Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T17:00:10.919Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Oxygen uptake (VO2) kinetics in different species: a brief review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

David C Poole ,
Casey A Kindig ,
Brad J Behnke  and
Andrew M Jones
David C Poole*
Affiliation:
Departments of Kinesiology, Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, 1600 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506-5802, USA
Casey A Kindig
Affiliation:
Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
Brad J Behnke
Affiliation:
Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
Andrew M Jones
Affiliation:
Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
*
*[email protected]
Get access

Abstract

When a human begins to move or locomote, the energetic demands of its skeletal muscles increase abruptly and the oxygen (O2) transport system responds to deliver increased amounts of O2 to the respiring mitochondria. It is intuitively reasonable that the rapidity with which O2 transport can be increased to and utilized by (VO2) the contracting muscles would be greater in those species with a higher maximal VO2 capacity (i.e., VO2max). This review explores the relationship between VO2max and VO2 dynamics or kinetics at across a range of species selected, in part, for their disparate VO2max capacities. In healthy humans there is compelling evidence that the speed of the VO2 kinetics at the onset of exercise is limited by an oxidative enzyme inertia within the exercising muscles rather than by VO2 delivery to those muscles. This appears true also for the horse and dog but possibly not for a certain species of frog. Whereas there is a significant correlation between VO2max and the speed of VO2 kinetics among different species, it is possible to identify species or individuals within a species that exhibit widely disparate mass-specific VO2max capacities but similar VO2 kinetics (i.e., superlative human athlete and horse).

Keywords

maximal oxygen uptakeoxygen uptake dynamicsexercisemuscle contractions
Type
Review Article
Information
Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology , Volume 2 , Issue 1 , February 2005 , pp. 1 - 15
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Full, RJ (1986). Locomotion without lungs: energetics and performance of a lungless salamander. American Journal of Physiology 251: R775–R780.Google ScholarPubMed
2Young, LE, Marlin, DJ, Deaton, C, Brown-Feltner, H, Robert, CA and Wood, JL (2002). Heart size estimated by echocardiography correlates with maximal oxygen uptake. Equine Veterinary Journal 34: 467–471.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3Chappell, MA (1984). Maximum oxygen consumption during exercise and cold exposure in deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus. Respiration Physiology 55: 367–377.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4Langsetmo, I, Weigle, GE, Fedde, MR, Erickson, HH, Barstow, TJ and Poole, DC (1997). VO2 kinetics in the horse during moderate and heavy exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 83: 1231–1241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5Jones, AM and Poole, DC (2005). Oxygen Uptake Kinetics in Sport, Exercise and Medicine. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
6Whipp, BJ and Wasserman, K (1972). Oxygen uptake kinetics for various intensities of constant-load work. Journal of Applied Physiology 33: 351–356.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7Linnarsson, D (1974). Dynamics of pulmonary gas exchange and heart rate changes at start and end of exercise. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 415: 1–68.Google ScholarPubMed
8Whipp, BJ, Ward, SA, Lamarra, N, Davis, JA and Wasserman, K (1982). Parameters of ventilatory and gas exchange dynamics during exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 52: 1506–1513.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9Grassi, B, Poole, DC, Richardson, RS, Knight, DR, Erickson, BK, Wagner, PD (1996). Muscle O2 uptake kinetics in humans: implications for metabolic control. Journal of Applied Physiology 80: 988–998.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10Monod, H and Scherrer, J (1965). The work capacity of a synergic muscle group. Ergonomics 8: 329–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11Moritani, T, Nagata, A, de Vries, HA and Muro, M (1981). Critical power as a measure of critical work capacity and anaerobic threshold. Ergonomics 24: 339–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12Smith, CG and Jones, AM (2001). The relationship between critical velocity, maximal lactate steady-state velocity and lactate turnpoint velocity in runners. European Journal of Applied Physiology 85: 19–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13Pringle, JS and Jones, AM (2002). Maximal lactate steady state, critical power and EMG during cycling. European Journal of Applied Physiology 88: 214–226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14Hill, DW, Poole, DC and Smith, JC (2002). The relationship between power and the time to achieve VO2max. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 34: 709–714.Google ScholarPubMed
15Hill, DK (1940). The time course of the oxygen consumption of the stimulated frog's muscle Journal of Physiology 98: 207–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16Henry, FM (1951). Aerobic oxygen consumption and a lactic debt in muscular work. Journal of Applied Physiology 3: 427–438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17Mahler, M (1978). Kinetics of oxygen consumption after a single isometric tetanus of frog sartorius muscle at 20°C. Journal of General Physiology 71: 559–580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18Mahler, M (1980). Kinetics and control of oxygen consumption in skeletal muscle. In: Cerretelli, P & Whipp, BJ (eds), Exercise Bioenergetics and Gas Exchange. Amsterdam: Elsevier Biomedical Press, (pp. 53–66).Google Scholar
19Whipp, BJ (1971). Rate constant for the kinetics of oxygen uptake during light exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 30: 261–263.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20Rossiter, HB, Ward, SA, Doyle, VL, Howe, FA, Griffiths, JR and Whipp, BJ (1999). Inferences from pulmonary O2 uptake with respect to intramuscular [phosphocreatine] kinetics during moderate exercise in humans. Journal of Physiology 518: 921–932.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21Rossiter, HB, Ward, SA, Kowalchuk, JM, Howe, FA, Griffiths, JR and Whipp, BJ (2002). Dynamic asymmetry of phosphocreatine concentration and O2 uptake between the on- and off-transients of moderate and high-intensity exercise in humans. Journal of Physiology 541: 991–1002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22Whipp, BJ and Mahler, M (1980). Dynamics of pulmonary gas exchange during exercise. In: West, JB (ed.), Pulmonary Gas Exchange: Organism and Environment. London: Academic Press. Vol. II (pp. 33–96).Google Scholar
23Poole, DC (2004). Current concepts of oxygen transport during exercise. Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology 1: 5–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24Forster, HV, Pan, LG, Bisgard, GE, Dorsey, SM and Britton, MS (1984). Temporal pattern of pulmonary gas exchange during exercise in ponies. Journal of Applied Physiology 57: 760–767.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25Rose, RJ, Hodgson, DR, Bayly, WM and Gollnick, PD (1989). Kinetics of VO2 and VCO2 in the horse and comparison of five methods for determination of maximum oxygen uptake. Equine Veterinary Journal 9: 39–42.Google Scholar
26Hodgson, DR, Rose, RJ, Kelso, TB, McCutcheon, LJ, Bayly, WM and Gollnick, PD (1990). Respiratory and metabolic responses in the horse during moderate and heavy exercise. Pflügers Archives 417: 73–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27Geor, RJ, McCutcheon, LJ and Hinchcliff, KW (2000). Effects of warm-up intensity on kinetics of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production during high-intensity exercise in horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research 61: 638–645.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28Casaburi, R, Barstow, TJ, Robinson, T and Wasserman, K (1989). Influence of work rate on ventilatory and gas exchange kinetics. Journal of Applied Physiology 67: 547–555.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29Barstow, TJ and Mole, PA (1991). Linear and nonlinear characteristics of oxygen uptake kinetics during heavy exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 71: 2099–2106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30Barstow, TJ, Casaburi, R and Wasserman, K (1993). O2 uptake kinetics and the O2 deficit as related to exercise intensity and blood lactate. Journal of Applied Physiology 75: 755–762.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31Ozyener, F, Rossiter, HB, Ward, SA and Whipp, BJ (2001). Influence of exercise intensity on the on- and off-transient kinetics of pulmonary oxygen uptake in humans. Journal of Physiology 533: 891–902.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32Hughson, RL and Morrissey, MA (1982). Delayed kinetics of respiratory gas exchange in the transition from prior exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 52: 921–929.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33Paterson, DH and Whipp, BJ (1991). Asymmetries of oxygen uptake transients at the on- and offset of heavy exercise in humans. Journal of Physiology 443: 575–586.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34Engelen, M, Porszasz, J, Riley, M, Wasserman, K, Maehara, K and Barstow, TJ (1996). Effects of hypoxic hypoxia on O2 uptake and heart rate kinetics during heavy exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 81: 2500–2508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35Gerbino, A, Ward, SA and Whipp, BJ (1996). Effects of prior exercise on pulmonary gas-exchange kinetics during high-intensity exercise in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology 80: 99–107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36MacDonald, MJ, Pedersen, PK and Hughson, RL (1997). Acceleration of VO2 kinetics in heavy submaximal exercise by hyperoxia and prior to high-intensity exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 83: 1318–1325.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37Koga, S, Shiojiri, T, Shibasaki, M, Kondo, N, Fukuba, Y and Barstow, TJ (1999). Kinetics of oxygen uptake during supine and upright heavy exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 87: 253–260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38Carter, H, Pringle, JSM, Jones, AM and Doust, JH (2002). Oxygen uptake kinetics during treadmill running across exercise intensity domains. European Journal of Applied Physiology 86: 347–354.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39Kindig, CA, Gallatin, LL, Erickson, HH, Fedde, MR and Poole, DC (2000). Cardiorespiratory impact of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME in the exercising horse. Respiration Physiology and Neurobiology 120: 151–166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40Butler, PJ, Woakes, AJ, Smale, K, Roberts, CA, Hillidge, CJ, Snow, DH et al. (1993). Respiratory and cardiovascular adjustments during exercise of increasing exercise intensity and during recovery in Thoroughbred racehorses. Journal of Experimental Biology 179: 159–180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41Persson, SGB, Ekmon, L, Lydin, G and Tufvesson, G (1973). Circulatory effects of splenectomy in the horse. II. Effect of plasma volume and total and circulatory red-cell volume. Zentralblatt für Veterinaermed A20: 456–468.Google Scholar
42Hoppeler, H, Jones, JH, Lindstedt, SL, Claassen, H, Longworth, KE and Taylor, CR et al. (1987). Relating maximal oxygen consumption to skeletal muscle mitochondria in horses. In: Gillespie, JR & Robinson, NE (eds), Equine Exercise Physiology 2. Davis, CA: ICEEP Publications. (pp. 278–289).Google Scholar
43Armstrong, RB, Essen-Gustavsson, B, Hoppeler, H, Jones, JH, Kayar, SR, Laughlin, MH et al. (1992). O2 delivery at O2max and oxidative capacity in muscles of Standardbred horses. Journal of Applied Physiology 73: 2274–2282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
44Kindig, CA, McDonough, P, Erickson, HH and Poole, DC (2001). Effect of L-NAME on oxygen uptake kinetics during heavy-intensity exercise in the horse. Journal of Applied Physiology 91: 891–896.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45Kindig, CA, McDonough, P, Erickson, HH, Poole, DC (2002). Nitric oxide synthase inhibition speeds oxygen uptake kinetics in horses during moderate domain running. Respiration Physiology and Neurobiology 132: 169–178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46Jones, AM, Wilkerson, DP, Koppo, K, Wilmshurst, S and Campbell, IT (2003). Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase by l -NAME speeds phase II pulmonary VO2 kinetics in the transition to moderate-intensity exercise in man. Journal of Physiology 552: 265–272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47Jones, AM, Wilkerson, DP, Wilmshurst, S, Campbell, IT (2004). Influence of L-NAME on pulmonary O2 uptake kinetics during heavy-intensity cycle exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 96: 1033–1038.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48Musch, TI, Bruno, A, Bradford, GE, Vayonis, A and Moore, RL (1988). Measurement of metabolic rate in rats: a comparison of techniques. Journal of Applied Physiology 65: 964–970.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
49Andersen, P and Saltin, B (1985). Maximal perfusion of skeletal muscle in man. Journal of Physiology 366: 233–249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50Richardson, RS, Knight, DR, Poole, DC, Kurdak, SS, Hogan, MC, Grassi, B et al. (1995). Determinants of maximal exercise O2 during single leg knee-extensor exercise in humans. American Journal of Physiology 266 H1453–H1461.Google Scholar
51Piiper, J, di Pampero, PE and Cerretelli, P (1968). Oxygen debt and high-energy phosphates in gastrocnemius muscle of the dog. American Journal of Physiology 215: 523–531.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
52Casaburi, R, Weissman, ML, Huntsman, DJ, Whipp, BJ and Wasserman, K (1979). Determinants of gas exchange kinetics during exercise in the dog. Journal of Applied Physiology 46: 1054–1060.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
53Grassi, B, Gladden, LB, Samaja, M, Stary, CM and Hogan, MC (1998). Faster adjustment of O2 delivery does not affect VO2 on-kinetics in isolated in situ canine muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology 85: 1394–1403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
54Grassi, B, Gladden, LB, Stary, CM, Wagner, PD and Hogan, MC (1998). Peripheral O2 diffusion does not affect VO2 on-kinetics in isolated in situ canine muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology 85: 1404–1412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55Marconi, C, Pendergast, D, Krasney, JA and Rennie, DW, Cerretelli, P (1982). Dynamic and steady-state metabolic changes in running dogs. Respiration Physiology 50: 93–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
56Kramer, K and Quensel, W (1938). Untersuchungen uber den Muskelstoffwechsel des Warmbluters. Pflügers Archives 239: 620–643.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
57Grassi, B, Hogan, MC, Kelley, KM, Aschenbach, WG, Hamann, JJ, Evans, RK et al. (2000). Role of convective O2 delivery in determining VO2 on-kinetics in canine muscle contracting at peak VO2. Journal of Applied Physiology 89: 1293–1301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
58Stainsby, WN and Welch, HG (1966). Lactate metabolism of contracting dog skeletal muscle in situ. American Journal of Physiology 211: 177–183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
59Parsons, D, Musch, TI, Moore, RL, Haidet, GC and Ordway, GA (1985). Dynamic exercise training in foxhounds II. Analysis of skeletal muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology 59: 190–197.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
60Grassi, B (2000). Skeletal muscle VO2 on-kinetics: set by O2 delivery or by O2 utilization? New insights into an old issue. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 32: 108–116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
61Grassi, B (2001). Regulation of oxygen consumption at exercise onset: is it really controversial?. Exercise and Sports Science Reviews 29: 134–138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
62Hughson, RL, Tschakovsky, ME and Houston, ME (2001). Regulation of oxygen consumption at the onset of exercise. Exercise and Sport Science Reviews 29: 129–133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63Gleeson, TT and Baldwin, KM (1981). Cardiovascular response to treadmill exercise in untrained rats. Journal of Applied Physiology 50: 1206–1211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
64Schefer, V and Talan, MI (1996). Oxygen consumption in adult and aged C57BL/6J mice during acute treadmill exercise of different intensity. Experimental Gerontology 31: 387–392.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
65Behnke, BJ, Barstow, TJ, Kindig, CA, McDonough, P, Musch, TI and Poole, DC (2002). Dynamics of oxygen uptake following exercise onset in rat skeletal muscle. Respiration Physiology and Neurobiology 133: 229–239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
66Delp, MD and Duan, C (1996). Composition and size of type I, IIA, IID/X, and IIB fibers and citrate synthase activity of rat muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology 80: 261–270.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
67McMahon, BR (1981). Oxygen uptake and acid-base balance during activity in decapod crustaceans. In: Herreid, CF & Fourtner, CR (eds), Locomotion and Energetics in Arthropods. New York: Plenum, pp. 299–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
68Herreid, CF, Lee, LW and Shah, GM (1979). Respiration and heart rate in exercising land crabs. Respiration Physiology 36: 109–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
69Full, RJ and Herreid, CF (1983). Aerobic response to exercise of the fastest land crab. American Journal of Physiology 244 R530–R536.Google ScholarPubMed
70Full, RJ and Herreid, CF (1980). Energetics of running sideways. American Zoologist 20: 909.Google Scholar
71Piiper, J, Gatz, RN and Crawford, EC (1976). Gas transport characteristics in an exclusively skin-breathing salamander, Desmognathus fuscus (Plethodontidae). In: Hughes, GM (ed.), Respiration of Amphibious Vertebrates. London: Academic Press. (pp. 339–356).Google Scholar
72Feder, ME, Full, RF and Piiper, J (1988). Elimination kinetics of acetylene and Freon 22 in resting and active lungless salamanders. Respiration Physiology 72: 229–240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
73Walton, M and Anderson, BD (1988). The aerobic cost of saltatory locomotion in the Fowler's toad (Bufo woodhousei fowleri). Journal of Experimental Biology 136: 273–288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
74Fenn, WO (1927). The gas exchange of isolated muscles during stimulation and recovery. American Journal of Physiology 83: 309–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
75Mahler, M (1978). Kinetics of oxygen consumption after a single isometric tetanus of frog sartorius muscle at 20°C. Journal of General Physiology 71: 559–580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
76Nagesser, AS, van der Laarse, WJ and Elzinga, G (1993). ATP formation and ATP hydrolysis during fatiguing, intermittent stimulation of different types of single muscle fibres from Xenopus laevis. Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility 14: 608–618.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
77Hogan, MC (2001). Fall in intracellular PO2 at the onset of contractions in Xenopus single skeletal muscle fibers. Journal of Applied Physiology 90: 1871–1876.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
78Kindig, CA, Kelley, KM, Howlett, RA, Stary, CM and Hogan, MC (2003). Assessment of oxygen uptake dynamics in isolated single myocytes. Journal of Applied Physiology 94: 353–357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
79Kindig, CA, Howlett, RA and Hogan, MC (2003). Effect of extracellular PO2 on the fall in intracellular PO2 in contracting single myocytes. Journal of Applied Physiology 94: 1964–1970.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
80Kindig, CA, Howlett, RA, Stary, CM, Walsh, BJ and Hogan, MC (2005). Effect of acute creatine kinase inhibition on metabolism and tension in isolated single myocytes. Journal of Applied Physiology 98: 541–549.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
81Dawson, TJ and Taylor, CR (1973). Energetic cost of locomotion in kangaroos. Nature 246: 313–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
82Snyder, GK, Baudinette, RV and Gannon, BJ (1999). Oxygen transport and acid-base balance during exercise in the tammar wallaby. Respiration Physiology 117: 41–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed