Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T03:01:29.088Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Training-induced energy balance mismatch in Standardbred mares

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

ME Gordon ,
KH McKeever ,
S Bokman ,
CL Betros ,
HC Manso-Filho ,
NR Liburt  and
JM Streltsova
ME Gordon
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Sciences, Equine Science Center, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 84 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8525, USA
KH McKeever*
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Sciences, Equine Science Center, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 84 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8525, USA
S Bokman
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Sciences, Equine Science Center, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 84 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8525, USA
CL Betros
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Sciences, Equine Science Center, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 84 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8525, USA
HC Manso-Filho
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Sciences, Equine Science Center, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 84 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8525, USA
NR Liburt
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Sciences, Equine Science Center, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 84 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8525, USA
JM Streltsova
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Sciences, Equine Science Center, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 84 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8525, USA
*
*[email protected]
Get access

Abstract

This study tested the hypothesis that exercise training would alter feed intake (FI), body composition (BC) and plasma concentrations of active ghrelin, leptin, cortisol, insulin and glucose. Eight Standardbred mares (12±2 years, 509±36 kg body weight (BW), mean±SD) were trained (EX) in an equine Equi-ciser (initially 3 days per week at 60% maximal heart rate (HRmax) for 20 min and gradually increased to 5 days per week at 70% HRmax for 30 min, with a 10-min warm-up and 10-min cool-down period at the walk). Six mares (12±2 years, 537±45 kg) served as non-exercise controls (CON). All mares were unfit and had not been subjected to conditioning for 3 years before the experiment. Pre- and post-training incremental exercise tests (GXT) were run to determine HRmax and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). A total mixed ration (TMR) of hay cubes was fed free choice for 16 h day-1 with the primary experiment following a 6-week diet adaptation period. Mares' FI was measured daily and reported in grams per kilogram BW of feed eaten per week. Changes in BC were assessed using BW (electronic scale) and percentage fat calculated using rump fat thickness and the Westervelt equation. Blood samples were taken every 2 weeks at 15:25, before mares were given their allotment of hay cubes on a day when they did not exercise, to measure plasma hormone and glucose concentrations. Gastroscopy for gastric ulcers was performed before, during and after the trial. VO2max increased by 7.0% (P<0.03) in EX, but did not change (P>0.05) in CON. FI decreased (P<0.001) in both groups, but was only different (P<0.02) between EX and CON at week 3. Digestible energy (DE) intake (Mcal day-1) was initially higher (P<0.001) than calculated DE requirements in EX. However, over time, DE only matched and then fell below (P<0.03) the DE intake required for training. In CON horses, DE intake was higher (P<0.001) than calculated requirements. BW and percentage body fat increased (P<0.001) over time in EX and CON. Plasma leptin concentration increased (P<0.001) over time in both groups, but was 60% higher (P<0.04) in CON compared to EX at weeks 4–8. There were no differences (P>0.05) in active ghrelin, glucose, insulin or cortisol between the groups and over time. Five out of seven EX mares developed gastric ulcers. No CON mares developed gastric ulcers. Training was associated with changes in plasma leptin concentration, an increased incidence of gastric ulcers and a disruption of the balance between required DE and actual intake.

Keywords

energy balanceexerciseleptinghrelinequine
Type
Research Article
Information
Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology , Volume 3 , Issue 2 , May 2006 , pp. 73 - 82
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Houpt, KA (1990). Ingestive behavior. Veterinary Clinics of North American Equine Practice 6: 319–337.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2Meier, UGressner, A M (2004). Endocrine regulation of energy metabolism: Review of pathobiochemical and clinical chemical aspects of leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin and resistin. Clinical Chemistry 50: 1511–1525.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3McManus, CJ and Fitzgerald, BP (2000). Effects of a single day of feed restriction on changes in serum leptin, gonadotropins, prolactin, and metabolites in aged and young mares. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 19: 1–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4Gordon, ME, McKeever, KH, Betros, CL and Manso Filho, HC (2005). Plasma leptin, ghrelin and adiponectin concentrations in young fit versus mature unfit Standardbreds. The Veterinary Journal (in press, doi 101016/ jtvjl200511004).Google Scholar
5Gordon, ME and McKeever, KH (2005). Diurnal variation of ghrelin, leptin, and adiponectin in Standardbred mares. Journal of Animal Science 83: 6365–6371.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6Kraemer, RR, Chu, H and Castracane, VD (2002). Leptin and exercise. Experimental Biology and Medicine 227: 701–708.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7Gordon, ME, McKeever, KH, Betros, CL and Manso, HC (2004b). Exercise-induced alterations in plasma glucose, insulin, cortisol, leptin, and ghrelin concentration in horses. Medicine Science in Sport and Exercise 36: S995.Google Scholar
8Murray, MJ, Schusser, GF, Pipers, FS and Gross, SJ (1996). Factors associated with gastric lesions in Thoroughbred race horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 28: 368–374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9McClure, SR, Glickman, LT and Glickman, NW (1999). Prevalence of gastric ulcers in show horses. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 215: 1130–1133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10Murray, MJ, Grodinsky, C, Anderson, CW, Radue, PF and Schmidt, GR (1989). Gastric ulcers in horses: a comparison of endoscopic findings in horses with and without clinical signs. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 7: 68–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11Vatistas, NJ, Snyder, JR, Carlson, G, Johnson, B, Arthur, RM, Thurmond, M, Zhou, H and Lloyd, KL (1999). Cross-sectional study of gastric ulcers of the squamous mucosa in thoroughbred racehorses. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 29: 34–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12Pagan, JD and Hintz, HF (1986). Equine energetics. I. Relationship between body weight and energy requirements in horses. Journal of Animal Science 63: 815–821.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13Pagan, JD and Hintz, HF (1986). Equine energetics. II. Energy expenditure in horses during submaximal exercise. Journal of Animal Science 63: 822–830.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14McKeever, KH and Malinowski, K (1997). Exercise capacity in young and old mares. American Journal of Veterinary Research 58: 1468–1472.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15Westervelt, RG, Stouffer, JR, Hintz, HF and Schryver, HF (1976). Estimating fatness in horses and ponies. Journal of Animal Science 43: 781–785.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16Hammond, CJ, Mason, DK and Watkins, KL (1986). Gastric ulceration in mature TB horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 18: 284–287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17Freestone, JF, Wolfsheimer, KJ, Kamerling, SG, Church, G, Hamra, J and Bagwell, C (1991). Exercise induced hormonal and metabolic changes in Thoroughbred horses: effects of conditioning and acepromazine. Equine Veterinary Journal 23: 219–223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18Malinowski, K, Betros, CL, Flora, L, Kearns, CF and McKeever, KH (2002). Effect of training on age-related changes in plasma insulin and glucose. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 34: 147–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19Blundell, JE, Stubbs, RJ, Hughes, DA, Whybrow, S and King, NA (2003). Cross talk between physical activity and appetite control: does physical activity stimulate appetite? Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 62: 651–661.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20Stubbs, RJ, Sepp, A, Hughes, DA, Johnstone, AM, Horgan, GW, King, N and Blundell, J (2002a). The effect of graded levels of exercise on energy intake and balance in free-living men, consuming their normal diet. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56: 129–140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21Stubbs, RJ, Sepp, A, Hughes, DA, Johnstone, AM, Horgan, GW, King, N and Blundell, J (2002b). The effect of graded levels of exercise on energy intake and balance in free-living women. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 26: 866–869.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22Mayer, J, Roy, P and Mitra, KP (1956). Relation between caloric intake, body weight, and physical work: studies in an industrial male population in West Bengal. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 4: 169–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23Kearns, CF, McKeever, KH, Roegner, V, Brady, SM and Mali-nowski, K (2005). Adiponectin and leptin are related to fat mass in horses. The Veterinary Journal, (in press).Google Scholar
24Ghrelin, Gordon ME, leptin and adiponectin characterization in horses: the effects of various nutritional and physiological challenges. Ph.D. Dissertation, New Brunswick Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey.Google Scholar
25Pasman, WJ, Westerterp-Plantenga, MS and Saris, WH (1998). The effect of exercise training on leptin levels in obese males. American Journal of Physiology 274: E280–E286Google ScholarPubMed
26Caro, JF, Sinha, MK, Kolaczynski, JW, Zhang, PL and Considine, RV (1996). Leptin: The tale of an obesity gene. Diabetes 45: 1455–1462.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27Tang-Christensen, M, Havel, PJ, Jacobs, RR, Larsen, PJ and Cameron, JL (1999). Central administration of leptin inhibits food intake and activates the sympathetic nervous system in rhesus macaques. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 84: 711–717.Google ScholarPubMed
28Schwartz, MW, Woods, SC, Porte, D Jr, Seeley, RJ and Baskin, DG (2000). Central nervous system control of food intake. Nature 404: 661–671.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29Hamilton, BS, Paglia, DA and Kwan, Y (1995). Deitel M Increased obese mRNA expression in omental fat cells from massively obese humans. Nature (Med) 1: 953–956.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30Tschop, M, Weyer, C, Tataranni, PA, Devanarayan, V, Ravussin, E and Heiman, ML (2001). Circulating ghrelin levels are decreased in human obesity. Diabetes 50: 707–709.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31Otto, B, Cuntz, U, Fruehauf, E, Wawarta, R, Folwaczny, C, Riepl, RL, Heiman, ML, Lehnert, P, Fichter, M and Tschop, M (2001). Weight gain decreases elevated plasma ghrelin concentrations of patients with anorexia nervosa. European Journal of Endocrinology 145: 669–673.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32Tolle, V, Kadem, M, Bluet-Pajot, MT, Frere, D, Foulon, C, Bossu, C, Dardennes, R, Mounier, C, Zizzari, P, Lang, F, Epelbaum, J and Estour, B (2003). Balance in ghrelin and leptin plasma levels in anorexia nervosa patients and constitutionally thin women. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 88: 109–116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33Morpurgo, PS, Resnik, M, Agosti, F, Cappiello, V, Sartorio, A and Spada, A (2003). Ghrelin secretion in severely obese subjects before and after a 3-week integrated body mass reduction program. Journal of Endocrinology Investigation 26: 723–727.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34Lorenzo-Figueras, M and Merritt, AM (2002). Effects of exercise on gastric volume and pH in the proximal portion of the stomach of horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research 63: 1481–1487.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed