts of Querns in South-Western England from the Neolithic to the Iron Age. Southampton: Highfield Press.Google Scholar
Woodward, A. & Hughes, G. 2007. Deposits and Doorways: Patterns within the Iron Age Settlement at Crick Covert Farm, Northamptonshire. In: Haselgrove, C. & Pope, R., eds. The Earlier Iron Age in Britain and the Near Continent. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 185–203.Google Scholar