Chaos is merely order waiting to be deciphered.
José Saramago, Reference Saramago2002
Kandinsky once argued that the objective was a projection of something internal. Asserting that ‘art stands above nature’, he also asserts that it emerges from internal necessity.
George Boas, Reference Boas1966
An artwork comes neither from health nor sickness, but from its creator's formative skill, which is rooted in the whole personality, regardless of sickness or health.
Hans Prinzhorn, Reference Prinzhorn1922
The past of mental institutions is made up of their patients’ life stories. During their internment, some patients revealed themselves to be artists. Adolf Wölfli (1864–1930) and Martín Ramirez (1865–1963) are examples of this creative drive that occurred during their confinement in psychiatric hospitals. Their individual biographies are dissimilar and the only common feature they share is that they were both self-taught artists. Owing to the fact that neither had any academic training, their drawings and paintings strike us as having unusual qualities because of the way they organise and create tensions among the shapes by using lines and colours giving form to the images. Some of the techniques used spontaneously rely on ornamentalism and horror vacui, involving distortion and the compression of forms. The meanings of their symbols are all too often idiosyncratic. The discovery of such artists’ work by connoisseurs coming from very different fields led to the establishment of converging aesthetic categories – the art of insane, psychotic art, asylum art, art brut (Kris, Reference Kris1936; Volmat, Reference Volmat1956; Thèvoz, Reference Thévoz1975; Arnheim, Reference Arnheim1977; Bowler, Reference Bowler, Zolberg and Cherbo1997; Tansella, Reference Tansella2007).
Some of these artists only revealed their talent when they were already old, as in the case of the Portuguese artist Jaime Fernandes (1899–1969), who was a small crop farmer coming from a village situated deep inside Portugal and which for many years was the site of underground mining for tungsten and tin. When he was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia, Fernandes was interned for more than three decades (from 1938 to 1969) in the Miguel Bombarda Hospital (1848–2011), the first mental asylum in Portugal located in Lisbon. The first anything known about his life was when the film Jaime (1974), directed by António Reis (1927–1991), was made. Without resorting to a linear storyline, the filmmaker presented the subject of his biography by means of juxtaposing the free natural landscapes of the village where Fernandes had been born with the cloistered psychiatric environment and by showing some of his drawings.
Fig. 1. Photograph of the artist (1969) and signature both originally published in ‘Jornal do Fundão’ (January, 1974).
From what we are able to gather, Fernandes started drawing quite unexpectedly 4 years before his death. References were made in his clinical records to the drawings and to the letters he wrote his wife where his handwriting was visually pleasing but devoid of any sense. He worked hard and quickly using any sort of material that came to hand: ballpoint pens and all kinds of paper. None of his known drawings, which have been reproduced in catalogues and belong to private collections are dated or signed; neither are there any notes about them written by others. Fernandes offered his work to the hospital doctors and nurses, and to friends who visited him when he wished to thank them for having brought him gifts of fruit, tobacco, matches, biro pens and paper. There is a tendency in his drawings to conform to a formal order with a propensity for adding faces to his figures, falling back on the subject of ‘representing’ animals and human figures, some of the latter taking the shape of animals. Similar to children's drawings, Fernandes’ drawings are instinctively rational and direct. When taken objectively, the images portray a seemingly ingenuous knowledge of reality where the ‘errors in his techniques’ help to foster their original artistic quality, although it is in the work involved in the elaborate texture of the drawing that Fernandes shows us his singularity as an ‘accidental artist’. His drawings, to use his own words ‘animals portrayed as princes’, appear to be hieroglyphics, pure artistic signs that generate content, lines, colours and textures without calling upon and imitating any model that might have acted as an example, apart from what he fetched up from his own authorial memory. In being consciously depicted, his figures observe us and question us.
Fig. 2. Jaime Fernandes drawing, Untitled, Undated, Ballpoint pen on paper, 25 × 32.6 cm. Collection Dr Fernando Medina (Lisbon, Portugal).
Jaime Fernandes achieving recognition: Exhibitions and collections.
Two exhibitions achieving international acclaim were organised about Jaime Fernandes. The first was held in 1980 by the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation exhibiting 74 drawings and publishing an exhibition catalogue. A year later, 51 of the drawings which had been on display at the Gulbenkian Foundation were included in 16th Sao Paulo Biennial called Arte Incomum (Bocchini, Reference Bocchini1982). In the 20th Fascicle of the Lausanne Collection d'Art Brut (Lausanne, Switzerland), Michel Thévoz (Reference Thévoz, Thévoz and Roulin1997) wrote an entry about Jaime Fernandes’ work. A catalogue Outsiders: An Exhibition of Art Brut was published by the art dealer Gérard A. Schreiner (Reference Schreiner1998) who owned most of Jaime Fernandes’ drawings in the 1980s. It included 29 of Jaime Fernandes’ drawings together with the work of 16 other well-known outsider artists. Fernandes was also included in the following collections: Gulbenkian Modern Art Centre (Lisbon, Portugal), Collection de L'Art Brut (Lausanne, Switzerland), the Outside Art Collection by Philippe Eternod and Jean-David Mermod (Lausanne, Switzerland), Hannah Rieger (Vienna, Austria), The Art Brut abcd Collection by Bruno Decharme (Montreuil, France), the Fréderic Ledure Collection (Paris, France) and the Karin and Gerhard Dammann Collection (Tägerwilen, Switzerland).
Acknowledgements
The author is especially grateful to Dr Fernando Medina's descendents for having provided the reproduction of Jaime Fernandes’ drawing. Thanks are due to Dr Guilherme Ferreira, former director of the Miguel Bombarda Hospital, who gave valuable information about the institution's daily life and Dr Joaquim Antunes for making Jaime Fernandes’ biographical details available to us. We extend our acknowledgement to Dr Isabel Paixão the Board of Administration Chair of the Centro Hospitalar Psiquiátrico de Lisboa for the access to Miguel Bombarda Hospital archives. We would also like to thank Lucia Buissel for her graphic design of Jaime Fernandes’ photograph, originally published in ‘Jornal do Fundão’ in January, 1974.
Financial Support
This article was written with the financial support of the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) and the Institute of Art History, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa.
Conflict of Interest
None.
About the author
João Pedro Fróis is a University Professor and Researcher. He is a Research Fellow at the Institute of History of Art at Universidade NOVA de Lisboa. His main interests lie in the Psychology of Visual Arts, Empirical Aesthetics, the Philosophy and History of Art Education. He has published articles in several journals on the Psychology of the Arts and Museum Education and has translated two books by Lev S. Vygotsky from Russian into Portuguese published in Portugal and Brazil. He has worked as a Rehabilitation Psychologist for more than a decade. As from 2014, he has been a Fellow of the International Association of Empirical Aesthetics.
Carole Tansella, Section Editor
