Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-vdxz6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T22:48:18.811Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effect of seven common supplements on plasma electrolyte and total carbon dioxide concentration and strong ion difference in Standardbred horses subjected to a simulated race test

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

Amanda Szucsik ,
Valarie Baliskonis  and
Kenneth H McKeever
Amanda Szucsik
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 84 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick NJ 08901-8525, USA
Valarie Baliskonis
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 84 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick NJ 08901-8525, USA
Kenneth H McKeever*
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 84 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick NJ 08901-8525, USA
*
*[email protected]
Get access

Abstract

This study used a randomized crossover design, with investigators blind to the treatment given, to test the hypothesis that seven commercially available electrolyte supplements would alter plasma concentrations of Na+, K+, Cl−, lactate, total protein (TP) and total carbon dioxide (tCO2) as well as plasma strong ion difference (SID) and haematocrit (HCT). Ten unfit Standardbred mares (∼450 kg, 4–9 years) completed a series of simulated race exercise tests (SRT) during which venous blood was collected at five sampling intervals (prior to receiving electrolyte treatment, prior to the SRT, immediately following exercise and at 60 and 90 min post-SRT). Plasma electrolyte and tCO2 concentrations were measured in duplicate using a Beckman EL-ISE electrolyte analyser. No difference (P>0.05) between treatments was detected at any of the five sampling intervals for plasma [Na+], [K+], [Cl−] or [tCO2]. Similarly, no significant difference was detected between treatments across each of the five sampling intervals for plasma SID, HCT or TP concentration. There were differences (P<0.05) in plasma [Na+], [K+] and [tCO2] (as well as plasma SID, HCT, and TP concentration) in the immediately post-SRT samples that were attributable to the physiological pressures associated with acute exercise. No differences (P>0.05) were detected between treatments across the pre-electrolyte and pre-SRT sampling intervals for plasma lactate concentration. There was, however, a significant time by treatment interaction during the 0, 60 and 90 min post-SRT sampling intervals for this parameter. The electrolyte supplements featured in this investigation did not affect either plasma tCO2 concentration or SID; however, this result does not rule out the potential for other supplements, especially those containing alkalinizing ingredients, to exert an effect that could push a horse towards threshold values.

Keywords

ElectrolyteexercisesupplementstCO2strong ion difference
Type
Research Article
Information
Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology , Volume 3 , Issue 1 , February 2006 , pp. 37 - 44
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Auer, DE, Skelton, KV, Tay, S and Baldock, FC (1993). Detection of bicarbonate administration (milkshake) in Standardbred horses. Australian Veterinary Journal 70: 338–340.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2Irvine, CHG (1992). Control of administration of sodium bicarbonate and other alkalis: the New Zealand experience. In: Short, CR (ed.), Proceedings of the 9th International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians. Newmarket, UK: R&W Press, pp. 139–143.Google Scholar
3Irvine, CHG (1996). An international bicarbonate threshold – is it feasible? Proceedings of the 12th International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians. Newmarket, UK: R&W Press, pp. 27–31.Google Scholar
4Lloyd, DR and Rose, RJ (1992). Issues relating to use of products that can produce metabolic alkalosis prior to racing. Australian Equine Veterinarian 10: 27–28.Google Scholar
5Rose, RJ and Lloyd, DR (1992). Sodium bicarbonate: more than just a milkshake? Equine Veterinary Journal 24: 75–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6Vine, JH (1998). Proceedings of the 12th International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians. Newmarket, UK: R&W Publications, pp. 32–36.Google Scholar
7Williams, RB (1995). Sodium bicarbonate loading and the rules of racing. British Veterinary Journal 151: 473–475.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8Frey, LP, Kline, KH, Foreman, JH, Brady, AH and Cooper, SR (1995). Effects of warming up, racing and sodium bicarbonate in Standardbred horses. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 18: 310–313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9Rivas, LJ and Hinchcliff, KW (1996). Sodium bicarbonate and performance horses: effects on blood and urine constituents and a review of beneficial and adverse effects. Proceedings of the American Association of Equine Practitioners 42: 90–92.Google Scholar
10Schott, HC and Hinchcliff, KW (1993). Fluids, electrolytes, and bicarbonate. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice; Drug Use in Performance Horses 9: 557–600.Google ScholarPubMed
11Schott, HC 2nd and Hinchcliff, KW (1998). Treatments affecting fluid and electrolyte status during exercise. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 4: 175–204.Google Scholar
12Stewart, PA (1978). Independent and dependent variables of acid–base control. Respiration Physiology 33: 9–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13Constable, PD (1997). A simplified strong ion model for acid–base equilibria: application to horse plasma. Journal of Applied Physiology 83: 297–311.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14Lloyd, DR and Rose, RJ (1996). The effects of several alkalinizing agents on acid:base balance in horses. In: Auer, DE & Houghton, E (eds), Proceedings of the 11th International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians. Newmarket, UK: R&W Publications, pp. 104–110.Google Scholar
15Guyton, AC (1981). Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood and body fluids. In: Guyton, AC (ed.), Textbook of Medical Physiology, 6th edn. Philadelphia: Saunders, pp. 512–515.Google Scholar
16Martin, DW (1981). The chemistry of respiration. In: Martin, DW, Mayes, PA & Rodwell, VW (eds), Harper's Review of BioChemistry, Vol. 37, 18th edn. Los Altos, CA: Lange Medical Publications, pp. 516–526.Google Scholar
17Lloyd, DR, Reilly, P and Rose, RJ (1992). The detection and performance effects of sodium bicarbonate administration in the racehorse. In: Short, CR (ed.), Proceedings of the 9th International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians. Newmarket, UK: R&W Press, pp. 131–138.Google Scholar
18Reilly, P, Duffield, A, Suann, CJ, Vine, J, Batty, , Auer, D, Skelton, K, Tay, S, Stenhouse, A and Ralston, J (1996). The analysis of plasma total carbon dioxide in racehorses. In: Auer, DE & Houghton, E (eds), Proceedings of the 11th International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians. Newmarket, UK: R&W Publications, pp. 238–240.Google Scholar
19Schuback, K, Kallings, P, Bonderson, U, Essen-Gustavsson, B and Persson, S (1998). Effect of sodium bicarbonate treatment on anaerobic metabolism and total carbon dioxide in plasma during post exercise recovery. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians. Newmarket, UK: R&W Press, pp. 14–19.Google Scholar
20Slocombe, RF, Huntington, PJ, Lind, KL and Vine, JH (1995). Plasma total CO2 and electrolytes: diurnal changes and effects of adrenaline, doxapram, rebreathing, and transport. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 18: 331–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21Roelofson, R (1992). Sucrose and bicarbonate overloading in Standardbred horses in Ontario. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians. Newmarket, UK: R&W Publications, pp. 45–147.Google Scholar
22Hinchcliff, KW and McKeever, KH (1996). Furosemide reduces accumulated oxygen deficit and rate of lactate production in horses during brief intense exertion. Journal of Applied Physiology 81: 1550–1554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23Hinchcliff, KW and McKeever, KH (1996). Furosemide and weight carriage alter the acid:base responses of horses to incremental and brief intense exertion. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 30: 375–379.Google Scholar
24McKeever, K, Malinowski, K, Christensen, R and Hafs, H (1998). Chronic equine somatotropin administration does not affect aerobic capacity or indices of exercise performance in geriatric horses. The Veterinary Journal 155: 19–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25Frey, LP, Kline, KH, Foreman, JH, Lyman, JT and Butadom, P (1999). Effects of alternate alkalinizing compounds on blood plasma acid–base balance in exercising horses. Proceedings of the 16th Equine Nutrition and Physiology Society Symposium, Raleigh, NC, pp. 161–162.Google Scholar
26Greenhaff, PL, Harris, RC, Snow, DH, Sewell, DA and Dunnett, M (1991). The influence of metabolic alkalosis upon exercise metabolism in the Thoroughbred horse. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 63129–63134.Google ScholarPubMed
27Greenhaff, PL, Snow, DH, Harris, RC and Roberts, CA (1990). Bicarbonate loading in the thoroughbred: dose, method of administration and acid–base changes. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 9: 83–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28Lawrence, L, Kline, K, Miller-Graber, P, Siegel, A, Kurcz, E, Fisher, M and Bump, K (1990). Effect of sodium bicarbonate on racing Standardbreds. Journal of Animal Science 68: 673–677.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29Hinchcliff, KW and McKeever, KH (1993). Effects of oral sodium loading on acid:base response to exercise in horses. Proceedings of the 13th Equine Nutrition and Physiology Society Symposium, Gainesville, FL, pp.121–123.Google Scholar
30Lloyd, DR and Rose, RJ (1995). Effects of sodium bicarbonate on acid–base status and exercise capacity. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 18: 323–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31Soma, LR, Uboh, CE, Nann, L and Gerber, AL (1996). Prerace venous blood acid:base values in Standardbred horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 28: 390–396.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32Freestone, JF, Carlson, GP, Harrold, DR and Church, G (1988). Influence of furosemide treatment on fluid and electrolyte balance in horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research 49: 1899–1902.Google ScholarPubMed
33Freestone, JF, Carlson, GP, Harrold, DR and Church, G (1989). Furosemide and sodium bicarbonate-induced alkalosis in the horse and response to oral KCl or NaCl therapy. American Journal of Veterinary Research 50: 1334–1339.Google ScholarPubMed
34McKeever, KH, Hinchcliff, KW, Reed, SM and Robertson, JT (1993). Role of decreased plasma volume in hematocrit alterations during incremental treadmill exercise in horses. American Journal of Physiology 265: R404–R408.Google ScholarPubMed
35McKeever, KH, Hinchcliff, KW, Reed, SM and Robertson, JT (1993). Plasma constituents during incremental treadmill exercise in intact and splenectomised horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 25: 233–236.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36Steel, JD and Whitlock, LE (1960). Observations on the haematology of Thoroughbred and Standardbred horses in training and racing. Australian Veterinary Journal 36: 136–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37Judson, GJ, Frauenfelder, HC and Mooney, GJ (1983). Plasma biochemical changes in Thoroughbred racehorses following submaximal and maximal exercise. In: Snow, DH, Persson, SGB & Rose, RJ (eds.), Equine Exercise Physiology. Cambridge: Granta Editions, pp. 405–408.Google Scholar