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Mass-loss in central stars of planetary nebulae and in Wolf-Rayet stars
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 15 November 2004
Abstract
In the present paper we review some basic facts regarding the similarities and differences between Galactic planetary nebulae (PN) and Galactic Wolf-Rayet (WR) nebulae within the scope of stellar mass-loss history and its subsequent impact on the nebular dynamics and morphology. The case of planetary nebulae with [WR] nucleus, which allows one to perform a more direct comparison with WR nebulae, is emphasized.In particular, we reviewselected studies on the PN NGC 40 and on the WR nebula M 1-67.We describe the apparently ubiquitous turbulent-like phenomena originating in WR/[WR] stellar atmospheres and the surrounding nebulae, and discuss the possible impact of turbulence on ejected nebula studies. The properties of turbulence observed in ejectednebulae (apparently supersonic) are at odds with the ones related toKolmogorov's subsonic, incompressibleturbulence. The large compressibility of the nebular gases and the possiblemultiplicity of turbulence energy sources are likely the main explanationsfor that difference. The Universal Multifractal approach ofLovejoy & Schertzer is presented and constitutes a physically realistic and natural way of modeling andquantifyingnebular turbulence data with only three independent parameters, includingthe key C1 intermittence parameter.
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- © EAS, EDP Sciences, 2004