Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T03:23:32.247Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

HOW TO BE AN OPTIMIST ABOUT AESTHETIC TESTIMONY

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 March 2016

Abstract

An ongoing debate concerns whether agents can come to know that a particular piece of art is beautiful on the basis of someone's say-so. This debate concerns the epistemology of aesthetic testimony. Pessimists of various stripes claim that testimony-based knowledge of aesthetic propositions is impossible; optimists of various stripes claim that such testimony-based knowledge is possible. In this paper, I defend an optimist position: agents can come to know aesthetic propositions on the basis of testimony. Moreover, agents come to gain this knowledge quite readily. I make my case by considering a parallel debate in epistemology regarding assertions based on a particular kind of testimony, cases of what Jennifer Lackey (2011, 2013) has called “isolated second-hand knowledge” (ISHK). I argue that assertions based on isolated second-hand knowledge are appropriate, and hearers can come to know aesthetic propositions via testimony.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Adler, J. 2002. Belief's Own Ethics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Alston, W. 1988. ‘The Deontological Conception of Epistemic Justification.’ Philosophical Perspectives, 2: 257–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Audi, R. 2006. ‘Testimony, Credulity, and Veracity.’ In Lackey, J. and Sosa, E. (eds), The Epistemology of Testimony, pp. 2549. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bach, K. and Harnish, R. 1979. Linguistic Communication and Speech Acts. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Benton, M. Forthcoming. ‘Expert Opinion and Second-Hand Knowledge.’ Philosophy and Phenomenological Research.Google Scholar
Bradford, G. 2015. ‘Knowledge, Achievement, and Manifestation.’ Erkenntnis, 80: 97116.Google Scholar
Brandom, R. 1983. ‘Asserting.’ Noûs, 17: 637–50.Google Scholar
Budd, M. 2003. ‘The Acquaintance Principle.’ British Journal of Aesthetics, 43: 386–92.Google Scholar
Burge, T. 1993. ‘Content Preservation.’ Philosophical Review, 102: 457–88.Google Scholar
Carter, J. A. and Gordon, E. 2011. ‘Norms of Assertion: The Quantity and Quality of Epistemic Support.’ Philosophia, 39: 615–35.Google Scholar
Coady, C. A. J. 1992. Testimony: A Philosophical Study. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, S. 1988. ‘How to be a Fallibilist.’ Philosophical Perspectives, 2: 91123.Google Scholar
Cohen, L. J. 1989. ‘Belief and Acceptance.’ Mind, 98: 367–89.Google Scholar
Collins, H. and Evans, R. 2007. Rethinking Expertise. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
DeRose, K. 2002. ‘Assertion, Knowledge, and Context.’ Philosophical Review, 111: 167203.Google Scholar
Douven, I. 2006. ‘Assertion, Knowledge, and Rational Credibility.’ Philosophical Review, 115: 449–85.Google Scholar
Driver, J. 2006. ‘Autonomy and the Asymmetry Problem for Moral Expertise.’ Philosophical Studies, 128: 619–44.Google Scholar
Driver, J. 2013. ‘Moral Expertise: Judgment, Practice and Analysis.’ Social Philosophy and Policy, 30: 280–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fodor, J. 1994. The Elm and the Expert: Mentalese and its Semantics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Frege, G. 1892 [1952]. ‘On Sense and Reference.’ In Geach, P. and Black, M. (eds), Translations from the Philosophical Writings of Gotlob Frege, pp. 2550. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Fricker, E. 1995. ‘Telling and Trusting: Reductionism and Anti-reductionism in the Epistemology of Testimony.’ Mind, 104: 393411.Google Scholar
Gerken, M. 2011. ‘Warrant and Action.’ Synthese, 178: 529–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldberg, S. 2015. Assertion: On the Philosophical Significance of Assertoric Speech. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Goldman, A. 2001. ‘Experts: Which Ones Should You Trust?Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 63: 85110.Google Scholar
Goldman, A. 2006. ‘The Experiential Account of Aesthetic Value.’ Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 64: 333–42.Google Scholar
Hawthorne, J. 2004. Knowledge and Lotteries. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hill, C. and Schechter, J. 2007. ‘Hawthorne's Lottery Puzzle and the Nature of Belief.’ Philosophical Issues, 17: 102–22.Google Scholar
Hopkins, R. 2000. ‘Beauty and Testimony.’ In O'Hear, A. (ed.), Philosophy, the Good, the True and the Beautiful, pp. 209–36. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hopkins, R. 2011. ‘How to be a Pessimist About Aesthetic Testimony.’ Journal of Philosophy, 108: 138–57.Google Scholar
Insole, C. 2000. ‘Seeing off the Local Threat to Irreducible Knowledge by Testimony.’ Philosophical Quarterly, 50: 4456.Google Scholar
Jary, M. 2010. Assertion. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Kenyon, T. 2013. ‘The Informational Richness of Testimonial Contexts.’ Philosophical Quarterly, 63: 5880.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kvanvig, J. 2003. The Value of Knowledge and the Pursuit of Understanding. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kvanvig, J. 2009. ‘Assertion, Knowledge, and Lotteries.’ In Greenough, P. and Pritchard, D. (eds), Williamson on Knowledge, pp. 140–60. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lackey, J. 1999. ‘Testimonial Knowledge and Transmission.’ Philosophical Quarterly, 49: 471–90.Google Scholar
Lackey, J. 2007a. ‘Why We Don't Deserve Credit for Everything We Know.’ Synthese, 158: 345–61.Google Scholar
Lackey, J. 2007b. ‘Norms of Assertion.’ Noûs, 41: 594626.Google Scholar
Lackey, J. 2008. Learning from Words: Testimony as a Source of Knowledge. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lackey, J. 2011. ‘Assertion and Isolated Second-hand Knowledge.’ In Brown, J. and Cappelen, H. (eds), Assertion: New Philosophical Essays, pp. 251–75. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lackey, J. 2013. ‘Deficient Testimonial Knowledge.’ In Henning, T. and Schwikard, D. (eds), Knowledge, Virtue, and Action: Putting Epistemic Virtues to Work. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Laetz, B. 2008. ‘A Modest Defense of Aesthetic Testimony.’ Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 66: 355–63.Google Scholar
Lewis, D. 1996. ‘Elusive Knowledge.’ Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 74: 549–67.Google Scholar
Littlejohn, C. 2010. ‘Moore's Paradox and Epistemic Norms.’ Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 88: 79100.Google Scholar
Littlejohn, C. 2012. Justification and the Truth-Connection. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Livingston, P. 2003. ‘On an Apparent Truism in Aesthetics.’ British Journal of Aesthetics, 43: 260–78.Google Scholar
Mackie, J. L. 1977. Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong. New York, NY: Penguin.Google Scholar
McKinnon, R. 2013a. ‘The Supportive Reasons Norm of Assertion.’ American Philosophical Quarterly, 50: 121–35.Google Scholar
McKinnon, R. 2013b. ‘Lotteries, Knowledge, and Irrelevant Alternatives.’ Dialogue, 52: 523–49.Google Scholar
McKinnon, R. 2013c. ‘Getting Luck Properly Under Control.’ Metaphilosophy, 44: 496511.Google Scholar
McKinnon, R. 2014. ‘You Make Your Own Luck.’ Metaphilosophy, 45: 558–77.Google Scholar
McKinnon, R. 2015. The Norms of Assertion: Truth, Lies, and Warrant. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Meskin, A. 2004. ‘Aesthetics Testimony: What Can We Learn from Others about Beauty and Art?Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 69: 6591.Google Scholar
Milne, P. ‘The Knowledge Norm of Assertion: A Defence Against Some Recent Criticisms.’ Manuscript.Google Scholar
Montmarquet, J. 1993. Epistemic Virtue and Doxastic Responsibility. Boston, MA: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Mothersill, M. 1994. Beauty Restored. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pagin, P. 2001. ‘Frege on Truth and Judgment.’ Organon, 8: 113.Google Scholar
Robson, J. 2012. ‘Aesthetic Testimony.’ Philosophy Compass, 7: 110.Google Scholar
Robson, J. 2013. ‘Aesthetic Testimony and the Norms of Belief Formation.European Journal of Philosophy, 23: 750–63.Google Scholar
Scruton, R. 1976. Art and Imagination: A Study in the Philosophy of Mind. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Sibley, F. 2001. ‘Particularity, Art, and Evaluation.’ In Benson, J., Redfern, B., and Cox, J. R. (eds), Approach to Aesthetics: Collected Papers on Philosophical Aesthetics, pp. 88103. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Sosa, E. 2011. Knowing Full Well. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Stanley, J. 2008. ‘Knowledge and Certainty.’ Philosophical Issues, 18: 3557.Google Scholar
Stevenson, L. 1993. ‘Why Believe What People Say?Synthese, 94: 429–51.Google Scholar
Stine, G. 1976. ‘Skepticism, Relevant Alternatives, and Deductive Closure.’ Philosophical Studies, 29: 249–61.Google Scholar
Textor, M. 2010. ‘Frege on Judging as Acknowledging the Truth.’ Mind, 119: 615–55.Google Scholar
Tormey, A. 1973. ‘Critical Judgments.’ Theoria, 39: 3549.Google Scholar
Turri, J. 2011a. ‘The Express Knowledge Account of Assertion.’ Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 89: 3745.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turri, J. 2011b. ‘Manifest Failure: The Gettier Problem Solved.’ Philosophers’ Imprint, 11: 111.Google Scholar
Weiner, M. 2003. ‘Accepting Testimony.’ Philosophical Quarterly, 53: 256–64.Google Scholar
Weiner, M. 2005. ‘Must we Know What we Say?Philosophical Review, 114: 227–51.Google Scholar
Williamson, T. 2000. Knowledge and Its Limits. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wolheim, R. 1980. Art and Its Objects, 2nd edition. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar