The Stefan problem is coupled with a spatially inhomogeneous and anisotropic Gibbs–Thomson condition at the phase boundary. We show the long-time existence of weak solutions for the non-degenerate Stefan problem with a spatially inhomogeneous and anisotropic Gibbs–Thomson law and a conditional existence result for the corresponding degenerate Stefan problem. To this end, approximate solutions are constructed by means of variational problems for energy functionals with spatially inhomogeneous and anisotropic interfacial energy. By passing to the limit, we establish solutions of the Stefan problem with a spatially inhomogeneous and anisotropic Gibbs–Thomson law in a weak generalised BV-formulation.

When ceramics are heated inside a microwave cavity, a well-known phenomenon is the occurrence of hot spots – localised regions of high temperature. This phenomenon was modelled by Kriegsmann ((1997), IMA J. Appl. Math. 59(2), pp. 123–146; (2001), IMA J. Appl. Math. 66(1), pp. 1–32) using a non-local evolution PDE. We investigate profile and the stability of hot spots in one and two dimensions by using Kriegsmann's model with exponential non-linearity. The linearised problem associated with hot-spot-type solutions possesses two classes of eigenvalues. The first type is the large eigenvalues associated with the stability of the hot-spot profile and in this particular model there cannot be instability associated with these eigenvalues. The second type is the small eigenvalues associated with translation invariance. We show that the hot spots can become unstable due to the presence of small eigenvalues, and we characterise the instability thresholds. In particular, we show that for the material with low heat conductivity (such as ceramics), and in the presence of a variable electric field, the hot spots are typically stable inside a plate (in two dimensions) but can become unstable for a slab (in one dimension) provided that the microwave power is sufficiently large. On the other hand, for materials with high heat conductivity, the interior hot spots are unstable and move to the boundary of the domain in either one or two dimensions. For materials with moderate heat conductivity, the stability of hot spots is determined by both the geometry and the electric field inside the microwave cavity.

An equation governing the evolution of a Hele-Shaw free boundary flow in the presence of an arbitrary external potential – generalised Hele-Shaw flow – is derived in terms of the Schwarz function g(z, t) of the free boundary. This generalises the well-known equation ∂g/∂t = 2∂w/∂z, where w is the complex potential, which has been successfully employed in constructing many exact solutions in the absence of external potentials. The new equation is used to re-derive some known explicit solutions for equilibrium and time-dependent free boundary flows in the presence of external potentials, including those with singular potential fields, uniform gravity and centrifugal forces. Some new solutions are also constructed that variously describe equilibrium flows with higher order hydrodynamic singularities in the presence of electric point sources and an unsteady solution describing bubbles under the combined influence of strain and centrifugal potential.

In the paper ‘Approximate transmission conditions through a rough thin layer. The case of periodic roughness’ (Eur. J. Appl. Math. 2010; 21: 51–75), Ciuperca et al. derive transmission conditions that are equivalent to a rough thin layer for the conductivity problem. These conditions involved a pair of vector fields (A0, a0) and two constants D1 and D2 that are given implicitly by solving a partial differential equation in the infinite strip × /2π. We give here an explicit expression of a0 in terms of A0, which shows that D1 equals zero. We infer an explicit characterization of the polarization tensor as given by Capdeboscq and Vogelius (ESAIM:M2AN. 2003; 37: 159–173).

Some nonlinear eigenvalue problems related to the modelling of the steady-state deflection of an elastic membrane associated with a Micro-Electromechanical System capacitor under a constant applied voltage are analysed using formal asymptotic methods. These problems consist of certain singular perturbations of the basic membrane nonlinear eigenvalue problem Δu = λ/(1 + u)2 in Ω with u = 0 on ∂Ω, where Ω is the unit ball in 2. It is well known that the radially symmetric solution branch to this basic membrane problem has an infinite fold-point structure with λ → 4/9 as ϵ ≡ 1 − ||u||∞ → 0+. One focus of this paper is to develop a novel singular perturbation method to analytically determine the limiting asymptotic behaviour of this infinite fold-point structure in terms of two constants that must be computed numerically. This theory is then extended to certain generalisations of the basic membrane problem in the N-dimensional unit ball. The second main focus of this paper is to analyse the effect of two distinct perturbations of the basic membrane problem in the unit disk resulting from either a bending energy term of the form −δΔ2u to the operator, or inserting a concentric inner undeflected disk of radius δ. For each of these perturbed problems, it is numerically shown that the infinite fold-point structure for the basic membrane problem is destroyed when δ > 0, and that there is a maximal solution branch for which λ → 0 as ϵ ≡ 1 − ||u||∞ → 0+. For δ > 0, a novel singular perturbation analysis is used in the limit ϵ → 0+ to construct the limiting asymptotic behaviour of the maximal solution branch for the biharmonic problem in the unit slab and the unit disk, and for the annulus problem in the unit disk. The asymptotic results for the bifurcation curves are shown to compare very favourably with full numerical results.

We develop and analyse a discrete, one-dimensional model of cell motility which incorporates the effects of volume filling, cell-to-cell adhesion and chemotaxis. The formal continuum limit of the model is a non-linear generalisation of the parabolic-elliptic Keller–Segel equations, with a diffusivity which can become negative if the adhesion coefficient is large. The consequent ill-posedness results in the appearance of spatial oscillations and the development of plateaus in numerical solutions of the underlying discrete model. A global-existence result is obtained for the continuum equations in the case of favourable parameter values and data, and a steady-state analysis, which, amongst other things, accounts for high-adhesion plateaus, is carried out. For ill-posed cases, a singular Stefan-problem formulation of the continuum limit is written down and solved numerically, and the numerical solutions are compared with those of the original discrete model.

We study the problem of breakup of an air bubble in a Hele-Shaw cell. In particular, we propose some sufficient conditions of breakup of the bubble, and ways to find the contraction points of its parts. We also study regulated contraction of a pair of bubbles (in which the rates of air extraction from the bubbles are controlled) and study various asymptotic questions (such as the asymptotics of contraction of a bubble to a degenerate critical point, and asymptotics of contraction of a small bubble in the presence of a big bubble)

We consider the fourth-order thin film equation, with a stable second-order diffusion term. For the first critical exponent, where N ≥ 1 is the space dimension, the Cauchy problem is shown to admit countable continuous branches of source-type self-similar very singular solutions of the form These solutions are inherently oscillatory in nature and will be shown in Part II to be the limit of appropriate free-boundary problem solutions. For p ≠ p0, the set of very singular solutions is shown to be finite and to be consisting of a countable family of branches (in the parameter p) of similarity profiles that originate at a sequence of critical exponents {pl, l ≥ 0}. At p = pl, these branches appear via a non-linear bifurcation mechanism from a countable set of similarity solutions of the second kind of the pure thin film equation Such solutions are detected by the ‘Hermitian spectral theory’, which allows an analytical n-branching approach. As such, a continuous path as n → 0+ can be constructed from the eigenfunctions of the linear rescaled operator for n = 0, i.e. for the bi-harmonic equation ut = −Δ2u. Numerics are used, wherever appropriate, to support the analysis.

In this paper, we give a precise description of the rescaling behaviours of global strong polynomial solutions to the reformulation of zero surface tension Hele-Shaw problem driven by injection, the Polubarinova-Galin equation, in terms of Richardson complex moments. From past results, we know that this set of solutions is large. This method can also be applied to zero surface tension Stokes flow driven by injection and a rescaling behaviour is given in terms of many conserved quantities as well.

In this paper we establish an existence and uniqueness result for a class of non-local elliptic differential equations with the Dirichlet boundary conditions, which, in general, do not accept a maximum principle. We introduce one monotone sequence of lower–upper pairs of solutions and prove uniform convergence of that sequence to the actual solution of the problem, which is the unique solution for some range of λ (the parameter of the problem). The convergence of the iterative sequence is tested through examples with an order of convergence greater than 1.

In this paper, we consider the bi-stable equation proposed by Rosenau to replace the Allen–Cahn equation in the case of large gradients. We discuss the bifurcation problem for stationary solutions of this equation on an interval as the diffusion coefficient and the length of the interval are varied, concentrating on classical solutions.

Recent attention has focused on deriving localised pulse solutions to various systems of reaction–diffusion equations. In this paper, we consider the evolution of localised pulses in the Brusselator activator–inhibitor model, long considered a paradigm for the study of non-linear equations, in a finite one-dimensional domain with feed of the inhibitor through the boundary and global feed of the activator. We employ the method of matched asymptotic expansions in the limit of small activator diffusivity and small activator and inhibitor feeds. The disparity of diffusion lengths between the activator and inhibitor leads to pulse-type solutions in which the activator is localised while the inhibitor varies on an O(1) length scale. In the asymptotic limit considered, the pulses become spikes described by Dirac delta functions and evolve slowly in time until equilibrium is reached. Such quasi-equilibrium solutions with N activator pulses are constructed and a differential-algebraic system of equations (DAE) is derived, characterising the slow evolution of the locations and the amplitudes of the pulses. We find excellent agreement for the pulse evolution between the asymptotic theory and the results of numerical computations. An algebraic system for the equilibrium pulse amplitudes and locations is derived from the equilibrium points of the DAE system. Both symmetric equilibria, corresponding to a common pulse amplitude, and asymmetric pulse equilibria, for which the pulse amplitudes are different, are constructed. We find that for a positive boundary feed rate, pulse spacing of symmetric equilibria is no longer uniform, and that for sufficiently large boundary flux, pulses at the edges of the pattern may collide with and remain fixed at the boundary. Lastly, stability of the equilibrium solutions is analysed through linearisation of the DAE, which, in contrast to previous approaches, provides a quick way to calculate the small eigenvalues governing weak translation-type instabilities of equilibrium pulse patterns.

In modelling electrostatically actuated micro- and nano-electromechanical systems, researchers have typically relied on a small-aspect ratio to form a leading-order theory. In doing so, small gradient terms are dropped. Although this approximation has been fruitful, its consequences have not been investigated. Here, this approximation is re-examined, and a new theory which includes often neglected small curvature terms is presented. Furthermore, the solution set of the new theory is explored for the unit disk domain and compared to the standard theory. Also, the analytical results are compared to experimental data.

In this paper we study the probability density function solutions to a second-order pantograph equation with a linear dispersion term. The functional equation comes from a cell growth model based on the Fokker–Planck equation. We show that the equation has a unique solution for constant positive growth and splitting rates and construct the solution using the Mellin transform.

We discuss the fourth-order thin film equation with a stable second-order diffusion term, in the context of a standard free-boundary problem with zero height, zero contact angle and zero-flux conditions imposed at an interface. For the first critical exponent where N ≥ 1 is the space dimension, there are continuous sets (branches) of source-type very singular self-similar solutions of the form For p ≠ p0, the set of very singular self-similar solutions is shown to be finite and consists of a countable family of branches (in the parameter p) of similarity profiles that originate at a sequence of critical exponents {pl, l ≥ 0}. At p = pl, these branches appear via a non-linear bifurcation mechanism from a countable set of second kind similarity solutions of the pure thin film equation Such solutions are detected by a combination of linear and non-linear ‘Hermitian spectral theory’, which allows the application of an analytical n-branching approach. In order to connect with the Cauchy problem in Part I, we identify the cauchy problem solutions as suitable ‘limits’ of the free-boundary problem solutions.

For the Keller–Segel model, it was conjectured by Childress and Percus (1984, Chemotactic collapse in two dimensions. In Lecture Notes in Biomath. Vol. 55, Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 1984, pp. 61–66) that in a two-dimensional domain there exists a critical number C such that if the initial mass is strictly less than C, then the solution exists globally in time and if it is strictly larger than C blowup happens. For different versions of the Keller–Segel model, the conjecture has essentially been proved. The case of several chemotactic species introduces an additional question: What is the analogue for the critical mass obtained for the single species system? In this paper, we investigate for a two-species model for chemotaxis in 2 the conditions on the initial data, which determine blowup or global existence in time. Specifically, we find a curve in the plane of masses such that outside of it there is blowup and inside of it global existence in time is proved when the initial masses satisfy a threshold condition. Optimality of this condition is discussed through an analysis in the radial case. Finally, we show in the case of blowup for general data how it is possible to obtain a balance between entropies and prove what species should aggregates first.

We study the homogenisation of the Stokes system with a non-homogeneous Fourier boundary condition on the boundary of the holes, depending on a parameter γ. Such systems arise in the modelling of the flow of an incompressible viscous fluid through a porous medium under the influence of body forces. At the limit, by using the periodic unfolding method in perforated domains, we obtain, following the values of γ, different Darcy's laws of type Mu = −N∇p + F with suitable matrices M and N with F depending on the right-hand side in the bulk term and in the boundary condition.

In this paper, we perform a sensitivity analysis for shape optimization problems arising in models we suggest for a lithotripter. More precisely, we use two models based on high intensity ultrasound focusing by an acoustic lens, where through changing the shape of the lens we try to achieve a favourable focusing. The models are based on acoustic wave equations with piecewise constant coefficients, a linear and a nonlinear one, where for the nonlinear one we use the Westervelt equation. The sensitivity analysis is performed using an adjoint approach.

Continuous dependence upon the elastic moduli of the total energy, and consequently in appropriate measure of the stress, strain and displacement, is established in the initial boundary value problem defined on a semi-infinite cylinder occupied by a linear anisotropic compressible elastic material. Free, constrained and mixed boundary conditions on the lateral surface of the cylinder are discussed. The conclusions are obtained using differential inequalities and partly depend upon previously published results.

We discuss the lithium storage process within a single-particle cathode of a lithium-ion battery. The single storage particle consists of a crystal lattice whose interstitial lattice sites may be empty or reversibly filled with lithium atoms. The resulting evolution equations describe diffusion with mechanical coupling and incorporate volume changes, phase transitions and surface tension. In order to simulate the dynamics, we assume spherical symmetry and fast bulk diffusion of the lithium atoms, which lead to a core shell model. We verify the common assumption of phase nucleation at the external boundary of the particle. This model is capable to predict voltage–capacity behaviour. For slow charging rates, we compare the results with experimental voltage–capacity plots exhibiting hysteretic behaviour. We observe that hysteresis cannot be described within the setting of a single-particle cathode. The origin of this fact is discussed in detail. The result is of enormous importance because single-particle models, in particular core shell models, up to now are very popular in the chemical literature.