Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T16:45:10.137Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Systems of differential equations that are competitive or cooperative. VI: A local Cr Closing Lemma for 3-dimensional systems

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2008

Morris W. Hirsch
Affiliation:
Department of Mathematics, University of California Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

Abstract

For certain Cr 3-dimensional cooperative or competitive vector fields F, where r is any positive integer, it is shown that for any nonwandering point p, every neighborhood of F in the Cr topology contains a vector field for which p is periodic, and which agrees with F outside a given neighborhood of p. The proof is based on the existence of invariant planar surfaces through p.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Coppel, W., (1965), Stability and Asymptotic Behavior of Differential Equations. Boston, Heath.Google Scholar
Gutierrez, C., (1987), A counter-example to a C 2 closing lemma. Ergodic Th. & Dynam. Sys. 7 509530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirsch, M. W., (1981), Technical Report PAM-16, Center for Pure and Applied Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley. Published as Hirsch, 1985.Google Scholar
Hirsch, M. W., (1982a), Systems of differential equations that are competitive or cooperative. I: Limit sets. SIAM J. Math. Anal. 13 167179.Google Scholar
Hirsch, M. W., (1982b), Convergence in ordinary and partial differential equations. Lecture Notes for Coloquium Lectures at University of Toronto, August 23–26, 1982. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society.Google Scholar
Hirsch, M. W., (1983), Differential equations and convergence almost everywhere in strongly monotone semiflows. Contemp. Math. 17 267285.Google Scholar
Hirsch, M. W., (1984), The dynamical systems approach to differential equations. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 11 164.Google Scholar
Hirsch, M. W., (1985), Systems of differential equations that are competitive or cooperative. II: Convergence almost everywhere. SIAM J. Math. Anal. 16 423439.Google Scholar
Hirsch, M. W., (1988a), Stability and convergence in strongly monotone dynamical systems. J. Reine Angew. Math. 383 153.Google Scholar
Hirsch, M. W., (1988b), Systems of differential equations that are competitive or cooperative. III: Competing species. Nonlinearity 1 5171.Google Scholar
Hirsch, M. W., (1989a), Systems of differential equations that are competitive or cooperative. IV: Structural stability in 3-dimensional systems. In press.Google Scholar
Hirsch, M. W., (1989b), Systems of differential equations that are competitive or cooperative. V: Convergence in 3-dimensional systems. J. Diff. Eq. 80 94106.Google Scholar
Hirsch, M. W., Pugh, C. C., & Shub, M., (1977), Invariant Manifolds. Springer Lecture Notes in Mathematics 583. New York: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Kamke, E., (1932), Zur Theorie der Systeme gewöhnlicher differential Gleichungen II. Acta Math. 58 5785.Google Scholar
Mañé, R., (1982), An ergodic closing lemma. Ann. Math. 116 503541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Müller, M., (1926), Über das Fundamentaltheorem in der Theorie der gewöhnlichen Differentialgleichungen. Math. Zeitschr. 26 619645.Google Scholar
Palis, J., (1970), A note on Ω-stability. In Proc. Symp. Pure Math. 14, Global Analysis. Chern, S.-S. and Smale, S., eds. Providence: American Mathematics Society.Google Scholar
Pallis, J. and Smale, S., (1968), Structural stability theorems. In: Proc. Symp. Pure Math. 14, Global Analysis. Chern, S. -S. and Smale, S., eds, Providence: American Mathematics Society.Google Scholar
Peixoto, M. L., (1988), The closing lemma for generalized recurrence in the plane. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 308 143158.Google Scholar
Peixoto, M. M., (1962), Structural stability on two-dimensional manifolds. Topology 1 101120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pixton, D., (1982), Planar homoclinic points. J. Diff. Eq. 44 365382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poincaré, H., (1989), Méthodes Nouvelles de la Mécanique Céleste, vol. 3. Paris: Gauthier-Villars.Google Scholar
Pugh, C., (1967a), The closing lemma. Amer. J. Math. 89 9561009.Google Scholar
Pugh, C., (1967b), An improved closing lemma and the general density theorem. Amer. J. Math. 89 10101021.Google Scholar
Pugh, C., (1983), A special C r Closing Lemma. In: Geometric Dynamics, Lecture Notes in Mathematics 1007, Palis, J. Jr, ed, New York, Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Pugh, C., (1984), The C1 connecting lemma: A counter-example. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Pugh, C. and Robinson, C., (1983), The C 1 closing lemma including Hamiltonians. Ergod. Th. & Dynam. Sys. 3 261313.Google Scholar
Selgrade, J., (1980), Asymptotic behavior of solutions to single loop positive feedback systems. J. Diff. Eq. 38 80103.Google Scholar
Selgrade, J., (1982), A Hopf bifurcation in single-loop positive-feedback systems. Quart. Appl. Math. 347351.Google Scholar
Smale, S., (1976), On the differential equations of species in competition. J. Math. Biol. 3 57.Google Scholar
Smith, H. L., (1986), Periodic orbits of competitive and cooperative systems. J. Diff. Eq. 65 361373.Google Scholar
Smith, H. L., (1986a), On the asymptotic behavior of a class of deterministic models of cooperating species. SIAM J. Appl. Math. 46 368375.Google Scholar
Smith, H. L., (1986b), Periodic solutions of periodic competitive and cooperative systems. SIAM J. Math. Anal. 17 12891318.Google Scholar
Smith, H. L., (1986c), Periodic competitive differential equations and the discrete dynamics of competitive maps. J. Diff. Eq. 64 165194.Google Scholar
Smith, H. L., (1986d), Competing subcommunities of mutualists and a generalized Kamke Theorem. SIAM J. Appl. Math. 46 856874.Google Scholar
Smith, H. L., (1988), Systems of differential equations which generate a monotone flow. A survey of results. SIAM Review 30 87113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, H. L. and Waltman, P., (1987), A classification theorem for three-dimensional competitive systems. J. Diff. Equat. 70 325332Google Scholar
Takens, F., (1972), Homoclinic points in conservative systems. Invent. Math. 18 267292.Google Scholar
Wilson, W., (1969), Smoothing derivatives of functions and applications. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 139 413428.Google Scholar
Zeeman, M. L., (1989), Hopf bifurcations in three dimensional competitive Volterra Lotka systems. Dissertation, University of California at Berkeley.Google Scholar