Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T16:52:32.224Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Urbanicity and schizophrenia. From statistical association to causality?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 May 2011

Francesco Amaddeo  and
Michele Tansella
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Editorials
Information
Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences , Volume 15 , Issue 4 , December 2006 , pp. 239 - 241
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2006

References

Bijl, R.V., Ravelli, A. & van Zessen, G. (1998). Prevalence of psychiatric disorder in the general population: results of The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 33, 587–595.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gottesman, I.I. & Bertelsen, A. (1989). Confirming unexpressed genotypes for schizophrenia. Risks in the off spring of Fischer's Danish identical and fraternal discordant twins. Archives of General Psychiatry 46, 867–872.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harwood, R.H., Sayer, A.A. & Hirschfeld, M. (2004). Current and future worldwide prevalence of dependency, its relationship to total population, and dependency ratios. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 82, 251–258.Google ScholarPubMed
Hopper, K. & Wanderling, J. (2000). Revisiting the developed versus developing country distinction in course and outcome in schizophrenia: results from ISoS, the WHO collaborative follow-up project. International Study of Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 26, 835–846.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jablensky, A., Sartorius, N., Ernberg, G., Anker, M., Korten, A., Cooper, J.E., Day, R. & Bertelsen, A. (1992). Schizophrenia: manifestations, incidence and course in different cultures. A World Health Organization ten-country study. Psychological Medicine Monograph Supplement No. 20, 1–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGrath, J. & Scott, J. (2006). Urban birth and risk of schizophrenia: a worrying example of epidemiology where the data are stronger than the hypotheses. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 15, 243–246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murray, C.J. & Lopez, A.D. (1996). Evidence-based health policy lessons from the Global Burden of Disease Study. Science 21 A, 740–743.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pedersen, C.B. & Mortensen, P.B. (2001). Evidence of a dose-response relationship between urbanicity during upbringing and schizophrenia risk. Archives of General Psychiatry 58, 1039–1046.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pedersen, C.B. & Mortensen, P.B. (2006). Why factors rooted in the family may solely explain the urban-rural differences in schizophrenia risk. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 15, 247–251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riley, B., Asherson, P.J. & McGuffin, P. (2003). Genetics and schizophrenia. In Schizophrenia, 2ed. (ed. Hirsh, S.R. and Weinberger, D.), pp. 251–276. Blackwell: Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saha, S., Chant, D., Welham, J & McGrath, J (2005). A systematic review of the prevalence of schizophrenia. Plos Medicine 2, 414–433.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spauwen, J. & van Os, J. (2006) The psychosis proneness: psychosis persistence model as an explanation for the association between urbanicity and psychosis. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 15, 252–259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wittchen, H.U., Esau, C.A., Von Zerssen, D., Kreig, J.C. & Zaudig, M. (1992). Lifetime and six-month prevalence of mental disorders: the Munich Follow-up Study. European Archives of Psychiatry and Neurosciences 241, 247–258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization (2001). The WHO Health Report 2001: New Understanding, New Hope. WHO: Geneva.Google Scholar