Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T15:34:46.595Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Time course and magnitude of changes in total body water, extracellular fluid volume, intracellular fluid volume and plasma volume during submaximal exercise and recovery in horses

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

Michael I Lindinger ,
Gloria McKeen  and
Gayle L Ecker
Michael I Lindinger*
Affiliation:
Department of Human Biology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
Gloria McKeen
Affiliation:
Department of Human Biology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
Gayle L Ecker
Affiliation:
Department of Human Biology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
*
*[email protected]
Get access

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to determine the time course and magnitude of changes in extracellular and intracellular fluid volumes in relation to changes in total body water during prolonged submaximal exercise and recovery in horses. Seven horses were physically conditioned over a 2-month period and trained to trot on a treadmill. Total body water (TBW), extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) and plasma volume (PV) were measured at rest using indicator dilution techniques (D2O, thiocyanate and Evans Blue, respectively). Changes in TBW were assessed from measures of body mass, and changes in PV and ECFV were calculated from changes in plasma protein concentration. Horses exercised by trotting on a treadmill for 75–120 min incurred a 4.2% decrease in TBW. During exercise, the entire decrease in TBW (mean±standard error: 12.8±2.0 l at end of exercise) could be attributed to the decrease in ECFV (12.0±2.4 l at end of exercise), such that there was no change in intracellular fluid volume (ICFV; 0.9±2.4 l at end of exercise). PV decreased from 22.0±0.5 l at rest to 19.8±0.3 l at end of exercise and remained depressed (18–19 l) during the first 2 h of recovery. Recovery of fluid volumes after exercise was slow, and characterized by a further transient loss of ECFV (first 30 min of recovery) and a sustained increase in ICFV (between 0.5 and 3.5 h of recovery). Recovery of fluid volumes was complete by 13 h post exercise. It is concluded that prolonged submaximal exercise in horses favours net loss of fluid from the extracellular fluid compartment.

Keywords

exercise dehydrationfluid shiftindicator dilutionhydration statusfluid recovery
Type
Research Article
Information
Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology , Volume 1 , Issue 2 , May 2004 , pp. 131 - 139
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Lindinger, MI (1999). Exercise in the heat: thermoregulatory limitations to performance in humans and horses. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 24: 135–146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2Kozlowski, S and Saltin, B (1964). Effect of sweat loss on body fluids. Journal of Applied Physiology 19: 1119–1124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3Lundvall, J, Mellander, S, Westling, H and White, T (1972). Fluid transfer between blood and tissues during exercise. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 85: 258–269.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4Nose, H, Mack, GW, Shi, XR and Nadel, ER (1988). Shift in body fluid compartments after dehydration in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology 65: 318–324.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5Maw, GJ, MacKenzie, IL and Taylor, NAS (1998). Human body-fluid distribution during exercise in hot, temperate and cool environments. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 163: 297–304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6Cornish, BH, Wotton, MJ, Ward, LC, Thomas, BJ and Hills, AP (2001). Fluid shifts resulting from exercise in rats as detected by bioelectrical impedance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 33: 249–254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7Lindinger, MI, Heigenhauser, GJF, McKelvie, RS and Jones, NL (1990). Role of non-working muscle on blood metabolites and electrolytes during and following intense intermittent exercise. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 258: R1486–R1494.Google ScholarPubMed
8Lindinger, MI, Spriet, LL, Hultman, E, Putman, T, McKelvie, RS, Lands, LC et al. (1994). Plasma volume and ion regulation during exercise after low- and high-carbohydrate diets. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 266: R1896–R1906.Google ScholarPubMed
9Gosmanov, AR, Lindinger, MI and Thomason, DB (2003). Riding the tides: [K×] and volume regulation by muscle Na×-K×-2Cl− cotransport activity. News in Physiological Sciences 18: 196–200.Google ScholarPubMed
10Sjogaard, G and Saltin, B (1982). Extra- and intracellular water spaces in muscles of man at rest and with dynamic exercise. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 243: R271–R280.Google Scholar
11Lindinger, MI and Heigenhauser, GJF (1988). Ion fluxes during tetanic stimulation in the isolated perfused rat hindlimb. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 254: R117–R126.Google ScholarPubMed
12Lindinger, MI, Geor, RJ, Ecker, GL and McCutcheon, LJ (1995). Plasma volume and ions during exercise in cool dry, hot dry and hot humid conditions. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 20: 133–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13Lindinger, MI, McCutcheon, LJ, Ecker, GL and Geor, RJ (2000). Heat acclimation improves regulation of plasma volume and plasma Na× content during exercise in horses. Journal of Applied Physiology 88: 1006–1013.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14Forro, M, Cieslar, S, Ecker, GL, Walzak, A, Hahn, J and Lindinger, MI (2000). Total body water and ECFV measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis and indicator dilution in horses. Journal of Applied Physiology 89: 663–671.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15Foldager, N and Blomqvist, CG (1991). Repeated plasma volume determination with the Evans blue dye dilution technique: the method and a computer program. Computing in Biology and Medicine 21: 35–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16Chatterjee, MS, Abdel-Rahman, M, Bhandal, A, Klein, P and Bogden, J (1988). Amniotic fluid and thiocyanate in pregnant women who smoke. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 33: 417–420.Google ScholarPubMed
17Coenen, M (1992). Water and electrolyte metabolism in horses during long-lasting exercise. Proceedings: Exercise Physiology and Physical Performance in Farm Animals – Comparative and Specific Aspects Berne, Switzerland: University of Berne, pp. 21–36.Google Scholar
18McCutcheon, LJ, Geor, RJ, Hare, MJ, Ecker, GL and Lindinger, MI (1995). Sweat composition and ion losses during exercise in heat and humidity. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement (20), 153–157.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19Carlson, GP and Mansmann, RA (1964). Serum electrolyte and plasma protein alterations in horses used in endurance rides. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 165: 262–264.Google Scholar
20Haskell, A, Nadel, ER, Stachenfeld, NS, Nagashima, K and Mack, GW (1997). Transcapillary escape rate of albumin in humans during exercise-induced hypervolemia. Journal of Applied Physiology 83: 407–413.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21Wu, J and Mack, GW (2001). Effect of lymphatic outflow pressure on lymphatic albumin transport in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology 91: 1223–1228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22Naylor, JR, Bayly, WM, Schott, HC 2nd, Gollnick, PD and Hodgson, DR (1993). Equine plasma and blood volumes decrease with dehydration but subsequently increase with exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 75: 1002–1008.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23McCutcheon, LJ, Geor, RJ, Ecker, GL and Lindinger, MI (1999). Sweating responses of horses during 21 days of heat acclimation. Journal of Applied Physiology 87: 1843–1851.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24Costill, DL (1977). Sweating: its composition and effects on body fluids. In: Milvy, P (Ed.) The Marathon: Physiological, Medical, Epidemiological, and Psychological Studies New York: New York Academy of Sciences, pp. 160–174.Google Scholar
25McKeever, KH, Hinchcliff, KW, Reed, SM and Robertson, JT (1993). Plasma constituents during incremental treadmill exercise in intact and splenectomised horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 25: 233–236.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26Roy, BD, Green, HJ and Burnett, M (2001). Prolonged exercise following diuretic-induced hypohydration effects on fluid and electrolyte hormones. Hormone and Metabolic Research 33: 540–547.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27Magnusson, OG, Kaijser, L, Isberg, B and Saltin, B (1994). Cardiovascular responses during one- and two-legged exercise in middle-aged men. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 150: 353–362.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28Gunn, HM (1987). Muscle, bone and fat proportions and muscle distribution of Thoroughbreds and other horses. In: Gillespie, JR & Robinson, NE (eds), Equine Exercise Physiology 2 Davis, CA: ICEEP Publications, pp. 253–264.Google Scholar
29Lindinger, MI, Hawke, TJ, Lipskie, SL, Schaefer, HD and Vickery, L (2002). K× transport and volume regulatory response by NKCC in resting rat hindlimb skeletal muscle. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 12: 279–292.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30Wong, JA, Gosmanov, AR, Schneider, EG and Thomason, DB (2001). Insulin-independent, MAPK-dependent stimulation of NKCC activity in skeletal muscle. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 281: R561–R571.Google ScholarPubMed
31Kerr, MG and Snow, DH (1982). Alterations in haematocrit, plasma proteins and electrolytes in horses following the feeding of hay. Veterinary Record 110: 538–540.Google Scholar
32Ecker, G and Lindinger, MI (1995). Effects of terrain, speed, temperature and distance on water and ion losses in endurance horses. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement (18), 298–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar